Fabien Hermenier. 2bis rue Bon Secours Nantes.

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1 Fabien Hermenier 2bis rue Bon Secours Nantes Activities Oct Sep : Post-doctoral researcher École des Mines de Nantes, ASCOLA Research group Sep Oct : Phd student University of Nantes, France - École des Mines de Nantes, ASCOLA Research Group Education : PhD. in Computer Science (manuscript in French) Defended in november, the 26 th 2009 University of Nantes, France École des Mines de Nantes LINA, UMR CNRS 6241 Title : Gestion dynamique des tâches dans les grappes, une approche à base de machines virtuelles (English title : Online Management of Jobs in Clusters using Virtual Machines) Advisors : Gilles Muller (Professor, INRIA Rocquencourt), Jean-Marc Menaud (Associate Professor, École des Mines de Nantes) Research Lab : ASCOLA group : Mres in Distributed Softwares Architectures (manuscript in French) University of Nantes, France OBASCO group LINA, UMR CNRS 6241 Title : Gestion dynamique des grilles informatiques, applications à l économie d énergie English title : Dynamic Management of Grids applied to power saving Advisors : Jean-Marc Menaud (Associate Professor, Ecole des Mines de Nantes) : Bachelor Degree in Mathematics and Computer Science : Systems and Networks University of South Britanny Vannes, France References Gilles Muller : Professor, gilles.muller@lip6.fr Julia Lawall : Associate Professor, julia@diku.dk Jean-Marc Menaud : Associate Professor, jean-marc.menaud@mines-nantes.fr Mario Südholt : Professor, mario.sudholt@mines-nantes.fr Fabien Hermenier 1

2 Thesis topic Cluster computing is an attractive solution to meet the growing computational requirements of scientific applications. In this setting, a user organizes a job as a collection of tasks that each requires a finite amount of resources for a bounded amount of time. A scheduling algorithm is responsible of selecting the jobs to execute on the cluster by finding, for each task composing the jobs, a node with a sufficient amount of free resources. Static scheduling algorithms allocate each task to a node and a constant amount of resources for all the duration of the job. Such strategies lead to a waste of resources and a non-optimal schedule of the jobs as each task does not use all of the allocated resources at all times. On the opposite, dynamic scheduling algorithms manipulate in live the state of the jobs using preemption and the location of their tasks using process migration. These algorithms provide a finer use of resources by allocating them according to the current demand instead of the users estimate. In practice, dynamic scheduling strategies are hard to deploy on clusters. First, the actions that manipulate the tasks in live are tedious to implement in a non-intrusive way. Second, their executions are time and resource consuming and misusing them lead to a high computational overhead. Finally, each cluster has its own architecture and some specific objectives or constraints that may not fit with the available scheduling strategies. In this thesis, we investigate to ease the development and the use of dynamic scheduling strategies. First we propose to use virtual machines (VMs) to execute the jobs in their legacy environment. In addition, virtualization brings the necessary actions to manipulate VMs as dynamic scheduling strategies manipulate tasks : live migration allows to relocate a VM that embeds a task with a negligible downtime, while the suspend-to-disk and the resume actions provide jobs preemption. To ease the development of specific dynamic scheduling strategies, we propose to use constraint programming (CP), a flexible approach to model and solve combinatorial problems. With this approach, the developer only focuses on modelling its problem by stating the constraints (logical relations) that must be satisfied by the solutions. Hence, we have developed a constraint programming model for a core dynamic scheduling problem as well as additional composable constraints to specify the strategy by restricting the state or the location of VMs. Finally, we introduce the concept of dynamic reconfiguration, a generic method to perform the transition between the current schedule of the VMs and the new computed one. Relying on a model that estimates the duration and the impact on performance of each action, our module, also based on CP plans the actions to ensure their feasibility and to minimize the total duration of their execution. We have validated our approach with the implementation of a prototype named Entropy 1 which was used to implement two use cases. The first provides dynamic consolidation by packing all the running VMs on the minimum number of nodes while satisfying their CPU and memory resources needs. This strategy reduces the energy consumption of the clusters when unused nodes are turned off. Our second use case reduces the complexity of developing dynamic scheduling strategy. Using the dynamic reconfiguration, the developer only provides an algorithm to select the jobs to run while the reconfiguration module finds a host for each selected VM and provides an efficient transition to reach the new schedule. We have evaluated Entropy through several experiments using both simulations with up to 200 nodes and 400 VMs and clusters with up to 35 nodes and 70 VMs. We have observed that our approach for dynamic reconfiguration reduces by up to 70% the duration of a reconfiguration as compared to the heuristic First Fit Decrease (FFD). This has led to a reactive system that quickly fixes non-optimal schedules and provides an efficient use of resources for each strategy we have developed. For dynamic consolidation, we have compared our implementation with the common heuristic FFD. Our solution performs twice as much reconfigurations and uses half as much resources to execute the same workload. For our second strategy, we have developed a sample scheduling algorithm, similar to First Come, First Serve but which executes a workload of 11 jobs 40% faster Fabien Hermenier 2

3 Research Topics Virtual Machines ; Hypervisors ; Grid and Cloud computing ; Autonomic Computing ; Systems and Networks ; Green Computing Current works Hosting VMs with placement constraints Virtualized datacenters provide efficient platforms to host a large variety of applications. When an application administrator want to execute an application, it submits its description to a resource manager that computes a place for each VM composing the application. The placement of the VMs must then satisfy the requirements expressed by the application administrator. Modern applications, such as n- tier Web applications have however specific placement constraints. As an example, replicas of a fault tolerance service have to be placed on distinct nodes to be effective. Aside, datacenter administrators also have placement constraints. As an example, they may have to isolate nodes for maintenance or isolate applications on specific part of the datacenter for administrative purposes. These placement constraints have to be considered by the resources manager when it manipulate the VMs. I m currently looking at a flexible resource manager, based on constraint programming, that can be easily customized to consider various placement constraints. it consists of a constraint based domain specific language to express the placement constraints and a core placement algorithm that can be dynamically specialized. This work was initially motivated by the necessity of providing a consolidation manager that consider the scalability and the fault tolerance requirements of highly available Web applications. Prototype During my thesis, I develop the prototype Entropy, an autonomous VMs manager for clusters. It is freely available since (license LGPL). I m still maintaining the software, train the other contributors and implement into it the results of our research works. The Self-XL project 3, started in 2009, includes a part of my Phd and current work. This project is funded by the National Research Agency and is focused on both a software architecture and several Domain Specific Language to ease the autonomous adaptation of virtualized datacenters. One of the work package consists in the use of Entropy to place VMs in order to improve the thermal efficiency of the datacenter. During the preparation of the proposal, I was involved in the redaction process. For the development of Entropy, I received with Jean-Marc Menaud the first award «Prix de la croissance verte numerique» the 4 th december 2009 in Paris. The proposition was to reduce the energy footprint of a datacenter. First, by acting on the direct energy consumption of the servers using dynamic consolidation. Second using a thermal management policy to reduce the use of the cooling systems. Details about the award, our proposition and interview (in French) are available online 4. Currently, Entropy is used in several companies such as Bull, Orange Labs, and the french tax agency. For this purpose I realize a part of the maintenance. These collaborations leads to the development of various plugins for Entropy to make it support various virtualized infrastructure, and several uses cases for placement constraints that are the foundation of my research topics Fabien Hermenier 3

4 Major publications [1] Fabien Hermenier, Xavier Lorca, Jean-Marc Menaud, Gilles Muller, and Julia Lawall. Entropy : a consolidation manager for clusters. In VEE 09 : Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments, pages 41 50, New York, NY, USA, ACM. [2] Fabien Hermenier, Adrien Lèbre, and Jean-Marc Menaud. Cluster-Wide Context Switch of Virtualized Jobs. In The 4th International Workshop on Virtualization Technologies in Distributed Computing, Chicago, USA. June ACM. [3] Fabien Hermenier, Nicolas Loriant, and Jean-Marc Menaud. Power management in grid computing with xen. In Proceedings of 2006 on XEN in HPC Cluster and Grid Computing Environments (XHPC06), number 4331 in LNCS, pages , Sorento, Italy, Springer Verlag. All publications International conference with program committee [1] Nicolas Beldiceanu, Fabien Hermenier, Xavier Lorca, and Thierry Petit. The Increasing Nvalue Constraint. to appear in CPAIOR 10 : Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Integration of AI and OR Techniques in Constraint Programming, Bologne, Italy, [2] Fabien Hermenier, Xavier Lorca, Jean-Marc Menaud, Gilles Muller, and Julia Lawall. Entropy : a consolidation manager for clusters. In VEE 09 : Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments, pages 41 50, New York, NY, USA, ACM. [3] Luis Daniel Benavides Navarro, Rémi Douence, Fabien Hermenier, Jean-Marc Menaud, and Mario Südholt. Aspect-based Patterns for Grid Programming. In SPAC-PAD 08 : Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing, pages , Washington, DC, USA, IEEE Computer Society National conference with program committee [1] Fabien Hermenier, Adrien Lèbre, and Jean-Marc Menaud. Changement de Contexte pour Tâches Virtualisées dans les Grappes. In Proc. of 7ème Conférence Francophone sur les Systèmes d Exploitation (CFSE07), Toulouse, France, sep [2] Fabien Hermenier, Xavier Lorca, Hadrien Cambazard, Jean-Marc Menaud, and Narendra Jussien. Reconfiguration automatique du placement dans les grilles de calculs dirigée par des objectifs. In Proc. of 6ème Conférence Francophone sur les Systèmes d Exploitation (CFSE06), Fribourg, Swiss, fev International workshop with program committee Thesis [1] Fabien Hermenier, Adrien Lèbre, and Jean-Marc Menaud. Cluster-Wide Context Switch of Virtualized Jobs. In The 4th International Workshop on Virtualization Technologies in Distributed Computing, Chicago, USA. June ACM. [2] Fabien Hermenier, Nicolas Loriant, and Jean-Marc Menaud. Power management in grid computing with xen. In Proceedings of 2006 on XEN in HPC Cluster and Grid Computing Environments (XHPC06), number 4331 in LNCS, pages , Sorento, Italy, Springer Verlag. [1] Fabien Hermenier. Gestion dynamique des tâches dans les grappes, une approche à base de machines virtuelles. Phd Thesis, University of Nantes, defended in november 2009 Fabien Hermenier 4

5 [2] Fabien Hermenier. Gestion dynamique des grilles informatiques, application à la gestion d énergie. Master thesis, University of Nantes, 2006 Research reports Poster [1] Fabien Hermenier, Adrien Lèbre, and Jean-Marc Menaud. Cluster-Wide Context Switch of Virtualized Jobs. Research Report RR-6929, INRIA, 2009 Preliminary version of [1] [2] Fabien Hermenier, Xavier Lorca, Jean-Marc Menaud, Gilles Muller, et Julia Lawall. Entropy : a Consolidation Manager for Clusters. Research Report RR-6939, INRIA, 2008 Preliminary version of [2] [1] Fabien Hermenier, Xavier Lorca, Jean-Marc Menaud, Gilles Muller, and Julia Lawall. Entropy : a consolidation manager for clusters. In USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI) - Poster Session, San Diego, December Fabien Hermenier 5

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