Understanding English-German Contrasts

Transcription

1 Understanding English-German Contrasts von Ekkehard König Volker Gast ERICH SCHMIDT VERLAG

2 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Weitere Informationen zu diesem Titel finden Sie im Internet unter ESV.info/ ISBN Alle Rechte vorbehalten Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co., Berlin Dieses Papier erfüllt die Frankfurter Forderungen der Deutschen Bibliothek und der Gesellschaft für das Buch bezüglich der Alterungsbeständigkeit und entspricht sowohl den strengen Bestimmungen der US Norm Ansi/Niso Z als auch der ISO-Norm Druck und Bindung: Danuvia Druckhaus, Neuburg a. d. Donau

3 1. Introduction The contrastive programme What our book is and what it is not Establishing comparability The structure of the book Phonology I: Phoneme inventories The consonants of English and German Parameters of consonant classification The consonant inventories Phonetic contrasts between corresponding consonant phonemes of English and German The vowels of English and German Parameters of vowel classification The vowels of German The vowels of English: Received Pronunciation The vowel systems of English and German Other varieties of English: GA and SSE Phonology II: Phonotactics and stress Syllable structure and phonotactic rules The structure of the syllable Distributional restrictions on phonemes The sonority hierarchy The nucleus The onset The coda and the rhyme Stress assignment Words, syllables and affixes Stress rules for mono-morphemic words Some comments on morphologically complex words Inflectional morphology Nouns and pronouns The inflection of NPs in German The inflection of pronouns in German The inflection of pronouns and NPs in English Adjectives V

4 Adjectives in German Adjectives in English Inflectional morphology of verbs The inflection of verbs in German The inflection of verbs in English Uses of the suffix -ing Deverbal adjectives (V-ing > Adj) The Progressive aspect Adverbial participles Gerunds Non-finite relative clause Action nominalizations Deverbal prepositions Summary Tense and aspect Introduction Establishing comparability Future time reference Future time reference in German Future time reference in English The German Perfekt and the English Present Perfect The German Perfekt The English Present Perfect Summary Some remarks on aspect Summary Grammatical relations Identifying grammatical relations in English and German Encoding grammatical relations Case marking and word order Grammatical relations in ditransitive predications Source and recipient in predicates of transfer of possession Prepositional and non-prepositional objects alternations, case and derivation Case and semantic distinctions: Location vs. direction The semantic versatility of grammatical relations Summary of contrasts Internal and external possessors Introduction Constraints on external possessors Syntactic constraints VI

5 Constraints concerning the possessor Constraints concerning the possessum Constraints on predicates Meaningful choices in German: External vs. internal possessors Implicit possessors Historical remarks and summary Voice: Active and passive Basic concepts Passivization in English Monotransitive verbs Passive auxiliaries Ditransitive verbs Passivization of prepositional verbs Directional complements and locative adjuncts Multi-word predicates Passivization in German Accusative objects and dative objects Intransitive verbs The middle voice Basic properties of the middle voice Constraints on verbs The distribution of middle constructions in German Summary of contrasts Reflexivity and intensification Introduction The use of self -forms in English The use and meaning of intensifiers The adnominal use of intensifiers The adverbial uses of intensifiers Reflexive use of sich in German Some further English-German contrasts Inventory of forms Non-reflexive uses of reflexive pronouns Contextual constraints On the historical development of reflexives Summary and explanation Word order and sentence types The basic word order of English Intransitive and monotransitive sentences Sentences with ditransitive predicates VII

6 10.2. The basic word order of German Main clauses and subordinate clauses Constituent order within the German Middle Field Inversion vs. verb-first and verb-second structures Inversion to encode mood distinctions Inversion after negative adverbials Inversion in direct speech Presentational constructions The order of adverbials and the position of negation Adverbials Negation The structure of the noun phrase Wh-movement and relativization Introduction Wh-movement Wh-movement within clauses Wh-movement across clause boundaries Summary: Wh-movement in English and German Relative clause formation Relativization and movement Inventories of relative markers Non-finite subordination Introduction Raising Different types of raising in English and German Control verbs and non-finite complements Subject control verbs Object control verbs Control shift Summary Adverbial participles and absolute participles Contrasts in the lexicon Problems of translation Content words Nouns Adjectives Verbs Function words Minor classes of pronouns Focus particles Modal particles VIII

7 14. Generalizations and explanations Two questions Towards some generalizations Answers and solutions 263 List of references 274 IX