RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. Rajita Srivastava MSc (Computer Science), MCA and MBA. Riktesh Srivastava

Transcription

1 RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Riktesh Srivastava PhD (Computer Science & Engineering) Assistant Professor (Information Systems) Skyline University College Sharjah, UAE Rajita Srivastava MSc (Computer Science), MCA and MBA Associate Editor Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (JCSIT) NEW AGE MANAGEMENT NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS New Delhi Bangalore Chennai Cochin Guwahati Hyderabad Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai

2 Contents Acknowledgement Preface (v) (vii) 1. INTRODUCTION TO DBMS Introduction History of Database Management System Database Architecture Database Management System Users Role of DBMS 4 15 Advantages of Databases Data Models File-based data models Traditional data models Semantic datamodels Schema and Instances Data Independence Database Languages DBMS Interfaces Overall Database Structure 12 Review Questions ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL Introduction E-R Model Notation for E-R Diagram Mapping Constraints Keys Strong and Weak Entity Sets Reducing E-R Diagram to Tables Generalization Aggregation Relationships Among Data 25 Review Questions 26

3 (x) Contents 3. ENHANCED ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP (EER) MODEL Introduction Superclass and Subclass Entity Types Attribute Inheritance Specialization Generalization Specialization/Generalization Constraints Categorization 36 Review Questions RELATIONAL DATA MODEL Introduction Definition of Relation Properties of Relational Tables Codd'sRule Concept of Keys Integrity Constraints Domain Constraints Assertions Triggers Query Languages 47 Review Questions RELATIONAL ALGEBRA Introduction Operations in Relational Algebra Set Operations Other Set Operators Solved Query Examples 60 Review Questions RELATIONAL CALCULUS Introduction Tuple Relational Calculus Solved Tuple Relational Calculus Examples 65

4 Contents (xi) 6.3 Domain Relational Calculus Solved Domain Relational Calculus Examples 67 Review Questions STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE Introduction Parts of SQL Language How to Start ORACLE SQL Data Definition Language Data Manipulation Commands Operators in SQL*Plus Privilege Commands Transaction Control Commands Oracle Functions Set Operators Joins Sub-Queries 98 Review Questions PL/SQL Introduction PL/SQL Syntax PL/SQL Data Types and Declarations PL/SQL Operators Conditional Control in PL/SQL Iterative Control in PIVSQL Error Handling in PL/SQL PL/SQL Functions and Procedures Database Triggers Cursors 121 Review Questions DATABASE DESIGN Definition of Functional Dependency Inference Axioms for Functional Dependencies Redundant Functional Dependencies 130

5 (xii) Contents 93 Closure of a Set of Functional Dependencies Closure of a Set of Attributes Covers and Equivalence of Set of Functional Dependencies Extraneous Attributes Canonical Cover Normal Process FirstNormal Form Partial Dependencies Second Normal Form Transitive Dependencies Third Normal Form Boyce-Codd Normal Form Multi-valued Dependencies Fourth Normal Form Join Dependency and Fifth Normal Form Inclusion Dependencies Lossless or Lossy Decompositions 148 Review Questions QUERY PROCESSING Introduction Phases of Query Processing Query Optimization Algorithms for Algebra Operations 165 Review Questions TRANSACTION PROCESSING CONCEPTS Introduction Transaction and System Preliminaries A Typical Multiuser System The Need for Concurrency Control The lost update problem The temporary update (dirty read) problem The incorrect summary problem Unrepeatable read 175

6 Contents (xiii) 11.4 The Concept of Failures and Recovery Transaction States and Additional Operations The concept of system log Commit point of a transaction Desirable Transaction Properties (ACID Properties) The Concept of Schedules Schedule (history of transaction) Schedules and recoverability Serializability Testing for conflict serializability ofa schedule View equivalence and view serializability Uses of serializability Summary 187 Review Questions CONCURRENCY CONTROL TECHNIQUES Introduction Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control Types of Locks and Their Uses Binary locks Shared/exclusive locks Conversion Locks Two-Phase locking Deadlock and Starvation Deadlock prevention protocols Deadlock detection & timeouts Starvation Concurrency Control Based on Time Stamp Ordering The concept of time stamps An algorithm for ordering the time stamp 1% The concept of basic time stamp ordering Strict time stamp ordering Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques Multiversion technique based on time stamp ordering Multiversion two-phase locking certify locks 199

7 (xiv) Contents 12.9 Summary 200 Review Questions DATABASE RECOVERY TECHNIQUES Introduction Concept of Recovery The Role of the Operating System in Recovery Write Ahead Logging Role of Check Points in Recovery Recovery Techniques Based on Defeired Update An Algorithm for Recovery Using The Deferred Update in a Single User Environment Deferred Update with Concurrent Execution Recovery Techniques on Immediate Update A typical UNDO/REDO algorithm for an immediate Update single user environment The UNDO/REDO recovery based on immediate update with concurrent execution Shadow Paging Backup and Recovery in the Case of Catastrophic Failures Some Aspects of Database Security and Authorization Summary 208 Review Questions DISTRIBUTED DATABASE Introduction Transaction processing in DDBMS Data Fragmentation Horizontal fragmentation Vertical fragmentation Concurrency Control in Distributed Database INTRODUCTION TO DATA WAREHOUSING AND DATA MINING Introduction Concepts of Data Warehousing 220

8 Contents (xv) Data warehousing terminology and definitions Characteristics of data warehouses Data modeling for data warehouses How to build a data warehouse Typical functionality of data warehouses Data Mining The foundations of data mining An overview of data mining technology Profitable applications of data mining Summary INTERNET DATABASES Introduction The World Wide Web Introduction to HTML Databases and the World Wide Web Architecture Application Servers and SeRver-Side Java Beyond HTML-XML XML-QL: Querying XML Data Search Engines Search tools and methods Summary EMERGING DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES Introduction SQL3 Object Model Mobile Databases Mobile computing architecture Types of data used in mobile computing applications Main Memory Databases Multimedia Databases Multimedia database applications Geographic Information Systems Temporal and Sequence Databases 254

9 (xvi) Contents 17.7 Information visualization Genome Data Management Biological sciences and genetics The genome database (GDB) Digital Libraries Summary 257