The Importance of Forests to Water. Bryan Swistock Water Resources Specialist Penn State Extension Department of Ecosystem Science and Management
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1 The Importance of Forests to Water Bryan Swistock Water Resources Specialist Penn State Extension Department of Ecosystem Science and Management
2 What is a Watershed A completely cut experimental watershed in Central PA Watershed Delineation
3
4 Strahler Watershed Classification System Examples 1 = small, un-named 2-4 = most trout streams 5-6 = W. Br. Susquehanna 7 = Allegheny River 8-9 = Ohio River 10 = Mississippi River First Order Stream (80% of all streams) 6 4 6
5 Overall Benefits of Forested Watersheds Drinking water Support fisheries, wildlife Recreation Pollution dilution Irrigation Industrial
6 Treatment Costs ($ per mil gal) WATER TREATMENT COSTS AND FORESTS Forested watersheds provide many benefits! Percent Forest Area
7 Forest Hydrology Pennsylvania Precipitation Patterns
8 Annual Precipitation (inches) THINGS ARE GETTING WETTER! PRECIPITATION IN SOUTH-CENTRAL PA Increase = 0.05 inches per year
9 National Climate Assessment released on May 6, 2014 Source: Paul Knight, PA State Climatologist
10 PA Annual Water Budget
11 Inches of Water Annual Water Availability in Pennsylvania Precipitation Moisture Deficit Evapotranspiration 2 0 Groundwater Recharge Windows Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month
12 Effect of Vegetation on Water Budget Precipitation = 40 inches Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Evapotranspiration 23 inches 29 inches Streamflow (Runoff) 17 inches 11 inches
13 Streams Start as Springs Window to groundwater Source of 50ºF water during hot summer Nesting areas for songbirds Important habitat for reptiles and amphibians PROTECT THEM!
14 well Groundwater and Springs Recharge Spring Groundwater feeds streams Groundwater Flow Impermeable layer (aquitard) Confined Aquifer
15 Low Flow (Baseflow) Nearly all of the water is groundwater Water temperature ~ 52ºF at the source, rarely exceeds 70ºF Water quality representative of the groundwater aquifer
16 Baseflow Groundwater Flow Paths to the Stream Days Weeks Years Months (Graphic by William Gburek) What is the average age of water in small streams at low flow?
17 Natural Water Quality Largely Controlled by Geology
18 High Flow (Stormflow) A soil "macropore" Still dominated by subsurface water Some rainfall influence
19 Natural Areas are Giant Sponges!
20 PREFERENTIAL SOIL WATER FLOW Still dominated by subsurface water Some rainfall influence
21 Infiltration (inches/hour) IT S ALL ABOUT INFILTRATION! Forest Old Logging Road Lawn Pavement
22 Leaf Litter Interception Soil Water Ground Water Stemflow Throughfall... Canopy Interception Evapotranspiration Channel Precipitation Stream water comes from soil and groundwater!
23 Natural Hydrology of Undisturbed Land Recharge 60-70% High rate of evapotranspiration High recharge rates Mostly subsurface flow Moderated flows, cool water Stable banks Good water quality Evaporation Transpiration Runoff Discharge
24 Effect of Removing the Forest Precip. = 40 inches Uncut 100% Cut Evap. = 24 inches Evap. = 14 inches Stream flow Q = 16 inches Stream flow Q = 26 inches 1 inch extra = 27,000 gallons per acre A single large oak tree can transpire 40,000 gallons of water per summer or about 79 gallons per day (Thomas, 2000)
25 Agriculture Land Use Impacts on Watersheds Development Industry Acid Rain Mining Gas and Oil Timber Harvesting
26 % of Annual Precipitation Land Use Changes Water Availability Evapotranspiration Stream Flow Forest Clearcut Meadow Cropland Bare Soil Pavement
27 Impact of Urbanization 20-30% Lower low flows Higher high flows Less groundwater Degraded quality Recharge Evaporation Transpiration STORMWATER! Runoff Discharge
28 LAWN INFILTRATION
29 PSU EPA Urbanization Study Watersheds 39 urbanizing 21 rural
30 Annual Streamflow (inches) EPA Climate Change Study Bushkill Creek Example Stream Flow % of Precipitation Urban Land Use Year 0
31 Annual Stream Flow (inches) % of Precipitation Chester Creek Example Impervious area increases by 5% for every 1 person per hectare of added population 70% of Precipitation Year 0
32 Mean Nitrate-N (mg/l) Effects on Water Quality (Central PA Streams) Mixed urban, agriculture and forest lowlands Forested uplands % Forest Land in Watershed
33 Best Management Practices X Good stream crossings Avoid stream fords Properly retire roads
34 The Value of Buffer Strips Nutrient Uptake (retention and uptake) Leaf Food (macroinvertebrate diversity) Canopy and Shade (6 to 15ºC) Filtering Runoff (90% sediment reduction, 10-40x increase in infiltration) Fish and Wildlife Habitat
35 Riparian Buffers Source: Chesapeake Bay Riparian Handbook, USDA, Forest Service, NE State and Private For., Palone and Todd (Eds.) Source: Riparian Forest Buffer, Conservation Practice Fact Sheet No. 391, USDA, NRCS, 1997
36 Stream Temperature THE IMPORTANCE OF A FORESTED BUFFER Buffer No Buffer 70 Lethal to Trout Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
37 New Stormwater Management Mimic the forest
38 The Importance of Forests to Water Forests control water quantity: Thick litter layers + undisturbed soils = high infiltration Results in high evaporation rates and moderated stream flows Forests control water quality: Roots prevent erosion and sediment Infiltration through soil filters out pollutants Canopy and high infiltration provide large amounts of cool groundwater to the stream Water treatment costs increase as you reduce forest cover
39 Penn State Cooperative Extension Resources
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