Networking and the Internet
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1 Networking and the Internet Lecture 4 COMPSCI111/111G SS 2017 Today s lecture History of the Internet How the Internet works Network protocols The telephone 1876: first successful bi-directional transmission of clear speech by Alexander Bell and Thomas Watson 1940: first successful transmission of digital data through over telegraph wires by George Stibitz WWII and the Cold War Computer technology played an important role in code-breaking during WW2 Cold War between US and USSR led to a technology and arms race Peaked with the launch of Sputnik in : Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) established April 1969: construction of ARPANET begins, a packet-switching network
2 Circuit-switching network Nodes are connected physically via a central node Used by the telephone network Originally, switchboard operators had to manually connect phone calls, today this is done electronically Packet-switching network Data is broken into packets, which are then sent on the best route in the network Each node on the route sends the packet onto its next destination, avoiding congested or broken nodes B A ARPANET October 1969: ARPANET is completed with four nodes ARPANET in : Norway connects to ARPANET via satellite, followed by London via a terrestrial link
3 ARPANET 1983: TCP/IP implemented in ARPANET 1990: ARPANET is formally decommissioned ARPANET to the Internet Networks similar to ARPANET sprang up around the USA and in other countries 1984: domain name system (DNS) implemented 1985: NSFNET was established 1989: Waikato University connects to NSFNET 1991: World Wide Web (WWW) created at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) by Tim Berners-Lee 1995: NSFNET is retired WWW vs Internet World Wide Web (WWW) refers to the applications (eg. web pages, , Skype, Youtube etc) that run on hardware Internet growth The Internet refers to the hardware on which the WWW runs
4 Internet usage Types of networks Local Area Network (LAN) Operates within 1 km radius Client-server or peer-to-peer configuration Can connect multiple LANs to form an intranet Wide Area Network (WAN) Distances over 1km The Internet Network of networks that use the TCP/IP protocol How the Internet works Networking hardware IP addresses and Domain names The Internet Protocols Client and server software Networking hardware Connection Wired, eg. Ethernet Wireless, eg. Wi-Fi, cellular Network card Can be built into the motherboard or an expansion card Some network cards support wired and wireless connections Switch Used to connect multiple devices to the same network Router Directs traffic around the network and connects networks together
5 Networking hardware Modem (modulator/demodulator) Responsible for transmitting and receiving data on the physical medium For example, a modem: Modulates data from computer/router onto a phone line Demodulates signals from a phone line and sends to the computer/router There are different kinds of modems Dial-up modems up to 56Kbs Broadband (DSL - digital subscriber line) modems between 256Kbs to 20Mbs Protocol Protocol: a standardised method of communication Ensures that the sender and receiver can communicate properly Protocols include rules for: Opening and maintaining a connection Sending and receiving data Ending the connection Protocols Common Internet protocols: TCP/IP: transports data reliably UDP: transports data faster but less reliably FTP: used for transferring files over a network HTTP: used for client/server communication such as transferring web pages POP3, IMAP, SMTP: used for Many protocols used in networking are defined in a RFC (Request for Comments) document RFC 791: IP RFC 2616: HTTP Protocols TCP/IP, UDP IP - Internet Protocol: A unique identifier for computers on the Internet Defines routing information v4: 32-bit addresses (eg ), ran out of addresses v6: 128-bit addresses (eg. 2001:0db8:0a0b:12f0:0000:0000:0000:0001) TCP - Transmission Control Protocol: Divides the message into packets (typically about 1 KB) Checks that all packets arrive (error detection) Ensures packets are not sent faster than they can be received (flow control) Combines packets to recreate the data UDP User Datagram Protocol: Lacks error detection and flow control, better suited to realtime data such as video streaming, Skype calls etc.
6 IP addresses and domain names Domain name system (DNS) is used to convert between IP addresses and human-readable text (domain name) DNS servers perform the translation between IP address and URL cs.auckland.ac.nz Client and server software Client software: Web browsers clients: DNS server Server software: CS server Connecting to the Internet At home, you plug your modem into your phone jack Your modem sends and receives information from the Internet over your phone line Connecting to the Internet An Internet Service Provider (ISP) provides you with an IP address and a connection to the Internet Modem Computer Router Modem ISP Server Internet Modem Modem Phone Jack
7 The Internet s backbone High-capacity fibre optic cables laid on land and under the sea The Internet s backbone Go to to see the undersea backbone cables Owned by companies who rent out capacity on the cables They connect countries together to form the global Internet so are extremely important Having multiple backbone cable connections provides extra capacity and redundancy NZ s backbone cables Questions What network model does the Internet use? What protocol should your program use if it is time-sensitive? What is the name of the documents that describe the technical details of protocols?
8 Answers What network model does the Internet use? Packet-switched network What Internet protocol should your program use if it is time-sensitive? UDP user datagram protocol What is the name of the documents that describe the technical details of protocols? RFCs request for comments Summary The Internet is packet-switching network consisting of multiple networks joined together A number of protocols and technologies underpin the Internet As more people use the Internet, organisations tasked with maintaining it need to ensure the Internet can handle the increased demand (eg. moving from IPv4 to IPv6)
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