BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF DISINFECTANT. Food Microbiology Department Public Health Lab. Mr: Hashem Arafa

Transcription

1 BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF DISINFECTANT Food Microbiology Department Public Health Lab. Mr: Hashem Arafa

2 Nosocomial Infection Any infection that patient suffers during their hospital care which was not present or incubating at the time of admission. Nosocomial infections occur worldwide. The incidence is about 5-8% of hospitalized patients, 1/3 of which is preventable.

3 Nosocomial Infection A high frequency of N.I. is evidence of poor quality health service delivered. The highest frequencies are in East Mediterranean and South- East Asia. Disinfectants and antiseptics of different preparations and concentrations have been used universally on animate and inanimate surfaces in hospitals Multiple nosocomial outbreaks have resulted from inadequate antisepsis or disinfection.

4 Disinfection of HBV-, HCV-, HIV- or TB-Contaminated Devices The CDC recommendation for high-level disinfection of HBV-, HCV-, HIV- or TBcontaminated devices is appropriate because experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of high-level disinfectants to inactivate these and other pathogens that might contaminate semicritical devices Company Name

5 Disinfection in the Hemodialysis Unit Hemodialysis systems include hemodialysis machines, water supply, water-treatment systems, and distribution systems. During hemodialysis, patients have acquired bloodborne viruses and pathogenic bacteria. Cleaning and disinfection are important components of infection control in a hemodialysis center. EPA and FDA regulate disinfectants used to reprocess hemodialyzers, hemodialysis machines, and water-treatment systems. Company Name

6 Chain of transmission for pathogens Infectious agent reservoir escape from reservoir transmission through the environment portal of entry susceptible host Fungus Parasite Virus Bacteria Public Health Lab. Food Microbiology Dept.

7 Chain of transmission for pathogens pathogen reservoir escape from reservoir transmission through the environment portal of entry susceptible host Or source of pathogen. Pathogen survives here but may or may not multiply. Public Health Lab. Food Microbiology Dept.

8 Chain of transmission for pathogens pathogen reservoir Portal of exit transmission through the environment portal of entry susceptible host From the reservoir, exit through: the skin respiratory tract blood Public Health Lab. Site where microorganism leaves Food Microbiology Dept.

9 Chain of transmission for pathogens pathogen reservoir escape from reservoir mode Of transmission t portal of entry susceptible host Means of spread: travel by air ( Airborne) contact droplet Vector Public Health Lab. Vehicle Food Microbiology Dept.

10 Chain of transmission for pathogens pathogen reservoir escape from reservoir transmission through the environment portal of entry susceptible host Enter the same way they exit (open wound, breathe in) Public Health Lab. Food Microbiology Dept.

11 Chain of transmission for pathogens pathogen reservoir escape from reservoir transmission through the environment portal of entry susceptible host Factors affecting susceptibility include: Public Health Lab. o o The characteristics of the microbe Numbers of microorganisms Types of microorganisms The characteristics of the host age, gender, race and heredity normal immune defenses underlying disease and medical therapy nutritional status

12 Stopping The Chain of Infection Physical Agent: (Killing) as: Heat, Radiation Mechanical Removal Methods (Removable): Filtration, Cleaning Chemical Agent: (Inhabitation) as: Gas, Liquid, Disinfectant

13 Stopping the Chain of Infection Cleaning Disinfection Sterilization general removal of debris (dirt, food, feces, blood, saliva and other body secretions) reduces amount of organic matter that contributes to proliferation of bacteria and viruses The process of removes most microbial present on surfaces that can cause infection or disease. The use of physical or chemical procedures to destroy all microbial life, including large numbers of highly resistant bacterial endospores

14 Environmental Cleaning Patient environment can facilitate transmission of bacteria and viruses By direct contact On hands of healthcare personnel Contaminated surfaces increase potential for transmission of bacteria and viruses between patients Items categorized as non-critical (intermediate or low disinfection) or require cleaning only

15 Cleaning Cleansing is the removal of soil or organic material from instruments and equipment & may be done, clinically, in four steps: Rinsing the object under cold water Applying detergent and scrubbing object Rinsing the object under warm water Drying the object prior to sterilization or disinfection Company Name

16 What is disinfectant & Why we use it in hospitals? A disinfectant is a liquid solution which is used for elimination of harmful microbes with the object of preventing the transmission of disease. It is used in hospitals for four main purposes: o to make contaminated objects safe for further use o to reduce the microbial contamination of the inanimate environment. o to reduce the microbial contamination of the inanimate skin and hands or operation sites. o to prevent bacterial growth.

17 Selection of Microbial Control Methods Ideally, agents should be: Inexpensive Fast - acting Stable during storage Control all microbial growth

18 THE IDEAL DISINFECTANT Resistant to inactivation Broadly active (killing pathogens) Not poisonous (or otherwise harmful) Penetrating (to pathogens) Not damaging to non-living materials Stable Easy to work with

19 Action of Disinfectant Agents chemical & physical microbial controls Alteration of cell walls or cytoplasmic membranes Interference with protein and nucleic acid structure

20 Factors That Affect Death Rate 1. The characteristics of the disinfectant Concentration and quantity of disinfectant Nature of the material Degree of contamination organic matter load. Time of exposure Environmental factors such as temperature and ph

21 Factors That Affect Death Rate 2. The characteristics of the microbe Nature of microorganisms Number of microbes Species life cycle of the microbe Resistance to environmental conditions and chemicals

22 Types of Disinfectant High-level Intermediate level Low-level destroys all microorganisms, with the exception of high numbers of bacterial spores. Chlorine disinfectant inactivates Mycobacterium tubercuosis, vegetative bacteria, most viruses, and most fungi, but it does not necessarily kill bacterial spores. Alcohol Iodophor Iodine tincture kills most bacteria, some viruses, and some fungi, but it cannot be relied on to kill resistant microorganisms such as tubercuosis or bacterial spores. Mechanical removing microorganisms

23 Classification of infection risk associated with the decontamination of medical devices Risk Risk Application of item Recommendation High Medium Low o In close contact with broken skin or broken mucous membrane o Introduced into sterile body areas o In contact with mucous membranes o Contaminated with particularly virulent or o readily transmissible organisms o Before use on immunocompromised patients oin contact with healthy skin. o Not in contact with patient. Cleaning followed by sterilisation Cleaning followed by sterilisation or disinfection Cleaning.

24 LOW EFFCTIVE DISINFECTANT from a lack of intrinsic antimicrobial activity of the disinfectant. an incorrect choice of a disinfectant. a resistant pathogen over dilution or contaminated of the disinfectant an inadequate duration of disinfection a lack of contact between the disinfectant and the microbes.

25 Numbers of Disinfection Samples Were Tested In PHL concentrated diluted No. of samples No. of active samples No. of inactive samples

26 Method and material The ideal disinfectant should be able to kill all type of micro organism. So the laboratory can use the any isolate from the clinical samples but same organism should be used for the standard and test disinfectants. Micro organism used here is staphylococcus aureus

27 Method and material

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29 Recommendations All disinfectant must be tested before it exported to stores. Necessity of creating a Palestinian specifications of these material Section ways to provide advanced screening

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