Bio 104 Cardiovascular System 29

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1 29 Blood: Introduction (Chapter 14) A. Characteristics of Blood 1. Blood Volume Lecture Outline: Cardiovascular System Hole s HAP [Chapters 14, 15, 16] 2. Blood Composition a. Blood Cells Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets b. Plasma 3. Origin of Blood Cells

2 30 B. Red Blood Cells 1. Characteristics oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin 2. Red Blood Cell Counts reflects blood s 3. Red Blood Cell Production low blood oxygen RBC production vitamin B 12, folic acid, Fe are necessary Dietary Factors Affecting RBC Production

3 31 4. Life Cycle of RBC lifespan worn out RBCs destroyed by Hb heme and globin 5. Anemia Def. = C. White Blood Cells 1. Functions & Types diapedesis positive chemotaxis granulocytes agranulocytes

4 32 2. White Blood Cell Counts 5, ,000 leukopenia leukocytosis differential WBC count Granulocytes Agranulocytes Neutrophils (segs, PMNs, bands) Monocytes Eosinophils Lymphocytes Basophils D. Platelets cell fragments 130, ,000 helps control Plasma A. Characteristics

5 33 B. Plasma Proteins C. Gases and Nutrients Gases Nutrients D. Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances Urea Uric acid Amino acids Creatine Creatinine BUN E. Plasma Electrolytes Absorbed from the or released as sodium, chloride calcium magnesium bicarbonate phosphate sulfate byproducts of

6 34 Hemostasis Blood Vessel Spasm Platelet Plug Formation Blood Coagulation Coagulation causes the formation of a blood clot via occurs extrinsically ( ) or intrinsically ( ) Anitgens and Antibodies Agglutination Antigen Antibody ABO Blood Groups Based on presence or absence of

7 35 Blood Types: RBC: Plasma Antibodies: Type A Type B Type AB Type O Rh Blood Group Rh positive Rh negative Erythroblastosis fetalis mother if Rh neg.; baby is Rh pos. if mother is exposed to blood, she will form antirh antibodies problem arises in 2 nd pregnancy 1970 s RhoGam

8 36 Introduction & Overview of CV System (Chapter 15) liters of blood miles of vessels Pulmonary circuit : Systemic circuit: Coronary circulation: Arteries Capillaries Veins Anatomy of the Heart A. Size & Location between and medial to base at apex at lies on diaphragm B. Pericardium 1. fibrous pericardium 2. serous pericardium parietal pericardium [pericardial cavity] visceral pericardium

9 37 3. Disorders pericarditis cardiac tamponade C. Heart Wall 1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium D. Heart Chambers Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle E. Heart Valves Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral Aortic

10 38 F. Path of Blood Through the Heart 1. Right Atrium SVC IVC Coronary sinus < Right atrioventricular (AV) valve> 2. Right Ventricle chordae tendinae papillary muscles <Pulmonary Semilunar valve> LUNGS Pulmonary veins 3. Left Atrium <Left Atrioventricular (AV) valve> 4. Left Ventricle <Aortic Semilunar valve> ascending aorta openings to coronary arteries G. Blood Supply to Heart (Coronary Circulation) 1. Right coronary artery > marginal branch > posterior interventricular branch (post. descending artery) 2. Left coronary artery > circumflex branch > anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending artery) 3. Coronary veins great cardiac vein > coronary sinus

11 39 Heart Actions Systole = Diastole = A. Cardiac Cycle Atrial systole/ Ventricular diastole Ventricular systole/ atrial diastole B. Heart Sounds Lubb Dupp Murmur Mitral valve prolapse C. Cardiac Muscle Fibers form a functional syncytium (= ) atrial syncytium ventricular syncytium D. Cardiac Conduction System Conducting system includes: Nodal tissue SA (sinoatrial) node Atrial synctium

12 40 Junctional fibers AV (atrioventricular) node AV bundle (of His) Bundle branches Purkinje fibers Ventricular syncytium E. Electrocardiogram (ECG) P wave QRS wave T wave Prolonged QRS complex Arrhythmias: Fibrillation Atrial flutter F. Cardiac Cycle 1. Consists of: systole Tachycardia >100bpm Bradycardia < 60bpm diastole 2. Average heartrate:

13 41 G. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle BLOOD VESSELS Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins 1. ANS affects activities of 2. Other Factors that influence HR ion conc. ( ) PSN impulses SNS impulses A. Blood Vessel Anatomy 1. 3 basic layers a. tunica interna (intima) Cardiac center regulates heart b. tunica media c. tunica externa (adventitia) 2. Artery 3. Arterioles

14 42 Metarterioles 4. Capillaries Regulation of Capillary Blood Flow Precapillary sphincters Exchange in the Capillaries Arterial end Venous end Substances move in and out Opposing pressures: Hydrostatic pressure (BP ) Osmotic pressure 5. Venules 6. Veins Blood Pressure force exerted against wall of vessel A. Arterial BP mmhg Systolic/diastolic Pulse =

15 43 B. Factors that affect BP Blood volume HR SV Viscosity PR Cardiac Output CO = HR x SV C. Control of BP BP rises baroreceoptors (located in and ) stimulated Cardiac center (located in ) PSN impulses to HR BP back to normal D. Venous Blood Flow Depends on: Selected Blood Vessels A. Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins

16 44 B. Systemic Circulation 1. Aorta Ascending aorta: right & left coronary arteries Aortic arch: 1) 2) 3) Descending aorta 2. Hepatic portal circulation inferior mesenteric vein splenic vein superior mesenteric vein Splenic v. & superior mesenteric v. join to form hepatic portal vein > liver

17 45 LifeSpan Changes Lymphatic System A. B. Lymph vessels C. Lymph tissues Tonsils Lymph nodes Thymus Spleen Aggregate lymphoid nodules Appendix

18 46

Heart and Vascular System Practice Questions

Heart and Vascular System Practice Questions Student: 1. The pulmonary veins are unusual as veins because they are transporting. A. oxygenated blood B. de-oxygenated blood C. high fat blood D. nutrient-rich