TECHNICAL DATA CONTENTS STEEL FLANGE BOLT CHART MECHANICAL JOINTS T-HEAD BOLT CHART FLANGE THICKNESS CHARTS PAGES 1 & 2 GASKET DIMENSIONS

Transcription

1 TECHNICAL DATA CONTENTS STEEL FLANGE BOLT CHART MECHANICAL JOINTS T-HEAD BOLT CHART FLANGE CHARTS PAGES 1 & 2 GASKET DIMENSIONS WRENCH SIZE CHARTS DECIMAL CONVERSION CHART INSUSTRY STANDARDS HEX BOLTS AND NUTS HEAVY HEX BOLTS AND NUTS WASHERS PAGES 1 & 2 WATER WORKS T-HEAD BOLTS OVAL NECK TRACK BOLTS A325 BOLTS COATINGS PROPER FLANGE BOLTING PAGES 1 & 2 A DIVISION OF T RIPAC M ARKETING, I NC.

2 STEEL FLANGE BOLT CHART CLASS 150 LB Chart may be used for: CLASS C110 DIP/DIP E4 x E4 E4 x (valve) in some cases 300 LB Table 6 F x F PIPE DIAMETER QTY OF BOLTS BOLT SIZE PIPE DIAMETER QTY OF BOLTS BOLT SIZE 1" 4 1/2-13 x 1 3/4" 1" 4 5/8-11 x 2 1/2" 1 1/4" 4 1/2-13 x 2" 1 1/4" 4 5/8-11 x 2 1/2" 1 1/2" 4 1/2-13 x 2" 1 1/2" 4 5/8-11 x 2 3/4" 2" 4 5/8-11 x 2 1/4" 2" 8 5/8-11 x 2 3/4" 2 1/2" 4 5/8-11 x 2 1/2" 2 1/2" 8 3/4-10 x 3 1/4" 3" 4 5/8-11 x 2 1/2" 3" 8 3/4-10 x 3 1/2" 4" 8 5/8-11 x 3" 3 1/2" 8 3/4-10 x 3 1/2" 5" 8 3/4-10 x 3" 4" 8 3/4-10 x 3 3/4" 6" 8 3/4-10 x 3 1/4" 5" 8 3/4-10 x 4" 8" 8 3/4-10 x 3 1/2" 6" 12 3/4-10 x 4" 10" 12 7/8-9 x 3 3/4" 8" 12 7/8-9 x 4 1/2" 12" 12 7/8-9 x 4" 10" x 5 1/4" 14" x 4 1/4" 12" /8-7 x 5 1/2" 16" x 4 1/2" 14" /8-7 x 6" 18" /8-7 x 4 3/4" 16" /4-7 x 6 1/4" 20" /8-7 x 5" 18" /4-7 x 6 1/2" 22" /4-7 x 5 1/2" 20" /4-7 x 6 3/4" 24" /4-7 x 5 1/2" 24" /2-6 x 7 3/4" 30" /4-7 x 6 1/4" 30" /4-5 x 8 1/2" 36" /2-6 x 7" 36" x 9 1/2" 42" /2-6 x 7 1/2" 42" x 10 1/4" 48" /2-6 x 7 3/4" 48" x 10 3/4" 54" /4-5 x 8 1/2" 60" /4-5 x 8 3/4" 72" /4-5 x 9 1/2" 84" x 10 1/2" 96" /4-4.5 x 11 1/2" 108" /2-4 x 14"

3 T-HEAD BOLTING CHART AWWA C110 MECHANICAL JOINTS NOM PIPE SIZE NO. BOLTS DIAMETER & LENGTH 2 2 5/8 X /8 X /4 X 3 1/ /4 X 3 1/ /4 X /4 X /4 X /4 X 4 1/ /4 X 4 1/ /4 X 4 1/ /4 X 4 1/ /4 X X X /4 X /4 x 6 TRIPAC FASTENERS IS A MEMBER OF THE AWWA AND HAS THE TECHNICAL EXPERTISE TO ASSIST YOU IN SELECTING THE PROPER MATERIALS FOR YOU NEEDS. CALL OR FAX FOR QUOTES, ADITIONAL INFORMATION, SPECIAL ORDERS OR FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.

4 FLANGE CHARTS Steel Pipe Flanges For Waterworks Service 125/150 * Information extracted from AWWA C * Table 4 may be used for valve thickness calculation in some cases NOM PIPE SIZE BOLT SIZE NO. BOLTS TABLE 2 TABLE 4 TABLE 5 ANSI CLASS D CLASS E CLASS E SLIP ON FLANGE TABLE 2 TABLE 3 CLASS B CLASS B CLASS D 1 1/ /2 1/ / /2 5/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

5 NOM PIPE SIZE FLANGE CHARTS Steel Pipe Flanges For Waterworks Service BOLT SIZE NO. BOLTS 125/150 BLIND FLANGES CLASS B CLASS D CLASS E AWWA C110 DUCTILE AND GRAY AWWA C153 DUCTILE IRON IRON FITTINGS COMPACT FITTINGS 3 5/ ±.12 in ±.12 in. 4 5/ ±.12 in ±.12 in. 6 3/ ±.12 in ±.12 in. 8 3/ ±.12 in ±.12 in. 10 7/ ±.12 in ±.12 in. 12 7/ ±.12 in ±.12 in ±.19 in ±.19 in ±.19 in ±.19 in / ±.19 in ±.19 in / ±.19 in ±.19 in / ±.19 in ±.19 in / ±.25 in ±.25 in / ±.25 in ±.25 in / ±.25 in ±.25 in / ±.25 in ±.25 in / / / / /300 NOM PIPE TABLE 6 ANSI SLIP ON BLIND FLANGES BOLT SIZE NO. BOLTS SIZE CLASS F FLANGES CLASS F 1 5/ /2 3/ / /2 3/ / / / / / / / / / / / /

6 ANSI GASKET DIMENSIONS ANSI GASKET SIZE CL 125/150 Flange Size RING ID RING OD FULL FACE ID FULL FACE OD 2 2 3/8 4 1/8 2 3/ /2 2 7/8 4 7/8 2 7/ /2 5 3/8 3 1/2 7 1/2 4 4 /2 6 7/8 4 1/ /16 7 3/4 5 9/ /8 8 3/4 6 5/ / /8 13 1/ /4 13 3/8 10 3/ /4 16 1/8 12 3/ / / / / / / / / / / / /2

7 WRENCH SIZE CHARTS This chart may be used for HEX Bolts & Nuts A307 Gr. A, Gr. 5, ASTM F593/F594 Type 304 & 316 This chart may be used for HEAVY Hex Bolts & Nuts A307 Gr. B, A325, A193 B7, B8 (304), B8M (316) Stainless BOLT AND NUT DIAMETER WRENCH SIZE BOLT AND NUT DIAMETER WRENCH SIZE 1/4 7/ /16 1/ /8 9/ /16 5/ /2 3/ /16 13/ /8 15/ /4 1 1/ /8 1 5/ / /8 1 11/ /4 1 7/ /8 2 1/ /2 2 1/ /8 2 7/ /4 2 5/ /8 2 13/ /4 3 3/ /2 3 3/ /4 1 1/ / /4 4 7/ /2 5 1/ /4 5 5/ /2 7/ /8 1 1/ /4 1 1/ /8 1 7/ / /8 1 13/ / /8 2 3/ /2 2 3/ /8 2 9/ /4 2 3/ /8 2 15/ / /4 3 1/ /2 3 7/ /4 4 1/ / /

8 DECIMAL CONVERSION CHART FRACTIONS DECIMALS FRACTIONS DECIMALS FRACTIONS DECIMALS 1/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES When strength requirements are moderate, low-carbon steel is used. High-strength fasteners are made from medium-high carbon or alloy steels and are heat treated to develop desired properties. Most fasteners are covered by specifications that define required mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, proof load and hardness. Tensile Strength: The maximum tensile stress in pounds per sq in. which a material is capable of sustaining, as developed by a tension test. Yield Strength: The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. The deviation is expressed in terms of strain, and in the offset method, usually a strain of 0.2% is specified. Proof Load: The point to which a material may be stressed without evidence of permanent deformation. Hardness: The resistance of a material to plastic deformation. Usually measured in steels by the Brinell, Rockwell, or Vickers indentation-hardness test methods. HEAT PROPERTIES INDUSTRY STANDARDS Heat treatment covers various techniques that may be used to develop certain end-product characteristics. Customary procedures for fasteners include: Stress Relieving: A thermal cycle involving heating to a suitable temperature, usually 1000/1200 F, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses from either cold deformation or thermal treatment, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses. Annealing: A thermal cycle involving heating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate, for such purposes as reducing hardness, improving mechinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical or other properties. Case Hardening: A term descriptive of one or more processes of hardening steel in which the outer portion, or case, is made substantially harder than the inner portion, or core. Quenching and Tempering: Quenching is a thermal process used to increase the hardness and strength of steel. Tempering improves ductility and toughness but reduces the quenched hardness. A307 A A307 B B 7 A325 T--304 or F 593 C or D T--316 or F 593 G or H B 8 B8M ASTM & SAE HEAD MARKINGS FOR BOLTS ASTM A307 GR A ASTM A307 GR B ASTM J429 GR 5 ASTM A193 GR B7 ASTM A325 Type Chromium 8 Nickel ASTM T 304 or ASTM F 593 ASTM T 316 or ASTM F 593 ASTM A193 Gr B8 ASTM A193 GR B8M Low or Medium Carbon Steel Low or Medium Carbon Steel Medium Carbon Steel Quenched & Tempered Chrom-Moly Steel Quenched & Tempered Medium Carbon Steel Quenched & Tempered 300 Series Stainless Steel Same Material as T Series Stainless Steel Either Marking May Appear 300 Series Stainless Steel Either Marking May Appear Solution Treated L Stainless Steel Solution Treated L Stainless Steel

10 HEX BOLTS & NUTS This chart may be used for A307 Grade A, SAE J429, and ASTM F593 Type 304 & 316 Stainless NOMINAL SIZE OR BASIC BOLT DIA E F G H R LT (REF) BODY DIA Hex Bolts UNC 2A ANSI/ASME B UNC 2B ANSI/ASME B WIDTH ACROSS FLATS WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS RADIUS OF FILLET MAX BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN FOR BOLT LENGTH < 6 IN. THREAD LENGTH FOR BOLT LENGTH > 6 IN. 1/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Below 6 : 2x Dia. + 1/4 = T.L. Above 6 : 2x Dia. + 1/2 = T.L. HEIGHT Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts ASTM A563/F594 NOMINAL SIZE OR BASIC BOLT DIA F G H H1 RUNOUT OF BEARING SURFACE-FIR WIDTH ACROSS FLATS WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS HEX NUTS HEX JAM NUTS HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS LESS THAN 150,000 PSI AND ALL HEX JAM NUTS HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS EQUAL TO 150,000 PSI AND GREATER BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN MAX MAX 1/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

11 HEAVY HEX BOLTS & NUTS This chart may be used for A307 Grade B, A193 B7, B8 (304), and B8M (316) Stainless NOMINAL SIZE OR BASIC BOLT DIA E F G H R LT (REF) WIDTH ACROSS WIDTH ACROSS RADIUS THREAD LENGTH HEIGHT FLATS CORNERS OF FILLET BODY DIA Heavy Hex Bolts UNC 2A ANSI/ASME B UNC 2B ANSI/ASME B MAX BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN FOR BOLT LENGTH < 6 IN. FOR BOLT LENGTH > 6 IN. 1/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Below 6 : 2x Dia. + 1/4 = T.L. Above 6 : 2x Dia. + 1/2 = T.L. Heavy Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts ASTM A563 & A194 2H NOMINAL SIZE OR BASIC BOLT DIA F G H H1 RUNOUT OF BEARING SURFACE-FIR WIDTH ACROSS FLATS WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS HEAVY HEX NUTS HEAVY HEX JAM NUTS HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS LESS THAN 150,000 PSI AND ALL HEX JAM NUTS HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS EQUAL TO 150,000 PSI AND GREATER BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN MAX MAX 1/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

12 USS Steel Flat Washers Commonly used with carbon steel bolting and all thread studs, such as A307 Grade A or B. WASHERS SAE Steel Flat Washers SAE washers have smaller inside and outside diameters and are commonly used with carbon steel bolts and studs. NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL ID ACTUAL OD GAUGE 3/16 1/4 9/16 18 (3/64) 1/4 5/16 3/4 16 (1/16) 5/16 3/8 7/8 14 (5/64) 3/8 7/ (5/64) 7/16 1/2 1 1/4 14 (5/64) 1/2 9/16 1 3/8 12 (7/64) 9/16 5/8 1 1/2 12 (7/64) 5/8 11/16 1 3/4 10 (9/64) 3/4 13/ (5/32) 7/8 15/16 2 1/4 8 (11/64) 1 1 1/16 2 1/2 8 (11/64) 1 1/8 1 1/4 2 3/4 8 (11/64) 1 1/4 1 3/8 3 8 (11/64) 1 3/8 1 1/2 3 1/4 7 (3/16) 1 1/2 1 5/8 3 1/2 7 (3/16) 1 5/8 1 3/4 3 3/4 7 (3/16) 1 3/4 1 7/8 4 7 (3/16) 1 7/ /4 7 (3/16) 2 2 1/8 4 1/2 7 (3/16) 2 1/4 2 3/8 4 3/4 5 (7/32) 2 1/2 2 5/8 5 4 (15/64) 2 3/4 2 7/8 5 1/4 3 (1/4) 3 3 1/8 5 1/2 2 (17/64) Washers are intended for general use with bolt, nut, and stud applications to provide increased bearing surface, spacing and to prevent galling. Unless otherwise specified, the washers are furnished with dimensions conforming to ANSI B * ASTM Designation: F844-90, page 265, * Available in plain, zinc plated, HDG, Tripac 2000 Blue Coating System NOMINAL SIZE Fender Washers Fender washers have a larger outside diameter than other steel washers. NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL ID ACTUAL OD ACTUAL OD GAUGE 1/ /.080 3/ /.080 3/16 1 1/8.062/.080 3/16 1 1/4.062/.080 1/ /.080 1/4 1 1/4.062/.080 1/4 1 1/2.062/.080 5/16 1 1/4.062/.080 5/16 1 1/2.062/.080 3/8 1 1/4.062/.080 3/8 1 1/2.062/.080 3/ /.116 1/2 1 1/2.062/.080 1/ /.080 1/ /.116 GAUGE 6 (1/8) 5/32 3/8 18 (3/64) 8 (5/32) 3/16 7/16 18 (3/64) 10 7/32 1/2 18 (3/64) 12 1/4 9/16 18 (3/64) 1/4 9/32 5/8 16 (1/16) 5/16 11/32 11/16 16 (1/16) 3/8 13/32 13/16 16 (1/16) 7/16 15/32 59/64 16 (1/16) 1/2 17/32 1 1/16 13 (3/32) 9/16 19/32 1 3/16 13 (3/32) 5/8 21/32 1 5/16 13 (3/32) 3/4 13/16 1 1/2 10 (9/64) 7/8 15/16 1 3/4 10 (9/64) 1 1 1/ (9/64) 1 1/8 1 3/16 2 1/4 10 (9/64) 1 1/4 1 5/16 2 1/2 9 (5/32) 1 3/8 1 7/16 2 3/4 9 (5/32) 1 1/2 1 9/ (5/32)

13 WASHERS NOMINAL SIZE ASTM F436 (A325) Washers Commonly used with alloy steel, high strength bolting and studs, such as ASTM A193B7, SAE J429 & Grade 8, A325 & A490. ACTUAL ID ACTUAL OD GAUGE A B T 1/4 9/32 5/8.051/.08 5/16 11/32 11/16.051/.08 3/8 13/32 13/16.051/.08 7/16 15/32 59/64.051/.08 1/ /16.097/.17 5/8 11/16 1 5/16.122/.17 3/4 13/ /.17 7/8 15/16 1 3/4.136/ / / /8 1 1/4 2 1/4.136/ /4 1 3/8 2 1/2.136/ /8 1 1/2 2 3/4.136/ /2 1 5/ / /4 1 7/8 3 3/8.178/ /8 3 3/4.178/ /4 2 3/8 4.24/ /2 2 5/8 4 1/2.24/ /4 2 7/8 5.24/ /8 5 1/2.24/ /4 3 3/8 6.24/.34 Washers are intended for general use with bolt, nut, and stud applications to provide increased bearing surface, spacing and to prevent galling. Unless otherwise specified, the washers are furnished with dimensions conforming to ANSI B NOMINAL SIZE Stainless Steel Washers With Large and Small I.D./O.D. Commonly used with stainless steel bolts and studs such as ASTM F593, A193, B8 & B8M. ACTUAL ID B ACTUAL OD T GAUGE A B T 1/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A

14 WATER WORKS T-HEAD BOLTS ANSI/AWWA C111/A ANSI/ASME B1.1 CLASS 2A, B1.2 CLASS 2B DIMENSIONAL INFORMATION SIZE ± 0.05 UN THREADED SHANK THREAD LENGTH NUT NUT WIDTH ACROSS FLATS A B C D E F G H 5/8-11 x ± ± /8-11 x ± ± /4-10 x 3 1/ ± ± /4-10 x ± ± /4-10 x 4 1/ ± ± /4-10 x ± ± /4-10 x 5 1/ ± ± /4-10 x ± ± /4-10 x 6 1/ ± ± /4-10 x ± ± /4 - x ± ± x ± ± x ± ± /4-7 x ± ± /4-7 x 6 1/ ± ± Available in: T-316 Stainless ASTM A242 Weathering Steel (Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel) Tripac 2000 Blue can be applied upon request

15 OVAL NECK TRACK BOLTS ANSI/ASME B18.10 DIMENSIONAL INFORMATION NOMINAL DIAMETER OVER THREAD HEAD NECK LENGTH UNDER HEAD A H R1 R2 O R P R3 V L I THREAD LENGTH MIN 1/2-13 x 2 3/4 7/8 5/16 11/16 9/32 5/8 19/32 5/16 1 1/8 5/8-11 x 3 1/4 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4 5/8-11 x 4 1/2 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4 5/8-11 x 6 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4 5/8-11 x 8 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4 Under 7 5/8-11 x 9 1/2 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 in. by 1 1/4 Same steps of 5/8-11 x /64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1/2 as 1 1/4 1/4 in. body body 5/8-11 x 10 1/2 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 diam. diam. From 7 1 1/4 5/8-11 x /64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 of bolt of to 10 in. 1 1/4 bolt by steps 3/4-10 x 5 1 9/32 15/32 1 5/32 7/16 1 1/16 1 1/32 7/16 of 1/2 1 3/4 in. 7/8-9 x /64 35/ /64 33/64 1 7/32 1 3/16 1/ x 3 1/2 1 11/16 5/8 1 5/8 19/32 1 3/8 1 11/32 9/16 2 1/4 1-8 x 5 1/2 1 11/16 5/8 1 5/8 19/32 1 3/8 1 11/32 9/16 2 1/4 1-8 x 6 1/2 1 11/16 5/8 1 5/8 19/32 1 3/8 1 11/32 9/16 2 1/4 1 1/8-7 x /64 45/ /64 43/ /32 1 1/2 5/8 2 1/2 * Information obtained from the Industrial Fasteners Institute, Fastener Standards, Sixth Edition Page C-58

16 A325 BOLTS Heavy Hex Structural Bolts UNC 2A ANSI/ASME B I This chart is used for A325 high strength structural bolting to be used with A194 2H Nuts NOMINAL SIZE AND THREADS PER INCH F G H LT I WIDTH ACROSS FLATS WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS HEIGHT THREAD LENGTH NUT MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN 1/ / / / / / / /

17 Zinc Plating Process HOT ALKALINE CLEANER WATER RINSE HYDROCHLORIC ACID WATER RINSE WATER RINSE ZINC PLATE WATER RINSE BLACK CHROMATE CLEAR CHROMATE YELLOW CHROMATE WATER RINSE COATINGS Electroplated ASTM specifications B633 electroplating is an electrochemical process used to deposit a metallic coating on the base material of an object by immersing it in an electrically charged solution so that a suitable low voltage flows through it, causing the metallic coating to be attracted to the object being plated. Inexpensive Sacrificial protection against corrosion Commonly used on nuts, bolts, washers, anchor bolts, fittings, pipe hangers, pipe supports, etc. Commercial zinc plate.0002 thickness Zinc Plating process provided by Sonic Plating Co., Inc., Santa Fe Springs, CA HOT WATER HOT AIR DRY SURFACE PREPARATION Abrasive blasting Alkaline cleaning Acid Cleaning Galvanizing Process GALVANIZING Immersion into molten zinc from 1 to 5 min. Finish process in clean zinc bath FINISHING Removal of excess zinc Quenching Inspection Hot Dip Galvanized Galvanizing is the practice of coating clean, oxide-free iron or steel with a thin layer of zinc to protect the surface against corrosion. ASTM A153 specification applies to coated fabricated products such as nuts, bolts, washers and anchor bolts. ASTM A123 specification applies to coated fabricated products such as fittings, pipe hangers, channel & pipe supports. Shields the base metal from the atmosphere because zinc gives cathodic or sacrificial protection Hot Dip Galvanized process provided by Atlas Galvanizing, LLC, Los Angeles, CA

18 PROPER FLANGE BOLTING Flanges In theory, if it were possible to have two perfectly mated flanges with total effective contact at all points, a gasket would not be required to effect a seal. Obviously since this is not possible, a gasket is required and its function is to seal two imperfect surfaces. There are limits on the degree of flange surface imperfections that can be sealed successfully with a gasket. Large nicks, dents and gouges must be avoided, since a gasket cannot seal against them properly. Also, a gasket cannot seal improperly aligned flanges. Another problem is waviness in the flanges and warped or bowed flanges. This can be caused by heat during the manufacturing or welding process, internal stress and excessive bolt loads during installation. See figure 1. To obtain a satisfactory seal, it is necessary that basic procedures are followed during installation. These procedures are of fundamental importance for a successful operation no matter what style of gasket or type of bolting materials are used. While these flange installation procedures may seem elementary, they are extremely important and should be carefully followed. A - Bowing of flange due to too high bolt load Flange Installation Procedures 1. Inspect the flanges. Check for tool marks, dents, scratches or corrosion. Look for pitting and any other defects which would make sealing impossible. Repairs must be made before bolting. 2. Inspect the gasket. Verify to be sure the gasket is of the proper material and style. Look for defects or damage. 3. Inspect and clean bolts, nuts and washers. Verify to be sure they are of the specified material. 4. Lubricate the bolt threads and the nut contact surfaces. This cannot be overstressed. The use of an anti-seize compound should be considered to facilitate subsequent disassembly. The better the lubricant, the more consistent the actual achieved bolt stress at installation will be. 5. Center the gasket on the flange. This is extremely vital when raised faced flanges are used. 6. Tighten the bolts approximately 30% to the final torque following the sequence shown in Figure 2 (shown on next page). If the correct tightening sequence is not followed, the flanges can be misaligned, making it impossible to have uniform seating of the gasket. Numbering the bolts may be helpful in following the bolt sequence. 7. Repeat step 6, elevating the torque to 50 to 60 percent of the final torque. 8. Continue tightening in the recommended sequence until the final torque value is reached. Each bolt normally has to be tightened more than once. 9. All gaskets relax after seating. Retightening is recommended 24 hours after installation to compensate for the relaxation. On highpressure or high-temperature applications, it is recommended that the flanges be retorqued to the required stress after 24 hours at operating pressure and temperatures to compensate for any relaxation.

19 PROPER FLANGE BOLTING Gaskets Gaskets are used to create a static seal between two flanges and to maintain that seal under operating conditions. Proper gasket selection is critical and must be considered during the design and engineering process of any system. Once the type of material and style of gasket is determined, proper installation is critical to achieve seating of the gasket. A seal is effected by compressing the gasket material and causing it to flow into the imperfections on the flanges so that intimate contact is made preventing leaking of the joint. The most common method of effecting a seal on a flange joint is through compression force applied by bolting. Torque Torque is a twisting force. When applied to a bolt it is generally expressed in foot pounds. The formula for torque is T = R x S where: R = radius or length of lever S = pounds pull on scale Properly fastened studs and bolts achieve their holding power from the tension (or torque) that is derived from the mating of the external and internal threads subject to the elastic limit of the material. What torque to apply is a generally asked question, but the answer depends on the variables of material, threads, and lubrication, if any. As previously stated the designer of the flange system normally specifies the required torque. Figure 2 Bolting A bolt is a spring. It is an elastic member which has been stretched to develop a load by elongating its length. It must not be overelongated (over-strained), or the elastic limit of the steel will be exceeded. The bolt then deforms and with continued loading (stressing) will quickly fail. To avoid such problems with bolt tightening, the use of a torque wrench is recommended. The designer of the flange system normally specifies the torque required to achieve a proper seal. The inch-per-inch relationship demonstrates that the longer the bolt, the more it must be strained to yield a desired load; thus, the more follow-up or comeback there will be in actual inches. This is highly desirable, since most gasketing materials tend to remold, to relax, to take a permanent set. This is called the creep-relaxation phenomenon. The more follow-up of spring provided by the bolt, the better the retention of stress on the gasket to maintain a leakproof joint. In the same respect, a smaller diameter bolt must be strained more to develop the same load. With the smaller diameter bolt, there is a serious danger that it may be over-strained and stressed beyond the elastic limit, and finally broken. The smaller bolt, within its elastic limit, could give the same additional follow-up as the larger diameter bolt of greater length. Bolting Patterns Regardless of the number of bolts, this circular bolt pattern with modification, will provide the correct tightening sequence. Circular Multi-Bolt Installation Pattern