Impersonal pronouns in Swedish and Dutch A comparative study of man and men. Paris
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1 Impersonal pronouns in Swedish and Dutch A comparative study of man and men Paris September 2001 Evie Coussé Johan van der Auwera Department for Languages g and Literatures Center for Grammar, Cognition, and Typology University of Gothenburg University of Antwerp
2
3 Man lever bara två gånger one lives only two times
4 Man lever bara två gånger one lives only two times
5 Man lever bara två gånger one lives only two times
6 Man lever bara två gånger one lives only two times Je leeft maar twee maal you live only two times Men leeft maar twee maal one lives only two times
7 human impersonal pronouns ( HIP )
8 human impersonal pronouns ( HIP ) Semantic interest Kleiber (1994) Syntactic ti interest t Cabredo Hofherr (2003, 2006) Contrastive interest Johanson ( ), Weerman (2006) (Areal-)Typological interest Giacalone Ramat & Sansò (2007) Siewierska i (2011), Siewierska i & Papastathi thi (2011), Da Milano (2011)
9 human impersonal pronouns ( HIP ) Semantic interest Kleiber (1994) Syntactic ti interest t Cabredo Hofherr (2003, 2006) Contrastive interest Johanson ( ), Weerman (2006) (Areal-)Typological interest Giacalone Ramat & Sansò (2007) Siewierska i (2011), Siewierska i & Papastathi thi (2011), Da Milano (2011)
10 human impersonal pronouns ( HIP ) Semantic interest Kleiber (1994) Syntactic ti interest t Cabredo Hofherr (2003, 2006) Contrastive interest Johanson ( ), Weerman (2006) (Areal-)Typological interest Giacalone Ramat & Sansò (2007) Siewierska i (2011), Siewierska i & Papastathi thi (2011), Da Milano (2011)
11 human impersonal pronouns ( HIP ) Semantic interest Kleiber (1994) Syntactic ti interest t Cabredo Hofherr (2003, 2006) Contrastive interest Johanson ( ), Weerman (2006) (Areal-)Typological interest Giacalone Ramat & Sansò (2007) Siewierska i (2011), Siewierska i & Papastathi thi (2011), Da Milano (2011)
12 Semantic maps
13 Haspelmath (1997) Haspelmath (1997) someone, anyone, no one
14 Haspelmath (1997) someone, anyone, no one bla bla bli
15 Haspelmath (1997) someone, anyone, no one bla ble bli
16 Haspelmath (1997) someone, anyone, no one bla ble bli
17 Haspelmath (1997) someone, anyone, no one bla ble bli
18 First semantic map Explicitly in Siewierska & Papastathi (2011: 604) Implicitly in Giacalone Ramat & Sansò (2007) van der Auwera (2012) van der Auwera, Gast & Van der Biesen (2012)
19 Structure of the rest of the talk 1. The map 2. Swedish man vs. Dutch men 3. Conclusion
20 1. The map
21 Episodic SG Excl Episodic SG-PL Excl Episodic PL Excl Episodic Corporate Excl Episodic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Episodic Gen Incl -Excl Generic Gen Excl Generic Gen Excl Quot Generic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Generic Gen Incl- Excl Generic Gen Incl
22 Episodic SG Each cell has max three layers Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 ± generic at the level of the State of Affairs (SOA) ± generic at the level of the Human Participant (HP) Additional semantics, if relevant
23 Episodic SG Each cell has max three layers Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 SOA-generic SOA-episodic HP-generic HP-episodic ± generic at the level of the State of Affairs (SOA) ± generic at the level of the Human Participant (HP) Additional semantics, if relevant In general/usually/typically/etc. progressive is possible with dynamic predicates; otherwise This happened just before HIP ~ everybody or anybody HIP ~ somebody or definite NP
24 Episodic SG Excl Episodic SG-PL Excl Episodic PL Excl Episodic Corporate Excl Episodic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Episodic Gen Incl -Excl Generic Gen Excl Generic Gen Excl Quot Generic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Generic Gen Incl- Excl In general, one only lives twice. SAO-generic Everybody/*somebody only lives twice. HP-generic Generic Gen Incl You only live twice.
25 Episodic SG Excl Episodic SG-PL Excl Episodic PL Excl Episodic Corporate Excl Episodic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Episodic Gen Incl -Excl Generic Gen Excl Generic Gen Excl Quot Generic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Generic Gen Incl- Excl Progressive aspect SAO-episodic Somebody is knocking at the door. HP-episodic Generic Gen Incl They re knocking at the door.
26 Episodic SG Each cell has max three layers Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 SOA-generic SOA-episodic HP-generic HP-episodic ± generic at the level of the State of Affairs (SOA) ± generic at the level of the Human Participant (HP) Additional semantics, if relevant In general/usually/typically/etc. progressive is possible with dynamic predicates; otherwise This happened just before HIP ~ everybody or anybody HIP ~ somebody or definite NP
27 Episodic SG Each cell has max three layers Line 1 Line 2 ± generic at the level of the State of Affairs (SOA) ± generic at the level of the Human Participant (HP)
28 Episodic SG Each cell has max three layers Line 1 Line 2 ± generic at the level of the State of Affairs (SOA) ± generic at the level of the Human Participant (HP) + generic at both SOA and HP levels + generic at SOA level and generic at HP level generic at SOA level and + generic at HP level generic at both SOA and HP levels
29 Episodic SG Each cell has max three layers Line 1 Line 2 ± generic at the level of the State of Affairs (SOA) ± generic at the level of the Human Participant (HP) + generic at both SOA and HP levels + generic at SOA level and generic at HP level generic at SOA level and + generic at HP level generic at both SOA and HP levels
30 Episodic SG Excl Episodic SG-PL Excl Episodic PL Excl Episodic Corporate Excl Episodic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Episodic Gen Incl -Excl Generic Gen Excl Generic Gen Excl Quot Generic Gen Incl-Excl Mod This happened before you could see that he was afraid. SAO-episodic Everybody/anybody could see that he was afraid. HP-generic Generic Gen Incl- Excl Generic Gen Incl You could see that he was afraid.
31 Episodic SG Excl Episodic SG-PL Excl Episodic PL Excl Episodic Corporate Excl Episodic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Episodic Gen Incl -Excl Generic Gen Excl Generic Gen Excl Quot Generic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Generic Gen Incl- Excl They generally say that he is an idiot. SAO-generic *?Everybody says that he is an idiots once. HP-generic Generic Gen Incl They say that he is an idiot.
32 Episodic SG Excl Episodic SG-PL Excl Episodic PL Excl Episodic Corporate Excl Episodic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Episodic Gen Incl -Excl Generic Gen Excl Generic Gen Excl Quot Generic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Generic Gen Incl- Excl Generic Gen Incl
33 Episodic SG Excl Episodic SG-PL Excl Episodic PL Excl Episodic Corporate Excl Episodic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Episodic Gen Incl -Excl Generic Gen Excl Generic Gen Excl Quot Generic Gen Incl-Excl Mod Generic Gen Incl- Excl Generic Gen Incl
34 German man English you, one, they
35 Cross-linguistic i variation they in French, English and Ewe
36 *Ils sonnent à la porte. C est ta mêre. Ils ont trouvé un moto dans la cour. Ils ont encore augmenté les impôts. En Espagne ils mangent tard. *Ils disent qu il est génial. French
37 *Ils sonnent à la porte. C est ta mêre. Ils ont trouvé un moto dans la cour. Ils ont encore augmenté les impôts. En Espagne ils mangent tard. *Ils disent qu il est génial. French they they they they they English
38 *Ils sonnent à la porte. C est ta mêre. Ils ont trouvé un moto dans la cour. Ils ont encore augmenté les impôts. En Espagne ils mangent tard. *Ils disent qu il est génial. they they they they they -wó -wó -wó -wó -wó French English Ewe
39 Variation in German
40 man
41 Nominative einer man
42 Nominative einer man Oblique einem/einen
43 Nominative einer Oblique einem/einen man du
44 Nominative einer Oblique einem/einen man du sie/se
45 Nominative einer Oblique einem/einen die man du sie/se
46 2. Swedish man Dutch men
47 State t of the art Germanic language have / had impersonal pronoun derived from human being - man in German - man in Swedish - men in Dutch - Specialized in human generic reference Same semantic potential Cover the same area in the semantic map
48 German man
49 Swedish man
50 Swedish man Dutch men
51 However despite the shared meaning potential - Swedish man: alive and kicking - Dutch men: moribund cf. differences in usage in SALT-corpus pronoun frequency corpus size normalized frequency Swedish man per words Dutch men per words
52 Research question Typologically / structurally, Dutch men and Swedish man seem to be the same. However, in USAGE, there is a striking difference. Where do these differences in usage lie? Type of research Usage corpus data for frequency distributions Comparative perspective parallel corpus
53 Corpus and method SALT-corpus of the Swedish Language Bank at the University of Gothenburg - Dutch texts translated into Swedish: words - Swedish texts translated into Dutch: words Contains literary and non-fiction texts Aligned at sentence level Text search for man and men (randomized output)
54 Results Dutch translation of Swedish man Swedish translation of Dutch men (a) Congruent subject % % je you % men / man one % % ze / de they % 2 1% we / vi we 49 2% 2 1% ik I 76 3% hij he, zij she, het it 52 2% iemand someone, iedereen everyone, sommige some, etc. 27 1% Noun (de mensen people, Stig Stig, de vijand the enemy ) 38 2% 3 2% (b) Functional shift % 8 5% Passive 212 9% 5 3% Other subject replacement 108 5% 3 2% (c) Clause reduction 61 3% 5 3% Non-finite clause 21 1% 3 2% Nominalisation, etc. 27 1% Ellipsis 13 1% 2 1% (d) Omission 48 2% 1 1% Total % %
55 Dutch translation of Swedish man Swedish translation of Dutch men (a) Congruent subject % % je you % men / man one % % ze / de they % 2 1% we / vi we 49 2% 2 1% ik I 76 3% hij he, zij she, het it 52 2% iemand someone, iedereen everyone, sommige some, etc. 27 1% Noun (de mensen people, Stig Stig, de vijand the enemy ) 38 2% 3 2% (b) Functional shift % 8 5% Passive 212 9% 5 3% Other subject replacement 108 5% 3 2% (c) Clause reduction 61 3% 5 3% Non-finite clause 21 1% 3 2% Nominalisation, etc. 27 1% Ellipsis 13 1% 2 1% (d) Omission 48 2% 1 1% Total % %
56 Dutch translation of Swedish man Swedish translation of Dutch men (a) Congruent subject % % je you % men / man one % % ze / de they % 2 1% we / vi we 49 2% 2 1% ik I 76 3% hij he, zij she, het it 52 2% iemand someone, iedereen everyone, sommige some, etc. 27 1% Noun (de mensen people, Stig Stig, de vijand the enemy ) 38 2% 3 2% (b) Functional shift % 8 5% Passive 212 9% 5 3% Other subject replacement 108 5% 3 2% (c) Clause reduction 61 3% 5 3% Non-finite clause 21 1% 3 2% Nominalisation, etc. 27 1% Ellipsis 13 1% 2 1% (d) Omission 48 2% 1 1% Total % %
57 Dutch men (a) Congruent subject % man one % de they 2 1% vi we 2 1% Noun (folk people, ki kvinnorna h the women ) 3 2% (b) Functional shift 8 5% Passive 5 3% Other subject replacement 3 2% (c) Clause reduction 5 3% Non-finite clause 3 2% Ellipsis 2 1% (d) Omission 1 1% Total %
58 Different translation ti strategies t (b) Functional shift The referent of the subject is changed e.g. use of passive in order to avoid naming the agent Men herkende de postbode voornamelijk aan zijn kepie, de kleur van zijn rond gezicht was lichtblauw. One recognized the mailman predominantly by his uniform cap Brevbäraren kändes igen främst på mössan, det runda ansiktet var ljusblått till färgen. The mailman was predominantly recognized by the uniform cap
59 (c) Clause reduction The clause is rearranged so that the subject is left out e.g. replacement of clause by to-infinitive clause without subject Men kon nu niets doen, het was te donker om te zoeken en misschien kwam ze in de komende uren uit zichzelf terug. One could not do anything now... Det var omöjligt att göra något mer, det var för mörkt att leta och hon kanske kom tillbaka av sig själv under de närmaste timmarna. It was impossible to do something more
60 (a)congruent subject The referent of the subject remains unaltered, but a different form can be used (a) Congruent subject % man one % de they 2 1% vi we 2 1% Noun (folk people, kvinnorna the women ) 3 2%
61 Findings - Dutch men is predominantly translated by Swedish man (88%) - Occasional translation by de they, vi we and folk people
62 Findings - Dutch men is predominantly translated by Swedish man (88%) - Occasional translation by de they, vi we and folk people Swedish man is unmarked translation equivalent of Dutch men Swedish man covers most/all of the meaning potential of Dutch men
63 Swedish man Dutch translation of Swedish man Swedish translation of Dutch men (a) Congruent subject % % je you % men / man one % % ze / de they % 2 1% we / vi we 49 2% 2 1% ik I 76 3% hij he, zij she, het it 52 2% iemand someone, iedereen everyone, sommige some, etc. 27 1% Noun (de mensen people, Stig Stig, de vijand the enemy ) 38 2% 3 2% (b) Functional shift % 8 5% Passive 212 9% 5 3% Other subject replacement 108 5% 3 2% (c) Clause reduction 61 3% 5 3% Non-finite clause 21 1% 3 2% Nominalisation, etc. 27 1% Ellipsis 13 1% 2 1% (d) Omission 48 2% 1 1% Total % %
64 (a) Congruent subject % je you % men one % ze they % we we 49 2% ik I 76 3% hij he, zij she, het it 52 2% iemand someone, sommige some, etc. 27 1% Noun (de mensen people, Stig Stig ) 38 2%
65 Findings - Swedish man is only marginally translated by Dutch men (12%) - Mostly translated by je you (45%) and also by ze they (13%)
66 Findings - Swedish man is only marginally translated by Dutch men (12%) - Mostly translated by je you (45%) and also by ze they (13%) Dutch men does not seem to cover all of the meaning potential ti of Swedish man
67 Meaning Swedish man We can deduct a part of the actual usage of man from the translation into Dutch - man je/we speaker inclusive i 47% - man ze speaker exclusive 13% Manual annotation of man men (12%) - speaker inclusive 4% - speaker exclusive 8% speaker inclusive 51% vs. exclusive 21%
68 Meaning Swedish man We can deduct a part of the actual usage of man from the translation into Dutch - man je/we speaker inclusive i 47% - man ze speaker exclusive 13% Manual annotation of man men (12%) - speaker inclusive 4% - speaker exclusive 8% speaker inclusive 51% vs. exclusive 21% at least!
69 Meaning Dutch men Manual annotation of men - speaker inclusive 40% -speaker exclusive 60% Manual annotation of man men - speaker inclusive 33% - speaker exclusive 67% Dutch men is most often speaker exclusive
70 Discussioni Dutch men is most dedicated to speaker exclusive ~ competition with speaker inclusive strategies e.g. je you is a prominent generic pronoun Swedish man is not so strongly dedicated to speaker exclusive ~ less competition of speaker inclusive strategies e.g. du you no large role as generic pronoun Is dominance of speaker exclusive reference prerequisite for / consequence of competition with speaker inclusive i strategies? t
71 Further research - Further semantic annotation of Swedish man a lot of work, but feasible (28% of 2317) - Refining of annotation to categories of semantic maps very difficult: e.g. general vs. episodic SOA - Further investigation of history of Swedish - Further investigation of history of Swedish man and Dutch men a whole different project
72 Swedish man Dutch men
73 Swedish man Dutch men
74 3. Conclusion
75 HIP semantic maps
76 HIP semantic maps For an account of what is possible
77 HIP semantic maps For an account of what is possible For an account of For an account of what is frequent
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