CHAPTER 23 Independence and Development in the Global South
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1 CHAPTER 23
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3 The Partition of South Asia: The Formation of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka Chapter 23:
4 The Middle East in the Cold War Era Chapter 23:
5 The Colonial Divisions of Africa and the Emergence of New Nations
6 India: The Making of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj Arguments against the British Paying for wars, pensions, drained of resources, unfair trade, cash crops drained food supplies, suffering from diseases Indian National Congress (western-educated) social reform (in the beginning for elites) Hindu focused B. G. Tilak (traditionalist) Underground secret societies developed Western-educated lawyers (Gandhi, Jinnah, Nehru) Morley-Minto reforms of 1909
7 India: Post-WWI Gandhi and the Nationalist Struggle War Bonds (Gandhi and Tilak) Wartimes promised broken Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 Rowlatt Act in 1919 Mohandas Gandhi Appeal to the masses Satyagraha- truth force Nonviolence mistrust by Muslims- Muslim League of 1906 Jawaharal Nehru (imprisoned with Gandhi)
8 India: Great Depression Simon Commission of 1927 Salt March 1931 Government of India Act of 1935 India: WWII Sir Stafford Crips (1942) Quit India movements of 1942 Muhammad Ali Jinnah Inflation and famine Decolonization
9 Independence in India & Partition Summer 1947 (Pakistan-Jinnah) Displacement of Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims (10 million) January 30, 1948 Burma (Myanmar) & Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Effects of Independence Ghana and Nigeria Filipino political rights Dutch, French & Americans
10 Egypt and the Rise Nationalism in the Middle East Nationalism preceded European arrival (Turks) Turkish Khedives & British Advisors Lord Cromer Ayan Middle class rises (sons effendi) Journalists lead the way Dinshawai incident of 1906 Hunting pigeons WWI Martial law to protect the Suez Canal Named Protectorate
11 Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Treaty of Versailles Wafd Student-led riots broke out Sa,d Zaghul British withdrawl from Suez Canal Reoccupation Independence 3 Fractions Wafd party, Liberal Constitutionalist, Union party 40 years of bankruptcy Gamal Abdul Nasser (1952)
12 Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions Muslim brotherhood 1928 Nasser Hasan al-banna Assassinated in 1949 Arab-Israeli War of 1948 Occupation of Suez Canal in 1952 Free Officers movement 1952 Coup by Nasser (almost bloodless) land redistribution free education food staples regulated forced British from Canal zone
13 Nasser: 5 year plan modeled after Soviet Union No foreign investments Anti-Israeli state Aswan Dam project Issues and troubles Six-day war in 1967 Anwar Sadat dismantled most of Nasser reforms private rather than state middle class slowly returned Stalemate with Israel in 1973 Russia out United States in
14 The Middle East: Betrayal and the Growth of Arab Nationalism British & French ( ) Mandates Lord Balfour Zionist 1917 Leon Pinsker Society for Colonization of Israel Theodor Herzel (Austrian journalist) World Zionist Organization
15 WWII, Palestine and Israel Holocaust Zionist vs Palestine ( ) Partition of Palestine 1948 United Nations, United States & Soviet Union
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18 Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West Pahlavi shahs modernization alienates religious leaders oil drops and unemployment in Tehran overthrown by Khomeini, 1978 Ayatollah Khomeini similar to Mahdi Radical reform Sharia law opposition suppressed women more restricted War with Iraq 1988, peace
19 The Beginnings of the liberation Struggle in Africa Western-educated WWI effects Lord Lugard 1930 s response to the Great Depression Marcus Garvey & W.E.B. Du Bois Negritude Better than the so-called civilized west. National Congress of British West Africa WWII French & British loss to Nazi s in Africa
20 Decolonization in Africa Kwame Nkrumach (Gold Coast Colony) Ghana 1957 Convention Peoples Party (CPP) Peaceful transfer of power Dictatorial rule (Soviet Bloc) African brand of socialism Ancient African Kingdom 1972 coup French Slowly retreat and use some force Belgian Congo Less educated (16 college graduates out of 13 million) Portuguese hold on till late 1960 s By the end of the 1960 s all but Settler colonies were independent
21 Repression and Guerrilla War: the Struggle for the Settler Colonies Algeria, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia and South Africa Keyna 1950 s Jomo Kenyatta, Land Freedom Army, KAU Kenyatta released from prison (1963) Prospered as a one party rule Algeria (Arab and Berber independence) National Liberation Front Vietnam Charles de Gaulle Secret Army Organization (OAS) ,000 fled to France Angola and Mozambique by 1975 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 1980
22 South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Demise Nationalist Party Afrikaner and English speakers 1948 elections (Afrikaner National Party) Afrikaner rule (no homeland) Independence, 1960 Apartheid (established after 1948) 1990 s complete separation African National Congress outlawed Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko (murdered) 1970s-1980s; International boycott F. W. De Klerk 1994 National Congress party led by Nelson Mandela
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