Chapter 4 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes
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1 Chapter 4 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes
2 Simple diffusion
3 Diffusion of glucose between two compartments of equal volume separated by a barrier permeable to glucose
4 The two one-way fluxes occurring during the simple diffusion
5 Repellent effects of like charges
6 Charge movement induced by an electrical gradient Cations: positively charged ions Anions: negatively charged ions Electrochemical gradient = electrical gradient + concentration gradient Charged molecule (an electrolyte)
7 The separation of electrical charge across a plasma membrane (the membrane potential) provides the electrical force that drives positive ions (+) into a cell and negative ions (-) out
8 Simple diffusion of molecules across cell membrane
9 Aquaporins (AQPs) Most cells express aquaporins (AQPs) in their surface membrane, large tetrameric proteins that form water-specific channels across the lipid bilayer. AQPs, unlike most ion channels, are always open and water permeable. The 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
10 Types of movement across membrane (Facilitated diffusion) Channel protein Carrier protein
11 Approximate transit rates for pores, channels, and carriers
12 Direction of net solute flux crossing a membrane by: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport
13 Model of an ion channel composed of five polypeptide subunits
14 As a result of conformational changes in the proteins forming an ion channel
15 Ion channel opening (1) Membrane-potential change (2) Neurotransmitter binding (3) Other stimulus Ion movement is driven by simple diffusion and powered by the transmembrane electrochemical gradient
16 Ion channel structure Transition between the open and closed states. Open probability: The amount of time an ion channel is in the open configuration Conductance: The number of ions flowing through its pore per unit time (picosiemens, ps). Once a channel has been inactivated, it remains unresponsive to new stimuli, no matter how large the activating stimulus might be.
17 (1) Ligand-gated ion channel
18 (2) Voltage-gated ion channel
19 (3) Second messenger regulated ion channel G protein-gated ion channel
20 Model of mediated transport
21 Model for transport by a carrier protein Larger solutes, such as sugars and amino acids, are typically assisted across the membrane by carriers Three principal carrier modes: (1) Facilitated diffusion (2) Primary active transport (3) Secondary active transport Three characters of carrier proteins: (1) Substrate selectivity (2) Saturation kinetics (3) Susceptibility to competition
22 The flux of molecules through diffusion or mediated transport
23 Carrier saturation kinetics Carrier-mediated transport > Simple diffusion Carrier-mediated transport < Simple diffusion
24 Active transport of Na + and K + mediated by the Na + /K + -ATPase pump
25 The primary active transport of Na + and K + in opposite directions by the Na + /K + -ATPase in plasma membrane
26 Secondary active-transport model
27 otransport and countertransport during secondary active transport driven by Na +
28 Principal modes of membrane transport Electrochemical gradients as a motive force Against its electrochemical gradient requires energy Use the energy inherent in the electrochemical gradient of one solute to drive uphill movement of a second solute ATP (X) ATP (X) ATP PMCA (plasma membrane Ca 2+ ATPase) Countertransport Exchanger Antiporter Cotransport Symporter
29 Composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids
30 Major characteristics of pathways by which substance cross membranes
31 Movement of solutes across a typical plasma membrane involving membrane proteins
32 The addition of solute molecules to pure water lowers the water concentration in the solution
33 The net diffusion of water and solute across a membrane permeable to both leads to diffusion equilibrium of both
34 The movement of water across a membrane that is permeable to water but not to solute leads to an equilibrium state involving a change in the volumes of the two compartments
35 Osmosis Osmosis describes a process by which water moves passively across a semipermeable membrane, driven by a difference in water concentration between the two sides of the membrane. A chemical concentration gradient becomes an osmotic pressure gradient.
36 Osmotic pressure = ncrt : osmotic pressure (mm Hg) n: the number of particles C: solute concentration (mm) R: the universal gas constant T: absolute temperature Osmolarity vs. Osmolality Osmolarity: Osm/L H 2 O Osmolality: Osm/kg H 2 O ICF typically has an osmolality of 290 mosm/kg H 2 O in vivo.
37 Changes in cell volume produced by hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions
38 Terms referring to the osmolarity and tonicity of solutions
39 Active transport of Na + across an epithelial cell
40 The transepithelial transport of most organic solutes (X) involves their movement into a cell through a secondary active transport driven by the downhill flow of Na +
41 Net movements of water across an epithelium are dependent on net solute movement
42 Endocytosis and exocytosis
43 pinocytosis Types of endocytosis
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