Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude. Defines citizenship, equal protection, & due process

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1 Background The Progressive Movement ( ) was initiated as a response to political and corporate abuses at the turn of the Twentieth Century. Religious groups, members of the press, and radical political groups all cried out for reform, with solutions ranging from subtle reforms of the American capitalist economy, to a call for the creation of a socialist government. Reforms were initiated by individuals, and at the city (local), state, and national levels of government. Early Reform: Amendments 13th (1865) Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude 14th (1868) 15th (1870) Defines citizenship, equal protection, & due process Prohibits the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude A number of social reformers also worked to reform what they viewed as the ills negatively impacting United States society: Social Reformers Jane Addams Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois Pioneer in the field of social work who founded the settlement house for immigrants Hull House in Chicago, which provided shelter, clothing, and other resources. She also helped found the NAACP. Founded the Tuskegee Institute that focused on teaching African-Americans trade skills to earn a living and gain the trust of white society. Promoted economics as a means to equality Co-founded the NAACP, Du Bois challenged Washington s ideas on equality by endorsing education as a means for equality (talented tenth). Promoted Anti-lynching and anti-jim Crow Laws. After the ratification of the 13 th, 14 th, & 15 th Amendments, Homer Plessy agreed to be arrested to test the 1890 law establishing "whites only" train cars. The judge at the trial was John Howard Ferguson, in Plessy's case he decided that the state could choose to regulate railroad companies that operated only within Louisiana. He found Plessy guilty of refusing to leave the white car. Plessy appealed to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, which upheld Ferguson's decision. In 1896, the Supreme Court of the United States heard Plessy's case and found the law constitutional. Plessy v. Ferguson was an 1896 decision by the US Supreme Court that confirmed the principle of "Separate but Equal" and minority segregation. It also established Jim Crow Laws (enforce segregation in the south.) Although Addams, Washington, and Du Bois fought for Civil Rights, Congress did not make any serious efforts during the Progressive Era and did not see any major legislation changes until the 1950s.

2 Muckrakers Muckrakers were members of the press that investigated corruption in order to expose problems to the American people. They had a great amount of influence, often resulting in the passage of laws designed to reform the abuse that they reported. These muckrakers recalled the efforts of early reformers who exposed corruption in print. Thomas Nast worked diligently to expose the abuses of the NYC political machine called Tammany Hall and its leader Boss Tweed through the use of political cartoons. Jacob Riis exposed the plight of the urban poor and substandard housing in his 1890 book How the Other Half Lives. Muckraker Work Subject Results Thomas Nast Political Cartoons Political corruption by NYC's political machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed. Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison. Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives (1890) Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements. NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health. Ida B. Wells A Red Record (1895) Provided statistics on the lynching of African-Americans. NAACP joined the fight for Federal antilynching legislation. Lewis Hine Documentary Photographer (1908) National Child Labor Committee commissioned Hine to photo child labor to pressure Congress into changing laws. Hine used his camera as a tool for social reform and were instrumental in changing the child labor laws in the United States. Ida Tarbell "History of Standard Oil Company" (1904) Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company through a series of articles published in McClure's Magazine. In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the company was declared a monopoly and broken up. Lincoln Steffans The Shame of the Cities (1904) Examined political corruption in cities across the United States. Cities began to use city commissions and city managers instead of informal political groups. Upton Sinclair The Jungle (1906) Investigated dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat-packing industry. In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act were passed.

3 City Reforms Progressive reform began at the local or city level because it was easier to implement than at the vast state or national level. Urban corruption from political machines was a major focus, resulting in the reorganization of local government using the commissioner-and city-manager-styles of management and using a competitive hiring process, which included applications, testing, and interviews. City Reforms Commission Plan City Manager Plan Cities hired experts, based on competition & testing, in different fields to run a single aspect of city government. For example, the sanitation commissioner would be in charge of garbage and sewage removal. A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council. State Reforms Reform governors such as Theodore Roosevelt of New York, Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey, and Robert M. LaFollete of Wisconsin (Laboratory of Democracy), all helped get reforms passed in their respective states. More importantly, the following reforms were enacted in order to make state governments more responsive to the needs of the people. State Reforms Secret Ballot Initiative Referendum Recall Direct Primary Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted. Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens. Allows voters to decide if a proposed bill, law, or amendment should be passed. Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office (ex. Presidential), rather than party bosses. Direct Primary Republican candidate #1 Republican candidate #2 Republican candidate #3 Public votes in the primary Republican Presidential Nominee Republican candidate #4

4 Federal Reforms During the Progressive Era, the Federal Government passed an enormous amount of legislation designed to conserve the environment, tighten past economic regulations, preserve the health and safety of American citizens, and generally provide needed capitalist reforms. Progressive Era Federal Legislation Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906/1911) Meat Inspection Act (1906) Hepburn Act (1906) Federal Reserve Act (1913) Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Federal government placed limits on business monopolies and cartels and to prevent restraints on trade, such as price fixing and forming trusts. However, the legislation was too general (vague) for the Supreme Court to enforce on companies Gave Federal government the power to regulate Rail Road shipping and storage rates. Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items. In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures. Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates. Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve Board. Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation. New Amendments To provide a stable base of income for the Federal Government while providing graduated taxation, the 16th Amendment was passed. Political machines were weakened by the passage of the 17th Amendment, which allowed state citizens to directly elect representatives to the U.S. Senate, instead of allowing party-controlled state legislatures to do so. In addition, the Temperance Movement and the Women's Suffrage Movement finally paid off with the passage of the 17th Amendment and the 18th Amendment. Progressive Era Amendments 16th (1913) 17th (1913) 18th (1919) 19th (1920) Granted Congress the power to tax income. Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators. Prohibited making, selling, or transporting alcohol. Provided women suffrage (voting).

5 Progressive Questions 1. What initiated the Progressive Movement and who started it? 2. On which 3 levels of government did progressive reforms take place? 3. Of the early reform amendments, which guarantees citizens the right to vote? 4. Who was Jane Addams and what was her major accomplishment? 5. What was the difference between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois? 6. Which court case established the Separate but Equal doctrine? 7. What were Muckrakers and what did they do? 8. The exposure of Boss Tweed s corruption was due in part to which muckraker? 9. The Meat Inspection Act was passed after being exposed by which book, authored by whom? 10. What did Ida B. Wells and W.E.B. Du Bois have in common? 11. Who was Lewis Hine and what did he do? 12. Which Muckraker would have most likely been found taking pictures in Tenement buildings and what was the name of his book? 13. Political Machines used patronage to fill city jobs, how was this corruption fixed during the progressive era? 14. Who was Robert LaFollete & what did he do? 15. What was the most important impact of state reforms? 16. If a government official did not hold up to his promises or policies, or had lost the confidence of the citizens what power could the citizen exercise to remove the official from office?

6 17. John wants to change a law, in order for this to happen he first needs to get one hundred signatures; this is an example of. After he gets the required signatures, voters can vote on John s petition, this is an example of. 18. In 2012, Rick Santorum, Newt Gingrich, Rick Perry, & Mitt Romney all ran for Republican Presidential nominee. Which progressive reform allowed this to happen by putting the power in the hands of the American voter? 19. What was the problem with the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? 20. What did the Clayton Anti-Trust Act? 21. What was the Interstate Commerce Act? 22. Why was the 16 th Amendment passed? 23. The 17 th Amendment is the direct election of senators, why is this important? 24. The Temperance movement was responsible for which Constitutional amendment? 25. Women suffragist gained a victory with which Constitutional Amendment and what did it do? Pick one of the ACTs from the Progressive Era Federal Legislation chart and draw a picture (political cartoon) depicting its meaning.