What Does Rail-to-Rail Operation Really Mean?
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1 What Does Rail-to-Rail Operation Really Mean? 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 1
2 Agenda What does Rail-to-Rail output operation mean Amplifier Output Stage Distortion Techniques to Compare Rail-to-Rail Op Amps Microchip Op Amps and References 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 2
3 Rail-to-Rail Operation Rail means supply voltage (V DD and V SS ) Rail-to-Rail output of amplifier In reality: Output can not reach the rails The difference from the rail is called Headroom 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 3
4 Amplifier Output Stage V IN + V DD Push-Pull output V OH Headroom V OL V OUT Transistor junction drop V IN V SS Headroom When V OUT V DD : V DD V OUT = V OH When V OUT V SS : V OUT V SS = V OL 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 4
5 Amplifier Output Stage Headroom increases with increasing output current 1,000 T A = 25 C Output Voltage Headroom (mv typ.) 100 V OH V OL E E E E µ 100µ 1m 10m Output Current Magnitude (A) 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 5
6 Output Distortion Voltage time Signal distortion (clipping) Approaching the rail distorts the output R L = 10kΩ T A = 25 C VOUT (V typ.) 4.5 V OUT V DD = 5V Time 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 6
7 Amplifier Non-Linearity Non-linearity when V OUT the rails Input Offset Voltage (µv typ.) T A = 25 C R L = 10kΩ V DD = 5.5 V Output Voltage (V) V CM = V SS Non-linear Regions 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 7
8 Amplifier Linearity Open Loop Gain (A VOL ) measurement range provides the clue to determine the linear region A VOL = V OS / V OUT two point measurement: V V OS OUT = 300mV Input Offset Voltage (µv typ.) T A = 25 C R L = 10kΩ V DD = 5.5 V V CM = V SS Output Voltage (V) V OS V OUT = V DD - 300mV (300mV for MCP6001) 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 8
9 Amplifier Linearity What causes the distortion? transistors no longer in linear operation Linear Region Specified in measurement conditions Recommended headroom for MCP mV with 10kΩ load to V DD /2 sink/source current dependent 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 9
10 Rail-to-Rail Output Amplifiers Comparison Techniques Compare headroom vs. sink/source current Compare the A VOL measurement range Do bench verification Compare expected vs. measured output voltage 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 10
11 Microchip Op Amps Part number I/O Range V DD (V) Range I Q (µa) max MCP6271 R/R I/O MCP6281 R/R I/O MCP6291 R/R I/O MCP6S21 R/R I/O MCP6241 R/R I/O MCP6001 R/R I/O MCP6140 R/R I/O MCP6041 R/R I/O MCP6021 R/R I/O TC1034 R/R I/O µA MCP606 R/R O µA MCP616 R/R O µA MCP601 R/R O µA R/R I/O Rail-to-Rail Input/Output 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 11
12 Conclusion Amplifier output can not reach the rails Headroom is dependent on sink/source current Approaching the rails introduces distortion Bench test device to determine linear region 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 12
13 Application Notes References ADN009, What Does Rail-to-Rail Operation Really Mean? ADN003, Select the Right Operational Amplifier for your Filtering Circuits AN699, Anti-Aliasing, Analog Filters for Data Acquisition Systems AN722, Operational Amplifier Topologies and DC Specifications AN723, Operational Amplifier AC Specifications and Applications AN695, Interfacing Pressure Sensors to Microchip s Analog Peripherals AN737, Using Digital Potentiometers to Design Low Pass Adjustable Filters AN246, Driving the Analog Inputs of a SAR A/D Converter AN688, Layout Tips for 12-Bit A/D Converter Application AN884, Driving Capacitive Loads With Op Amps 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 13
14 WebSeminar: April 21, 2004 What Does Rail-to-Rail Operation Really Mean? 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. What does Rail-to-Rail Operation really mean? 14
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10-Bit Digital Temperature Sensor (AD7416) and Four/Single-Channel ADC (AD7417/AD7418) AD7416/AD7417/AD7418
a FEATURES 10-Bit ADC with 15 s and 30 s Conversion Times Single and Four Single-Ended Analog Input Channels On-Chip Temperature Sensor: 55 C to +125 C On-Chip Track/Hold Over-Temperature Indicator Automatic
MCP3901. Two Channel Analog Front End. Description. Features. Package Type. Applications
Two Channel Analog Front End MCP3901 Features Two synchronous sampling 16/24-bit resolution Delta-Sigma A/D Converters with proprietary multi-bit architecture 91 db SINAD, -104 dbc THD (up to 35 th harmonic),
TDA4605 CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES USING MOS TRANSISTORS
CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES USING MOS TRANSISTORS Fold-Back Characteristic provides Overload Protection for External Diodes Burst Operation under Short-Circuit and no Load Conditions
Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers
Physics 3330 Experiment #7 Fall 2005 Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers Purpose The aim of this experiment is to construct a bipolar transistor amplifier with a voltage gain of minus 25. The amplifier must
Equivalent Circuit. Operating Characteristics at Ta = 25 C, V CC = ±34V, R L = 8Ω, VG = 40dB, Rg = 600Ω, R L : non-inductive load STK4181V
Ordering number: 2137B Thick Film Hybrid IC STK4181V AF Power Amplifier (Split Power Supply) (45W + 45W min, THD = 0.08%) Features Pin-compatible with the STK4102II series. The STK4101V series use the
DRM compatible RF Tuner Unit DRT1
FEATURES DRM compatible RF Tuner Unit DRT1 High- Performance RF Tuner Frequency Range: 10 KHz to 30 MHz Input ICP3: +13,5dBm, typ. Noise Figure @ full gain: 14dB, typ. Receiver Factor: -0,5dB, typ. Input
How To Close The Loop On A Fully Differential Op Amp
Application Report SLOA099 - May 2002 Fully Differential Op Amps Made Easy Bruce Carter High Performance Linear ABSTRACT Fully differential op amps may be unfamiliar to some designers. This application
AN717. Building a 10-bit Bridge Sensing Circuit using the PIC16C6XX and MCP601 Operational Amplifier
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Description. Output Stage. 5k (10k) - + 5k (10k)
THAT Corporation Low Noise, High Performance Audio Preamplifier IC FEATURES Low Noise: 1 nv/hz input noise (60dB gain) 34 nv/hz input noise (0dB gain) (1512) Low THD+N (full audio bandwidth): 0.0005% 40dB
High Speed, Low Power Monolithic Op Amp AD847
a FEATURES Superior Performance High Unity Gain BW: MHz Low Supply Current:.3 ma High Slew Rate: 3 V/ s Excellent Video Specifications.% Differential Gain (NTSC and PAL).9 Differential Phase (NTSC and