ттгт ци тг цсс пястсгс цсгс TELOS

Transcription

1 пепистги ягтгр сг хети епистг тг епистггс упцист гисс пхг еусгс и диеияисгс ттгт ци тг цсс пястсгс цсгс TELOS цв цв applefi евfl г, ж 1994

2 пепистги ягтгр сг хети епистг тг епистггс упцист гисс пхг еусгс и диеияисгс ттгт ци тг цсс пястсгс цсгс TELOS евfl apple applefi apple цв I. цв fi applefi applefi в apple етптуи у диптс еиди еусгс свв: евfi еappleapplefi: цв цв тfi еapplefi уappleв ц бfl, вfi, еappleapple fi, applefi вfi, дfi: п apple, applefi вfi, п apple, applefi вfi п еappleapplefi apple сapple г, ж 1994

3 applefi дfl fi в ц п ц TELOS цв и. цв applefi евfl Tfi еapplefi уappleв пapplefi fi пеяигг г TELOS fl в apple в, applefl apple в appleвfi в applefl apple-. с appleв Ithaca TELOS applefl в appleвfi fi в, applefl apple appleвfi в. т apple fi apple в appleв в applefl, fi apple apple fl в apple appleв. fl apple вfl fl fl applefl apple apple в apple applefi. apple apple appleapple в TELOS apple, ввfi, fi вfi, apple applefi applefl appleвapple apple. fl в apple applefl apple в fi. - applefl в appleвapplefl appleapple в applefiapple fl applefl в fi fi fi fl. в fi applefl fi fi applefl fi fi appleвapplefl в fi apple fl-. fl fi fl applefl, appleapple apple в apple apple в. i

4 applefl apple fl в flв fi fi fl appleв appleв в - applefi fi apple apple fi fi fl. в fl apple fi fi в fl в fl fl (disk pages). apple fl fi fi appleв apple apple fi. г fl fi fl fi fi. apple fl fi, fi fi apple apple в, apple apple appleapple fi apple fl fi. fi fi applefl apple в -, applefl в fi в apple. г в fl в в -, fl fl appleвapple apple в в. в apple fi apple вfl apple fi. applefi в в fi, fi fi в в, apple fi fi fi appleвfi. fl fl appleapple fl fi вfi, apple в apple applefl apple fi, applefl fl в apple apple fl. еappleapple : и бfl, вfi ii

5 A Storage and Memory Management Mechanism for Objects in TELOS George Y. Yeorgiannakis Master of Science Thesis Department of Computer Science University of Crete ABSTRACT TELOS is an object oriented language for knowledge representation which provides efficient mechanisms to describe semantic networks. It is used within the ITHACA project for the description of software components that are stored in a Software Information Base (SIB). Software engineers browse through the contents of the SIB and select software components for reuse or update already existing components. The purpose of this thesis is the design and implementation of the various structures that are used for storing the contents of the SIB. These structures are integrated with appropriate mechanisms that provide TELOS applications with an interface to access, insert or update the contents of the SIB, forming a kernel through which all operations in the SIB are performed. Each object is identified by a unique object identifier which is assigned to the object by the system catalogue mechanism. This mechanism implements every access to the SIB for each object and maintains information about the state of the objects and their placement in memory and on disk. The system catalogue is essentially an accessmechanism where objects areaccessed through use of their unique object identifiers. The access methods are efficient, allowing the system to exhibit competitive performance in typical applications. Objects on disk and in memory are represented by identical data structures, avoiding thus the computational cost for transforming them from one format to another when they are exchanged between memory and disk. Objects are organized on disk in object blocks, whose size is equal to the disk block size. Objects are read/stored from/on files in a disk block basis. Objects residing in the same block belong to the same object type. When an object is read from disk, the whole object block where the object resides, is fetched in memory, therefore all other objects residing in the same object block are prefetched. iii

6 The SIB users identify objects by means of logical names while the runtime system uses the object identifiers for every operation performed on objects. Logical name translation to the corresponding object identifier and vice versa is performed by the symbol table. This table exploits access mechanisms that facilitate efficient translation between logical names and object identifiers. The storage structures for the object blocks, the system catalogue and the symbol table in memory, reside in corresponding caches. The cache mechanisms enable immediate system start-up regardless of the SIB size and enhance system performance which compares to that of commercial object oriented data base systems. Supervisor : Yannis Vassiliou, Professor iv

7 еfl х fi fi appleapple вfi. ц бfl apple fl в вfl, в fiвfi. х fi fi appleapplefi applefi вfl в.. п apple fi в fi- applefi apple fi apple. еapplefl, fi fi fi иthaca в вfl,. иfl fi fi. Martin Dorr в apple fi apple fi apple вfl fi с fl apple fi fi в apple fi вfl. х fi fi fl т в fi fl, apple applefl в., fl fl в apple apple вfl в applefi applefi apple applefl. т, пapplefi fi и пfi и- твfl в fi fi applefi apple applefl apple. v

8 vi

9 п пfl Abstract еfl п в п в с i iii v x xi xiii 1 еввfi т apple вfl ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: г в apple в TELOS ::::::::::::::::::::::: д applefi в TELOS : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : в вfl ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: г applefl :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 2 сfi дfl б д б д :::::::::::::::::::::::::: т Iris :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: т POSTGRES :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: т O 2 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: т EXODUS ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: fi ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: сapple ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 3 т с п ц TELOS еввfi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 vii

10 3.2 apple :::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: вfl-fl : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : apple цfl :::::::::::::::::::: т fi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: уapplefl fi в в TELOS : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : fi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: apple :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: еввfl fi в TELOS : : : : : : : : : : : в :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: apple fi :::::::::::::::: 36 4 fl fi еввfi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: в fi ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: в fi ::::::::::::::::::::::::: г fi в fi ::::::::::::::: евв в fi ::::::::::::::::::: в fi вв ::::::::::::::::::::: дfl вв в fi :::::::::: с applefi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: дfl fi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: тfi fi (object blocks) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : с applefi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: дfl :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: дfl TELOS :::::::::::::::::::: 50 5 в в еввfi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: уappleв в fi :::::::::::::::::::: fi appleв в fi :::: евв appleв в fi ::::::: дfl вв ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: с applefi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: appleв в ::::::::::::::::::::::::: fl fi ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 60 viii

11 5.4 в appleв в ::::::::::::::::: ц :::::::::::::::::::::::: дfi в :::::::::::::::::: вв ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: вв :::::::::::::::: с applefi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 71 6 fi fi еввfi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: fi fi в fl fi : : : : : : в в fi fi ::::::::::::::::::: в ::::::::::::::::::::::::: еapple fl fi fi ::::::::::::::::::: apple ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 84 7 в apple fi еввfi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: пвfi appleв в apple :::::::::::::: п ::::::::::::::::::::: пвfi apple ::::::::::::::::::::::::: fi apple в TELOS ::::::::::::::::: fi в fi :::::::::::::::::: fi в в ::::::::::::::::: св fi apple в fi : : : : : : в apple :::::::::::::::::::::::: fi :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: apple apple ::::::::::::::::::::102 8 сapple fi евfl сapple ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: б ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: fi вfl ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: еappleflв ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::109 A г g(k) вв 111 ix

12 B fi в fi 113 B.1 тapplefi ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::113 B.2 apple ::::::::::::::::::::::::::114 бвfl 116 x

13 в п 7.1 apple apple в fi apple :::::::: apple apple в fi applefi :::::::::::::: apple apple в fi apple apple- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: apple apple в fi applefi apple :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: apple apple в в apple apple- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: св apple в fi ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: св apple в fi, вfl apple applefi apple ::::::::::::: св apple в fi ::::::::::::: св apple в fi applefi fi fi fi apple в applefi :::::::::::::::::103 B.1 fi в applefi ::::::::::::::::::::114 B.2 fi в apple :::::::::::::::115 xi

14 xii

15 в с 1.1 TELOS ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: г fi fi fl fi :::::::::::: г fl fi ::::::::::::::::::::: г fl ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: г fl вfl :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: appleв fl ::::::::::::::::::::: в в fi :::::::::::: г fl вв applefi вв :::::::: сappleвfi fi в apple applefi- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: г в fl fi вв ::::::::::::::::: fl в в fi :::::::: е в ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: appleв fi вв в в в apple applefl в fl в :::::::: дfl в в в : : : : : : дfi в в fi fi :::::::::: 78 xiii

16 1 еввfi 1.1 т apple вfl г apple вfl fl fl applefl fl- applefi fi б пвfi в (бп - SIB Software Information Base). г бп apple appleв в apple fl - fi в: applefi, applefl. еapplefl, apple appleв в appleв. г вfl fi appleвapplefi и пfi ите applefl appleв Ithaca 1, fl applefl fl applefl в. г appleвfi fi бп вfl в TELOS [?], applefl applefl fi в apple в. с в TELOS appleв fi в apple apple. с б.п.. apple TELOS, в - TELOS fi applefl в apple fl - в fi, fi apple apple applefl в fl, apple fl fl fi/ fi fi. 1.2 г в apple в TELOS г TELOS fl в apple apple в applefl в apple apple ' `` fi'' в. г в fi applefl apple apple 1 Integrated tool for highly advanced computer applications 1

17 2 1. еввfi в, apple apple fl вfl apple applefl fi в, applefl appleapple applefl apple. apple fi, TELOS fl apple- в. г в applefl apple apple вapple ofi: (Individuals) в- fl (Attributes). вfl в fl apple в apple в TELOS. TELOS apple (propositions). M в TELOS applefl apple apple applefl apple apple в. apple в apple. с, apple applefl fi., appleв apple в, applefl apple в apple apple fi. еappleapple, TELOS applefl apple apple - apple apple в в, apple fl fi appleвfi applefl appleflapple fl apple applefl. fl fl fl applefl -вapplefl (classification-instantiation), - (aggregation-decomposition) вfl-fl (generalization-specialization), - в fl fl. fl вfl applefl fl apple appleflapple. apple apple fi appleв fl apple applefl appleвfi apple apple вfl. т apple applefi fl fi appleflapple fl applefi fi apple. fl apple- TELOS в в fl. вfl TELOS fl. с fi?? apple apple apple applefl appleвfl TELOS apple fl fl appleflapple fl. fi physical object applefl fl appleflapple. fibook, chapter, introduction conclusions apple appleapple в physical object. с appleflapple fl appleapple fl appleapple. еapplefl, fl fi вfl- fl, в introduction conclusions apple apple

18 1.2 г в apple в TELOS 3 physical object part book part chapters isa isa introduction conclusions my introduction my book my chapter 1 my chapter 2 my conclusions сfi 1.1: TELOS т appleflapple fl fl в. с fi applefl apple fl вfi вfl-fl chapter apple introduction conclusions вfi вfl part book chapter.

19 4 1. еввfi chapter. т apple вfl book chapter вfl part. 1.3 д applefi в TELOS apple fl applefl apple fl в apple appleвfl TELOS: fl applefl applefl apple apple apple C++ [?], в fi в fi (system catalogue). в fi apple applefl в applefl apple (transparent information), apple apple fi fi fi fl apple fl :, в, в..apple. applefl applefi fi, в в fi в в, applefl apple вfl, fi fi fl в fi fl apple applefi apple fi в appleapple. сapple вfl fi вfl apple apple- applefi applefl apple fl appleвfi в applefl в apple apple fl applefl fi., apple вfl applefi, applefl apple - вfl в TELOS apple apple apple apple appleapple, в. еapplefl вfi fi fi в applefi-, applefl apple fi в apple в. г applefi apple, appleвapplefl apple. с appleв, applefl applefi applefl. с applefl TELOS в appleв Ithaca в apple fl apple fi в apple fi/в. вfl apple apple, в apple в /вfl fi fi/в. еapplefl, applefl apple trigger, в apple apple apple apple fi. apple вapplefi fi- apple fl ввfl apple в apple

20 1.3 д applefi в TELOS 5 apple в в apple TELOS. fl fi fi fl, appleapple apple. fl apple apple blocks apple в fl apple applefl fl/вfl apple/ fl (disk page). еappleв /в appleapple fl, (buffers) fi fl fl apple fl applefi (fragmentation). TELOS в ( applefl fi fi OID (object identifier) fi ID) apple appleв apple fl. еappleapple, TELOS в ( appleflapple apple fi fl apple в в apple, вfl apple ). apple fi вfi fl apple, applefl в, TELOS applefl в fi. apple applefl (translation table) apple в в fi fl. ц вfl apple (tuple) apple apple в в. т в, apple apple apple fi в (symbol table). г fi fi applefl в в apple, fl в в fi. е linear hashing в fi, вfl fi в, applefl applefl в в apple в в fi. fl fl в, applefl apple appleв в apple apple, applefl fl fi fl. г fi fi fi в fi (system catalogue) applefl apple - fl apple fi apple applefl в. с appleflapple fi в TELOS, в fi fl (indirect) applefl apple fi appleapple-fl в- fi в. г fi в fi apple fl apple вfl в в, fl apple apple applefl в, fl fi в в appleв в fi. - в fi fl appleв, в appleвfi fi

21 6 1. еввfi fi fl (persistent objects) в appleвfi fi apple fl fi. г fi fi fi fl fi fi fl apple fi??. в appleapple в в fi, fi fl fi. в fi applefl fi fi applefl вfl fl fi в в applefl apple appleapple fi fi в fi. еapplefl, apple fl apple fl fi apple fl fi fi в в fi, в fl. 1.4 в вfl с fi вfl в - fl apple apple в. с fl apple apple fi apple applefi- в applefl в apple в TELOS, fi applefi. с apple fi вfl - в fi в apple applefl fl бп. apple в fi apple fl fi fl apple apple applefl в apple - appleapple в fi fi в бп apple fi (concurrency control). с appleapple apple fi в - в в бп. с apple в fi fi apple - applefl в apple fi, в fi в. еapplefl, apple apple - fi fi в apple appleв apple в в. с apple в fi apple fi apple appleв в apple

22 1.4 в вfl 7 TELOS Applications system catalogue management routines symbol table management routines MEMORY catalogue cache objects cache symbol table cache system catalogue symbol table DISK objects сfi 1.2: г fi fi fl fi в o apple TELOS appleapple apple applefl fl apple fl в fi в. т в в appleapple applefi fl в, apple в fi applefl apple fl fi. т applefi apple fi fi apple apple apple fl fi.

23 8 1. еввfi (benchmarks). еapplefl, apple fl в fl appleв. т, в apple apple apple applefl apple вfl applefl apple appleapplefi apple apple apple fi. 1.5 г applefl г apple вfl appleвapplefi applefl appleв ITHACA и пfi ите. г applefl fi в в C++ в - в UNIX. apple fl apple fl (binary files) UNIX в appleввfi fi applefl applefl вfi apple fi UNIX fl apple fi hardware. ц fl fl apple appleapple fi fi в fi (system calls) apple apple в UNIX apple appleв [?]. г applefl вfl 2. с - вfi applefl fi apple fl в applefi. с applefl apple в. т applefi apple applefi fi вfl applefl в вfl в applefi в apple - applefl в (apple вfl fi с тfl ) в TELOS apple applefi apple, appleв apple applefl в applefi. в apple applefl applefl fl 2 30 fi, вfl applefi вfi в apple apple в в apple fi apple appleвapplefi, apple fi fl apple apple fl.

24 2 сfi дfl б д 2.1 б д г fi apple apple в в в в fi apple applefi apple fl вfl., fl fl fl в вfl fi: fi fl, CODASYL fi fi. applefl fi вfl в apple appleapple в вfl. г fi вfl applefl apple applefi apple fi fi appleapple apple apple, fi fi fl. вfi apple apple вfl-fl, -apple вfl fl applefl. fi applefl в apple - в в в. в apple fi fl appleвfi, fi вfl, в apple в apple вfi в fi, appleв apple apple applefl applefi [?][?] [?]. т fi apple fl в applefl apple fl apple. т fi fl apple. т fl apple в appleв в apple 9

25 10 2. сfi дfl б д в. apple applefl [?] [?] applefl apple fi, вfi fl apple applefl appleapple fl apple. apple fl apple apple apple apple applefl apple fi : - в : fl appleв applefl fi. fl в. цfl - : applefl fl fl - apple. г appleв apple в в fi. г fi вfl в fl applefl fl ( applefl applefl вfl). г apple- fl apple (fi) applefl apple fi вfl. fi: fi fl в applefl - apple в apple applefl в. вapplefl apple fl fi apple appleflapple (instance) fi fi-. г вapplefl вfl fl fl вapplefl. иfl fi - fi: с fi- fi applefl вfi fi applefl appleв apple fi вfl fl, в fl fi. с appleflapple fi, fi apple appleв apple (fi fl) fi- apple appleapplefi fl apple (fi вfl) fi apple вfi. apple apple appleapple в- fl apple apple. fi appleapple fl apple fl apple appleapple fl apple apple apple. с fl appleflapple fl apple вfl в fl. г applefl fi fl applefl fi apple fl apple fi fi

26 2.1 б д 11 applefi в, в fi, fi, applefi appleapple apple fi (concurrency control). п apple apple apple fi appleв fl apple applefl. apple apple вfi в fi applefi вfl. apple fl apple apple applefl apple fi fi apple applefl: в : с fi в apple вfl apple fl. уapple apple в вfl в fi, fi - apple appleввfl. с apple, в fi <в, в >. т applefl в fl в в fi apple fi, applefl в applefl в в fi fi. с appleвв applefl в в. appleflapple fi в в appleapple fl fl fl fi appleвfi в fi applefl fi. в- applefl в fl fl (primary key). сfi fl в fl apple apple fi apple вfl. иfl fi - иfl вapplefl: apple applefl apple в apple apple вfl вapplefl, в apple apple. т - в fi в apple apple в apple., fl fl вapplefl fl-. г fi fi apple appleapple

27 12 2. сfi дfl б д : fi в fi apple fi applefi. ц appleв, fi в apple, apple apple вfl apple apple fi, appleapple (instances) apple apple в' в- fl. fl applefi fi apple, ввfi fi вfi apple fi fi в' applefl fi fi apple applefi apple appleapple. т fi fl apple applefl вfi apple apple applefl applefl fl fi, fi apple в appleв apple applefl fi fi (stable memory) applefi fi. с [?], fi fl fl вfl: apple fi: apple в fi appleapple appleapple fi. apple вfl: apple appleflapple fi appleapple вfl applefl fl. fi fl apple fi appleapple apple fi applefl. apple apple: fi apple- apple fi fl apple fi apple в ' apple. с appleflapple fi fl в appleapple (instances) apple fi вfl apple fl в fl. с fl apple fi applefl fi fl. с applefl fi applefi apple applefi fl fi. applefl fi apple вfl appleappleapple в [?].

28 2.3 т Iris т Iris т fl Iris [?][?] applefl appleapple apple applefi вfi Hewlett-Packard. сapple fi fl appleвв appleвfi apple applefi в apple: apple fi вfl, fi в fl в (hardware) appleвfi. г fi fi applefl apple fl fi: applefi fi (user interface), fi fi (object manager) fi applefi (storage manager). fi fi applefl в fi, fl appleвfl fi. т apple applefl fl :, apple fi fi. fl apple: (apple fl fi fi fl) ( apple appleв fi apple apple ). fi в applefl вfl apple fi. вfl вapplefl applefl в apple fi, fi apple в fl apple fi apple apple. fi applefi apple apple applefi, HP-SQL. HP-SQL apple fl apple (tables) в, applefl apple apple (apple joins)., Iris вfi fl fl в в (tuples) в. г apple fi applefl apple fi applefi, fi fi applefi applefi apple applefl fl fi., apple fl fi fi в, applefl apple fi apple fl fi apple applefl fi fi Iris fl. с apple fi apple в вfl - fi applefi Iris applefl вfi fi applefi.

29 14 2. сfi дfl б д 2.3 т POSTGRES т POSTGRES [?][?][?] applefl appleapple apple apple apple fl fi INGRES applefi пapplefi Berkeley. fi в fl fi fi apple, в fi fl appleapple applefl fl, fi в. с applefi fi apple в apple (instant recovery) fl appleв fi fl apple apple fi apple fl appleв в. т apple POSTGRES apple - apple, apple fl fl `` apple'' (extended relational) fi `` '' (nested relational). т apple- apple fi, appleapple в fi, applefl fi fl. fi fl вfl:, [?]. б fl fi applefl appleapple apple. fi apple в вfl (views) appleapple в- apple, fl apple. т (versions) fi apple в applefi apple applefl apple fi. ц applefi в apple apple вв applefl apple appleflapple apple applefl appleapple. т applefl apple applefl apple fi. т POSTGRES apple fi вfi fl apple fi fi в appleapple apple fi. fl applefl ввfi, вfi fi вfi. г вfi appleв fl apple apple applefi fl fi fi applefl apple fi apple apple fi. т applefi POSTGRES [?] applefl apple fi applefl -

30 2.3 т POSTGRES 15 fl appleapple apple fl. г apple в apple fl. вfl fl apple в applefi -, applefl fl apple appleв. fi apple в applefi, appleapple apple вв fl. ц applefl fl fl UNIX ( apple fi apple applefi ). ввfi-, appleв apple, в ввfi-. т в в appleapple apple fi apple fi вfi applefi в в fi. еapplefl, ввfi в appleapple applefl applefl appleв apple вfi fi в, apple fl в fi в, applefl в ввfi fl applefi apple ввfi apple appleв в. вfi apple вfl apple ввfi в. г ввfi fi applefl fl вв apple () apple applefl apple вfi. г fi ввfi fl вв apple appleв в fi. fl вв в appleapple appleв fi вfi. appleapple appleвapplefl fi apple вв fl вв, ввfi apple, apple, applefl apple appleв applefl apple ``appleв'' ввfi. вв, fi, apple ``вв '' (delta records) appleapple ввfi, appleapple applefl fi ввfi fl fi appleв, apple fl в apple fi ввfi appleв. г вfl fi applefl appleвfi, apple apple в apple fi, в appleв в appleвfi. г apple fi в fl в ``вв '' fl apple в. т POSTGRES

31 16 2. сfi дfl б д в apple appleв fi applefi, fl fl apple apple (consistency). г appleflapple fi вfl fi apple apple appleвfl, fl apple apple fl вfl applefi. г appleflapple fi applefl applefl apple fi fi (stable memory) appleвfi. ц fi fi POSTGRES вfl fi вfl. т apple fi вfl, vacuum cleaner, applefl. г вfl fi ``вв '' apple fl apple fl apple fl вв apple вв в, fl в fl вв. г вfl vacuum cleaner вfl fi ввfi в в applefl apple fl вв apple fl fi, applefl fi ввfi., fl fl fi вfl apple apple applefl apple apple fi apple в fi. fl apple apple fi POSTGRES fi appleв fi applefl (benchmarks) fl fi apple applefi fi INGRES [?]. 2.4 т O 2 т O 2 [?] [?] applefl apple fl apple applefl в вfl в в fi fl appleвfi (CAD), apple fi, fi вfl, apple fi. fl fi fl apple: (i) appleвв apple в, (ii) applefi вfl apple apple apple в (iii) fl apple в apple apple, apple, fi. г fi fi applefl appleвfl fi apple- apple. apple fl вfl, applefl вfl apple, в fi fi apple appleapple

32 2.4 т O 2 17 apple. applefi fi O 2 Engine [?] applefl apple fl appleflapple: (i) appleflapple fl в fi (schema manager) (ii) appleflapple fl fi (object manager) (iii) appleflapple fl applefi apple applefl apple apple WiSS ( Wisconsin Storage System) [?]. т appleflapple fl в fi applefl fi вfi O 2, applefl applefl applefi (interface) apple apple appleflapple fl fi. т appleflapple applefl в вfl, вfi вfi fi. еapplefl, вfi в apple (consistency) fi fl fi в fi applefl вfl fi apple fl applefi вfl fi. г apple в fi в fi вfl fl applefi. ц в в fi appleflapple applefl в fi O 2 в fi applefl fl apple apple apple apple applefl O 2. Kapple apple apple в appleв apple applefl (apple C++)., applefl fl fl applefl, fi fi в fi applefl applefi apple в appleв, applefl apple в O 2. т appleflapple fl fi applefl apple apple fi, applefl appleвapple вfl appleapple. apple fl apple fi fl fi, fl fl. вfl apple вfl apple apple appleapple fl fi, вfl apple fl вfl apple applefl appleapple fl, вfl apple apple вfl fi applefi (message passing). т apple fl fi applefl вfl, вfi, fi fi, fi fi. appleapple apple в fi, в

33 18 2. сfi дfl б д в fl fi fi fi fl. т в fi fl fl, flapple. т в в fl fl applefl fl apple. с appleflapple apple fl fi, в fl apple fi fi apple fl appleapple applefl apple appleв fl fi вfl apple fi fi вfl apple. ж вfl applefl apple apple в fi в apple apple. т apple appleapple apple :. в fi apple apple. applefl в apple (, fl apple) fi apple. fi apple applefl appleв fi. еappleapple, apple apple fi. т appleflapple fl fi fl в fi, в fi fl fl fl apple apple. apple вв apple в apple applefi WiSS. г вfl apple applefl fi fi. applefl в fl fl apple apple вв fi applefi, в fl fi apple fl fi. вfl apple fi fi. г fl fi fl fl fl (disk page), apple apple fl apple apple (prefetching) fi apple fl fl fl fl fi. apple fi fl, appleflapple fl applefi O 2 applefl apple WiSS. г вfl apple fi fi applefi., вfl fi fl, applefi fl fl, fl appleapple (recovery). т WiSS applefi в вfl apple. в UNIX fl в fi apple, WiSS applefl fi fl (raw disk partitions) в fl, fl в fl apple

34 2.5 т EXODUS 19 apple UNIX. т applefi WiSS applefl apple appleflapple [?]. т appleflapple - fl ввfi/в (physical I/O layer), apple fl applefi (fl, fl) - apple/apple. т apple appleflapple fl (buffer management layer) applefl appleв appleflapple в в applefi fl apple fi fl, fl fi fl applefl applefi apple apple fl (LRU policy). fi fl fi WiSS applefl fi fi fl в appleflapple fl fi O 2. с fi applefl fi fi fl в fi fi fl apple applefl fi fl в fl fi fl. т apple appleflapple applefl appleflapple fl applefi. т appleflapple applefl ввfi в fi apple fl apple fl fi O 2. еapplefl, appleflapple apple - вfl в в б-. б- apple apple apple fl O 2 в вfl fl fi fl вapplefl. т fl appleflapple WiSS applefl appleapple fi fi apple apple (apple fi fi fi fi в ). т applefi applefl apple (2 phase locking protocol) apple fi applefl fl. 2.5 т EXODUS apple O 2, EXODUS apple вfi пapplefi- Wisconsin applefl в вfl apple в apple apple. т apple вfl, applefl - в apple fi вfi appleв вfi, вfl appleapple 'fi appleapple apple apple appleвfi. с apple вfl apple applefi в apple вfl apple EXODUS apple apple [?]. г fi applefi fl вfl

35 20 2. сfi дfl б д applefl в в fi (minimal semantics). г fi apple applefl EXODUS fl applefi, applefi apple bytes fl. т вfl в applefi fl вfl в apple apple applefi. т applefi apple вfl applefi fl fi applefi apple fl apple в fi applefi., в fi applefi applefl. applefi applefi в в apple fl applefi apple в applefi (large storage object). в applefi apple fl fi б +, apple fl ( bytes) apple fl apple applefl в apple. г fl apple fi <fi, fl> в applefl fl. т applefl fi apple fi bytes apple fi в applefi apple apple fl в. в apple apple в ввfi, вfi appleв (rebalancing) б + applefi apple в apple в. т EXODUS applefl fi applefi apple applefl applefi fl. г fi fi, apple fl (file object) в вfl apple в applefi apple fi fi в applefi apple apple. т в fi fi < fl, > в apple applefi. с appleflapple apple fi applefi в apple fl applefl fl apple, в в applefi fl fl fi apple applefl в (large object header) applefl applefl fl б + в в. т fl applefl (apple WiSS) fi fi. еappleapple, apple вfl applefl apple fl- в fi ( в apple fl fi). г appleapple в apple fi fl apple. г apple fi, apple apple вfi apple, вfl logging в apple, в в apple shadowing.

36 2.6 fi fi с fl apple apple apple fl -. т GemStone [?] applefl apple fl apple apple fl Servio Logic Corporation. т applefl в в fl appleвfi (CAD), в apple fi вfl. т applefl в appleв Smalltalk в OPAL apple applefl в в. т applefl apple вfl. г вfl Gem - applefl в fl в, вfl Stone applefl fl apple VMS. т в fi в в. fl apple- fi fi fl apple apple apple apple apple. в apple fi fi apple appleapple fi fi appleflfi apple apple вfi. т ObjectStore [?], [?] applefl apple apple applefl fl в в fl appleвfi, apple fi вfl. т applefl apple fi в appleв C++ appleapple apple fi apple вc++. т Versant [?] fl apple apple applefl в fl appleвfi fi вfl. т applefl- apple 3 applefi: fl fi (object manager), applefi fi (object server) applefi (user interface). т, apple apple fi fl, fl fi apple - apple. вfl apple fi appleapple fi fi вfl apple. apple apple apple apple в appleв C++. т Ontos [?] fl apple apple applefl - fi VBase. т applefl applefl apple в

37 22 2. сfi дfl б д appleв C++ applefl fl в appleв - fi. т apple apple вfl apple apple apple apple fi apple вfl apple. т Orion [?] applefl appleapple apple applefl - в fi, fl appleвfi fi вfl. т applefl, fi в fi appleapple в. apple fi WiSS apple apple вfl. fl apple apple apple вfl, applefl apple apple apple вfl. в apple вfl apple fi apple. apple apple appleapple в apple applefl в в apple apple. т Mneme [?] fl apple applefl в applefi- fi apple fl apple fi в appleв (apple Smalltalk, Trellis/Owl, C++ fi Ada). т applefl apple вfl apple- apple applefl apple applefi apple вfl apple, applefl appleapple apple вfl apple. fl apple в fi., apple apple apple вfl apple apple в-, вfl apple applefl в в fl. 2.7 сapple т fi apple apple fl вfl: fi apple apple apple applefl apple fi apple applefl в appleв apple applefi в в-. с apple вfl fi fi Iris, POSTGRES, EXODUS Orion. с вfl fi fi O 2, ObjectStore, Versant, Ontos Mneme. т apple apple fi apple apple - applefi., apple fi fl fl applefl applefi fi apple

38 2.7 сapple 23 в fl fi fi fl. т apple apple fi apple apple apple в appleв apple apple apple fl fi fi applefi apple fi appleflapple в appleв., appleapple (pointers) fi. т fi apple apple в вfl fi в fi. ц appleв POSTGRES appleapple fi apple apple в в fi. т appleapple fi apple apple в, fi apple apple apple appleapple fi в apple apple apple (tuple). с fi apple apple apple в appleв в fi fl apple. т apple в apple fl fi., applefiapple fi appleapple apple fl fi fi, fi apple в., fi O 2, ObjectStore, Versant, Ontos Mneme apple apple apple fl fi. fi вfl в apple fi вfl apple в apple fi. с fi O 2 EXODUS в fi fl fi fl apple apple., вfi fi ( в ) applefl в apple. fl fi Mneme GemStone apple в fl apple fi вfi apple apple applefl appleвapplefl fl applefl fi fi. с POSTGRES fl в, applefl fl в., fl apple appleapple fl в fi. T fi O 2, ObjectStore, Versant, Ontos, GemStone Mneme apple apple- apple fi POSTGRES, Iris Orion applefi apple apple appleflapple. т fi POSTGRES EXODUS appleapple fi apple apple

39 24 2. сfi дfl б д applefl apple fl (clustering). т fi O2, Mneme, Orion Ontos в fl apple apple apple в.

40 3 т с п ц TELOS 3.1 еввfi H TELOS fl в apple в apple вfi в fi apple apple ' fi в. г в fi applefl в apple в в apple applefl вfl, fl applefl apple apple fl applefl fi в, в applefi, applefl fi. г fi applefl TELOS apple appleв [?], - fi вfi (time reasoning), ввfi в apple apple вfi fl apple fl вapplefl вfl-fl. с applefl TELOS [?] apple applefl apple- в Ithaca apple fl fi вfi, ввfi applefi apple ввfi apple. fi вfi applefl Ithaca, fl apple fi. fl apple (integrity constraints) apple- fi fi (triggers) applefl ввfi fi вfi fi apple fi. 25

41 26 3. т с п ц TELOS 3.2 apple т apple в TELOS fl apple apple appleв appleв-., fl appleв applefl fi (Object). apple apple apple fi Object. г Object apple apple: Individual, Attribute, Class Token. с Individual, fi, apple fi... г fi applefl в apple - appleв. г Attribute applefl в apple в appleв. с fi,... б вfl apple (Object) в TELOS в fl. г Class applefl в fi в, apple. вfl apple apple apple fi Token. ц appleвfl fl, appleв fi apple fl fi Integer, Real String. appleвfl apple apple в apple вfl '. apple appleapple ( apple в appleвfl ) - apple в вfl в fi. с в TELOS в fi applefl apple applefl. с fi?? fl fl fi apple apple в TELOS. applefl applefl appleflapple apple apple apple. ц appleв, fi applefl appleflapple Individual Class, в applefl appleflapple Attribute Class с apple apple в applefi apple., apple apple apple в вfl

42 3.2 apple 27 Object Individual Class Attribute Token IndClass AttClass S_Class M4_Class M1_Class M3_Class isa links M2_Class сfi 3.1: г fl fi fi TELOS apple apple () Object. Individual Attribute apple apple apple вfl fl. apple fi Token fi apple fl appleflapple apple appleв apple S Class, M1 Class, M2 Class, M3 Class M4 Class.. fi applefl - apple в, applefl applefl appleflapple в fi. дв fi apple apple fi, applefl вfl в fl. т apple appleflapple fi fl apple (tokens), apple appleflapple apple fi apple apple, apple appleflapple - apple apple fi apple -... с в TELOS fl fl в applefl apple fi appleflapple: apple (tokens), apple (simple classes), (M1 classes) M4 classes. г appleвfi в fl в apple appleflapple в appleвfi appleв. г в fl fl apple apple apple в appleapplefl fl в fi. apple fl apple TELOS apple в fi (Individuals), fi fi в (Attributes).

43 28 3. т с п ц TELOS VEHICLE M2 CLASS ROAD VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE AIR VEHICLE M1 CLASS BIKE CAR FERRY BOAT AIRPLANE WIND GLIDER SIMPLE CLASS FORD AIRBUS TOKEN LEVEL instance of links сfi 3.2: г fl с fi fl fl appleflapple fl. appleapple fi applefl appleflapple. ц appleв fi CAR applefl appleflapple ROAD VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE fl. apple fl apple apple fi fi appleflapple, apple apple appleapple apple apple apple fi. appleв fl fi??. г CAR - fl apple ROAD VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE fl appleflapple apple apple. applefl в вв fi apple вfl apple apple applefl в applefl fl fi вfl-fl вfl в applefl в - applefl fi. с appleflapple fi apple вfl в apple - applefl. г fi fi applefl вfl. fl, fi applefl fl вfi fi apple applefl. г вfl fl вfi isa. с

44 3.2 apple 29 apple в apple (superclass) apple applefl, apple (subclasses) в. г вfl applefl fl fi applefl fl- fl appleflapple. apple б apple в TELOS fl вfl applefl applefl applefl applefl applefl apple appleapple вfl. еapplefl, apple applefl apple apple fl apple вfl apple apple fi appleapplefi. дв- apple в apple apple fi apple в apple apple, applefl вfl fl (fl вfl) applefl fi в. г fl вfl apple fl в fi fl в в apple apple apple fl apple. г fl вfl-fl fl в apple fl, apple в TELOS. fl fl applefl apple apple. ц appleв, fl fl applefl fl appleflapple appleflapple apple apple fl fl. с fi?? apple appleв fi вfl- fl apple цfl apple вfl TELOS applefl в applefl (aggregation) (composition). с appleflapple -, fl apple applefl applefi apple вfl. ж вfl apple apple, applefl apple apple. fl вfi part-of. с appleflapple fi, fl apple apple fi, apple appleflapple, fl apple fi в apple apple fl fi. г apple apple fl apple, apple apple fi fi. т вfl TELOS fl fi.

45 30 3. т с п ц TELOS CAR FAMILY CAR EXECUTIVE CAR STATION WAGON SEDAN SPORTS CAR Isa links сfi 3.3: г fl вfl гsedan applefl fl FAMILY CAR EXECUTIVE CAR fl CAR. г fl fi fl appleflapple. в applefl apple fl applefl applefl applefl apple fl applefl applefl. еappleapple, apple apple applefl apple в applefl apple вfl. с apple, вfl TELOS apple. fl, apple applefl в apple appleвfl (apple, appleв, fi), applefl в apple fl applefiapple fi. apple в в, applefl appleapple fl appleflapple apple fl., вfl вfl в, apple fl - (class-composition hierarchy). appleв fl fi?? т fi fl appleв apple TELOS в-. т в applefl apple apple, fi fl в. т в fl apple fi fl в. т в

46 3.3 уapplefl fi в в TELOS 31 SEATS has seats ROAD VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE powered by MOTOR M1 Level CAR SEATS car seats CAR car engine CAR ENGINE has size SIZE S_Class Level attribute links instance links сfi 3.4: appleв fl г fi CAR applefl appleflapple VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE fl apple в has seats powered by applefl appleapple fl вfl car seats car engine. To applefl в apple fl appleflapple S Class apple appleapple applefl в вfl has seats powered by apple fl appleflapple M1 Class. в вfl fl в applefl fl. еapplefl, fi applefl applefl в в вfl. с appleflapple fi TELOS вfl в в вfl. 3.3 уapplefl fi в в TELOS TELOS в appleflapple applefl fl fl fi (classes) (tokens). с appleflapple appleapple вfl fl вfl appleapple fi apple fi S Class appleflapple, applefl apple appleapple. вfl (fi ) apple, fl fi. TELOS, в, applefl applefl., fl fl в. в apple apple в apple вfl apple TELOS, - SYSID (apple в fi ввfi в, system identifier) fl в OID (object identifier) -

47 32 3. т с п ц TELOS. в fl, appleapple apple вfl в-, fl в (apple fl fi) в в fl apple fi. еappleapple, fi applefl appleвfl в fi в appleвfl apple, fl fi в fi fi fi TELOS applefl fl в fi fi fi (Individuals). т в fi apple appleвfl TELOS fi в, apple fi apple, вfl-fl, fi в apple вfl. с appleapple fl вfl в fi apple. с fi apple apple fl TELOS, в applefi appleв appleв. вfi apple apple fl appleв fi fl. б apple - в, вfl fl apple apple apple, apple apple, - (fi fi)., в applefi appleвfi fi fl apple fi apple apple вfl fi applefl. appleapple apple appleв applefl (closure) fi в. еapplefl, в fi в appleвfi apple, fi appleflapple applefl fl applefl (individual) fi в (attribute). - class nodes с вfl fi fi fi (individual classes). apple applefi в apple в

48 3.3 уapplefl fi в в TELOS 33 fi appleвfi apple в apple apple в fi apple applefl fi. т в fi fl : instance of: apple applefl appleflapple applefl в, instantiated: apple apple apple appleflapple в, isa: apple apple в, subclasses: apple apple в, links: apple (вfl) apple - apple в в applefl, linked by: apple в applefl applefl applefl triggers: apple apple fi apple в в. - link classes с вfl fi fi в (attribute classes). г fi apple в fl flfiappleв, appleapple в в в. г fi apple apple appleapple applefl applefl applefl appleapple applefl в вfl в : from-node: apple в fi apple appleв apple applefl applefl в в to-node: apple в fi apple appleв apple applefl applefl в в.

49 34 3. т с п ц TELOS apple apple fl appleflapple (token level) applefl fl apple (individuals), fi apple - (attributes). appleflapple, applefl appleapple (instances). еapplefl, appleflapple appleapple fi вfl-fl., apple в apple в fi instantiated, isa subclasses, apple в fi. еapplefl, apple в fi trigger applefl applefl в в вfl fi вfi fi applefl apple appleapple. applefl - token nodes с вfl fi fi apple (individual tokens). г fi apple- в fl apple fi, вfl fi applefl apple appleapple. applefl - link tokens т apple вfl (attribute tokens) apple apple fi вfl fi (link tokens), fl вfl applefl applefl apple apple applefl apple ( fi ) еввfl fi в TELOS е apple appleв apple fi, apple apple в - apple applefi apple fl fi в TELOS, apple apple apple fi apple fl apple - apple в appleв fi apple applefl appleвfl TELOS. apple apple TELOS apple apple applefl appleв fi. fl Object applefl applefl apple apple. Individual Attribute apple Object apple apple fl fi. еapplefl, apple Class Token apple apple fi

50 3.3 уapplefl fi в в TELOS 35 apple apple fl fi fl. fi TELOS fl apple в appleflapple, appleapple applefl fl applefiapple appleflapple. г fi apple apple, apple apple в fi в apple fl apple fi., apple в' apple apple fl applefiapple fi. г appleвfi apple fl fi, в apple apple apple apple fi appleapple apple apple fl apple fi. е fi вfl в applefi appleflapple fl apple applefl apple вfi appleвfi TELOS. fl Token Class, S Class, M1 Class,..., M4 Class, appleflapple fl fl apple в applefiapple - вfi appleвfi appleв. т в appleвfl вfl Integer, Real String. appleвfi fi fl apple apple fl appleflapple S Class в с applefl apple appleв вfi apple в apple (class node, token node, link class link token) apple apple в appleв C++. т в в fi apple apple apple fl в 1 applefl apple- fl apple в apple apple apple fl apple fi в в fl apple fi. еfl apple apple apple fl fi apple- apple' applefl в в в в fi apple apple в. fi TELOS apple appleв в fi apple appleв apple appleapple fi apple appleв fi. fi apple в appleв, fl apple applefi appleapple в fi apple appleв fi fl fl applefi fi appleв. 1 т apple fi apple в.

51 36 3. т с п ц TELOS ц в вfl fi apple в fi apple telos oext. г fi fi applefl в в apple apple в fi в fi apple- fi applefl. г fi fi в apple fl apple apple applefi в fi-. appleflapple fi telos oext, apple fl, apple applefl в fi, apple fl apple fl apple apple в в, - в fi в в в в apple. в apple applefi C++ apple. Martin Dorr appleв [?] apple fi apple, вfi TELOS apple apple в fl apple fl apple. с appleflapple в, в в applefl applefl applefl, в apple applefl applefl вfl. с appleflapple apple вfl в fl, applefl fl apple. г applefl TELOS, apple apple applefi, в fl appleapple apple fi '. ц applefl, fl applefl apple. х в appleв isa fi FAMILY CAR STATION WAGON (apple apple fi??), fi FAMILY CAR fl apple fi STATION WAGON, в fi в apple STATION WAGON apple в- fi в FAMILY CAR. fl, в fi в apple FAMILY CAR apple в fi в STATION WAGON. г appleвfi applefl в -

52 3.3 уapplefl fi в в TELOS 37, applefi fi apple fl apple apple apple fl apple fi.

53 38 3. т с п ц TELOS

54 4 fl fi 4.1 еввfi т fi apple fi, applefl apple applefl в вfi fl apple apple. г fi apple fl applefl apple apple applefi appleapple [?]. сfi fi в fi. в fi apple applefl в fi apple apple apple apple, apple fi apple appleapple в fi. в fi applefl apple apple apple вfi applefl apple fl applefl в fi вfl. т apple fi fl apple fi applefi fl в apple apple. г appleвfi apple fi apple в fi-, apple apple apple apple fl. с в в TELOS apple fi apple flfi fl. в fi apple apple appleв apple fi, apple applefl в applefi fi. в fi fl applefi fi apple apple apple fl fi в fl в в TELOS. 39

55 40 4. fl fi с fi fl, в fi fl fi в fi fi, apple applefl в fi fi apple appleв apple fl в fi fl fi fi apple apple fl. fi appleв fi appleв в fi fi fi fl в fi. 4.2 в fi г в TELOS apple applefl apple, apple - appleв, applefl в apple в. т в fi в в fl fi appleapple, apple apple fi apple fl appleflapple. в fi в TELOS apple applefl в в fi, applefl fi apple в. в ввfl fi apple apple TELOS, fi вfi applefl apple. в fi apple appleв fl applefl в appleapple fi apple в. в fl apple appleapple в fi в fi т в fi (OID) apple apple - fl, TELOS в fi (system identifiers). г appleвfi fl вв TELOS в fi apple apple в TELOS в appleapple fi. fi fi apple в fi в apple appleвapple '. с fi apple apple 2, в applefl apple fi < fl, >, apple applefl fl appleв fl fl (disk page) applefl fl в applefl

56 4.2 в fi 41 appleв fi fl fl, apple fi fl. fi apple в, applefl apple fl, в в в. уapple apple в fl apple :. fl, в, appleв applefl apple fl, applefl apple в в, fi applefl fl. fl appleapple applefl appleapple fl (disk accesses), в fl в в вfl appleapple. г fi applefl 2.., в в в. fl fi в- appleapple fl в apple. г apple fi apple apple fi, вfi apple в apple. с TELOS в fi apple ' fi fi apple applefl, apple Mneme [?]. в apple apple fl apple fl, в fi в apple apple fi fl apple. apple, в apple в fi apple apple applefl fl apple вfl в apple applefl fl. т в fi apple fi fl apple applefl apple 30 bits., в applefl apple в в fi еapplefi fi в в fi fl (transparent) в, applefl fl apple applefl apple. т в fi fl, вfi apple в apple в fi.

57 42 4. fl fi г fi в fi в fi apple applefl apple apple apple- applefl apple apple в. в fi apple (interface) apple apple applefi fi fl apple - вfl: вfl fi вfi fi apple appleapple fi apple fl в apple apple TELOS apple appleapple - fi в fi., в fi applefl fi в. в fi fl applefl apple вв (entries) в., в fi applefl apple 2 30 вв, fl в applefi fi в TELOS. еapplefi apple в fi applefl fl apple в в fi apple appleвfi, в applefl apple fi (segment table) 1 (single indirection). fi applefl apple apple вв. applefi fl apple в, applefl applefl в fi, fi apple вв в fi fi в fi. г appleвfi fi fi в fl fi TELOS apple 6. г appleapple вв в fi вfl в fi в. ц apple в fi apple apple fi fl, fi <fl fi, fl ввfi>.тappleflfl fiapple applefl- apple fl fi (high order bits) в fi fl fi в fi applefl fl ввfi в. т applefl fl ввfi apple applefl apple fl fi (low order bits) в fi, fl в ввfi в

58 4.2 в fi 43 SYSID ( ) сfi 4.1: в в fi пfl т apple fl appleapple fi fl, fi apple в fl apple apple вfl в fi. fi в fi apple apple. apple - в fi вfi applefl apple fi fl fi?? евв в fi с apple fl apple TELOS fl ввfi в fi. apple fi, ввfi fi apple applefl apple fi (persistency), apple fi apple fl apple applefl fl apple fl fi. в fi applefl в appleapple, fi apple fi applefl: fl apple apple, fl apple apple apple в, applefi fi applefl в

59 44 4. fl fi в apple apple applefl в apple fi, в apple в fi fl, apple apple apple, applefl appleв appleflapple fi applefl fl fi. ц apple fl fi ввfi в fi apple fi applefl: fi apple fl,. applefl вfl, вfl, applefl в, fi flapple apple appleв,. applefl apple fl fi fi apple, apple applefl applefl fi apple в fi вв еfl applefl в fi fl applefl apple fl, appleapple applefl apple apple вв в fi fl applefl в apple fl fi. ц в fi вв fl applefl, applefl apple applefl в fi в apple fl fi fl., fl apple apple apple applefl appleв apple дfl вв в fi вв в fi apple apple ввfl apple apple. apple fi apple в apple apple fl apple fi. вfl, fl в fi- appleв ввfi в fi fl в- fi apple fl ввfi fi в в.

60 4.2 в fi 45 сfi 4.2: г fl вв applefi вв в вв fl, apple вв. apple, fl в apple вв в fi apple. вв в fi fl apple fl вв. apple - вfl, в fi apple applefl 'fi fl apple fl fl вв. еapplefi в fi в apple applefi вfi apple TELOS fl, в fi fl apple fl вв apple flв fl. т fl fl fl вв applefl fi applefi вв. г applefi fi fl apple fi applefl в fi. т fi?? fl fl вв applefi вв в в fi с applefi вв в fi apple fl apple вfl fl fi fl fi (system calls) fi fl apple applefl в UNIX. с fi fl fl fl fi apple applefl fl (file header), apple apple

61 46 4. fl fi fl apple fl fl вв, fl fi applefi вв, в в fi в fl. т fi вв в fl в fl fl (disk pages) fi вв fl fl appleв (external fragmentation) fl fl., appleapple fl ввfi в fi applefl apple appleapple fl, fi вв apple apple fl fi fi в fi. г ввfi fl вв, applefl apple fl, вfl fl apple apple apple в., fl appleв, вfl вfi apple fl. с appleflapple fi, в fi вв apple fi apple apple fi fi no rollback. 4.3 дfl fi с fl fi fl apple apple fi applefi fl в applefi fi, fl applefi в в TELOS apple apple fi fl fl fl. г fi apple fi fl fi, apple fi apple applefi fl applefi fi fl., appleapple apple fl fl вfl apple apple вfiв apple apple' fi Iris, POSTGRES O 2 apple appleвfl тfi fi (object blocks) в fi fi fi fi apple apple fl fi fl. т fi fi в (fl в fl fl) apple apple apple. apple fl apple fi apple appleв fl, fi class node, link class, token node link node. еapplefl, apple (extensions) в apple fi fi.

62 4.3 дfl fi 47 в apple fi в, applefi fi apple apple fi fi apple в applefi в. т fi fi apple applefl, вfl appleapple fl applefi fl fl., apple apple fi apple apple fl apple 1% 4.7% fi fi. г apple fi apple fi fl fi, в apple fl apple appleapple fl. applefi fi apple, apple apple apple appleapple fl, applefl fl в в apple apple fi. еapplefi apple fl fi вfl fi, apple apple fl fl вfl apple (prefetching) fi apple fl fl fi fi fi. еapplefl, applefi fi fl apple fl fi fi, вfl apple applefl (clustering) apple fl fi fi. т fi fi apple apple fl apple в apple fl fi. с fl fi в в TELOS apple 5 fl fi apple 5 applefi fi. г fi fi fl apple вfl apple fi fi в fi applefi apple fi??. fi fi apple applefl apple apple fl apple- fl apple appleв fi apple fl fi fl fl fi. еapplefl, apple fl в apple fl applefl applefi- fl fi fi. г fl fi fl apple apple вfl apple вfi ввfi applefi. г fi apple- fl в fi fi apple fi??. fl fl applefl applefi fl fl apple apple fi fi fi applefl. г fi applefl вfi ввfi applefi вfl applefl appleapple fi applefl. г apple fl fi - applefl вfl вfl fi в, вfl вfi fi в applefi

63 48 4. fl fi сfi 4.3: с appleвfi fi в apple applefi- apple apple fi. п applefl appleapple, apple- fl fi fi, applefl apple fi fi apple fl fi. fl fl в appleв. applefl apple fi, fi apple в в apple fi fi apple apple fi, в fi. г apple apple вfl applefl fi fi apple apple fi apple в, fl в вfl в. apple apple fi apple в apple. еapplefl, в apple applefi fl fi в fi (persistent objects) flв fi (non-persistent objects), apple fl applefi Cricket [?]. д в C++ apple applefl в applefl apple applefi apple.

64 4.3 дfl fi 49. сfi 4.4: г в fl fi вв с applefi т apple fi fl apple. apple applefi write back, fi fi apple fl fl в fl в apple fi fi., apple fl fl apple fi fl. fi fi apple fl fl в fi UNIX. е, apple applefl fl в fl apple fi fi apple apple applefi. г в apple fl fi в applefi в apple вfl apple в UNIX. т fl fi ofi в в в fi apple fl fi??. г appleapple fl вfl apple bits apple fl. т bits fl apple fl apple fi вв apple apple в. г apple fl fl fl applefl applefl fl. еfl apple fl в apple fl fl fi в apple applefi, applefl в fl вв.

65 50 4. fl fi ввfl apple apple applefi, applefl apple appleapple fi apple fl fl. г appleapple вfl apple fi fl. 4.4 дfl apple apple fi fl fl appleapple apple apple вfl apple apple в fi. г fl (transaction management) fl apple fl apple applefl appleв apple fi. сfi fl fl appleapple (concurrency) apple (recovery) fi fl. fl appleapple, fi apple fl apple fl apple, apple fi, fl appleв applefi apple appleвapplefl в, fi appleв applefi fl apple вfi. fl applefl apple appleapple в ввfi : (atomicity) (serializability). с apple fl appleapple в вв apple appleвapple apple fl fi apple, applefl appleв fi appleв applefi. г fl apple apple apple fl fl fl apple fl fl apple fl fl apple apple applefiapple fl дfl TELOS fl в apple вfl appleв в TELOS, fl apple apple applefl apple (two phase locking protocol). г appleвfi в в apple fl appleapple apple apple вfl, applefl applefl apple apple fi. еapplefl, applefl applefl

66 4.4 дfl 51 apple fi fi fl apple., apple appleв apple, вfl. с apple () apple apple (growing phase) fl applefl applefl apple fi, apple fl (shrinking phase) fl applefl. с applefl fl fi. fl apple apple, fl fi fi в apple fi ввfi. т appleвapple flв fi fl в apple apple вfi apple fl apple в. в, fl apple fl fi ввfi apple fl fi в, appleapple fl applefi appleapple в вв. fl, fi, applefl. вfl apple apple apple apple, в appleв appleвapple, fl fl в apple apple applefiapple appleapple, applefl apple fl apple. г applefl apple appleapple appleвapplefl fi fi fi (UNIX) apple apple ' fl fl apple., appleapple fl apple apple apple appleapple apple вfl. п apple appleapple, в в вfl applefl applefi fl. еfl в, apple apple apple fl., apple apple, fi fl apple applefl в fl fi вfl, apple в вfi. с appleflapple fi, вfl apple apple apple appleв, apple fi fi apple apple в applefi apple fl.

67 52 4. fl fi вfl apple flв fl fi appleapple applefl apple fl. е apple applefi вfl apple, applefl apple fi вfl apple appleвapple appleapple fl, applefl apple message passing в applefl вfl apple apple apple appleapple. apple fi applefi fl fi fl applefi, apple applefl fi apple-applefi в вfl apple в fl. с appleflapple, apple fl fi, apple apple- fl appleflapple fl вfl apple.

68 5 в в 5.1 еввfi в TELOS applefl fl apple в fi apple applefl apple вfi apple - вfl fi. т в fi apple apple в apple вfl apple. apple fi apple fi applefl в apple applefl в в. т в, applefl в, fl apple ( fi apple ) apple appleв appleв fl fi apple apple. ц appleв в apple apple fi в вfl apple fi apple appleв fl fi fl, apple apple в fi fi apple appleв. fl, в appleв fi apple fl fi apple fi apple в apple fi fl fi. т TELOS в fl fi apple fi appleapple fl apple fl в fi apple fl apple fi fl в fi apple apple appleвfi fl. г fl fi в apple fi в fi apple apple fi??. (instantiation) вfl в 53

69 54 5. в в SYSID(a) SYSID(b) SYSID(c) сfi 5.1: fl в в fi fi в fl, fi fi, applefl fl в fi a, b c. apple fi appleflapple., вfl apple apple fi appleapple, fl в в appleapple ( fi fi в ). ц appleв, fl FORD OPEL fi?? apple fl в fi в в apple в appleapple fl appleapple fi fi. т в в (individuals) fl в, в в вfl apple apple. с appleflapple, вfl fl в fi apple fl, fi в applefl fl fl в в в в. с appleflapple fi, в (fi в fi, fl ) в apple в., applefl в fl appleflapple в, в. в в apple, в applefl apple в в вfl в. в, в в apple вfl в.