GEM Research Conference -Washington 1 st October-

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1 GEM Research Conference -Washington 1 st October- THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PROFILE VIEWED FROM AN INNOVATION PERSPECTIVE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES IBQP - GEM Brazil: Simara Greco,Carlos Artur K. Passos, Julio C. Felix, Paulo Bastos, Joana Machado Senior Consultant: Marcos Mueller Schlemm Fellow Researchers: Maria Lucia de Meza, César Rissete, Siéglinde Cunha

Brazil: Simara Greco,Carlos Artur K. Passos, Julio C.

2 The Main Purpose Profile of Latin American countries considering their innovation capacity

3 Latin America 36 countries Population Mi GDP US$ 2,5 Tri

4 Latin America Countries involved in the study: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico Population million 71% LA GDP - US$ 2 Tri 81% LA

5 Authors referred Studying Entrepreneurship - Drucker - Fillion - Degen - McClelland - Schumpeter - Carland - GEM Model Theoretical Background

6 Authors referred Innovation within Companies - Rogers - Van de Vem - Schumpeter - Freeman - Luecke - Dosi - Possas - Bell and Pavitt - Figueiredo Theoretical Background

7 Main Entrepreneurial Rates of Latin American Countries RATE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES Countries MAIN RATES (%) MX AR BR CL CO Average Countries Early Stage Entrepreneurs (TEA) Opportunity driven Entrepreneurs Necessity-driven Entrepreneurs

Countries MAIN RATES (%) MX AR BR CL CO Average Countries Early Stage Entrepreneurs

8 Main Entrepreneurial Rates of Latin American Countries RATE OF EARLY STAGE ENTREPRENEURS BASED ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEURS IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES CATEGORIES Men Women Extractives sector Transformation sector Business-oriented services Consumer-oriented services SOURCE: Field research - GEM 2006 AR Rate of Early Stage Entrepreneurs(%) BR CL Proportion (%) CO MX Average Countries

CATEGORIES Men Women Extractives sector Transformation sector Business-oriented services Consumer-oriented services SOURCE: Field research -

9 Methodology - Data 2006 GEM cycle - 9,684 interviewees Innovation Potentiality GEM Model 1. the consumer perception of product newness 2. number of players from competitiveness 3. age of technology

10 Methodology Minimum Innovation Potentiality (a) none of the potential customers consider the product or service new and unknown (b) competitiveness is offering the same products and services (c) technology and processes used in the business have been available for over one year

competitiveness is offering the same products and services (c)

11 Methodology Maximum Innovation Potentiality (a) consumers consider the product/service as unknown (b) there is a low level of competitiveness (c) technology and processes used are new

12 Results INNOVATION POTENTIAL IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES Innovation Potential Early - Stage Entrepreneurial Activiy 8% 8% 7% 5% 1% 6% 19% 26% 31% 23% 44% 29% Argentina Chile Colombia Mexico Brazil Average for Countries Maximum Potencial Minimum Potencial SOURCE: Field research - GEM 2006

6% 19% 26% 31% 23% 44% 29% Argentina Chile Colombia Mexico Brazil Average

13 Results LEVEL OF NEWNESS PERCEPTION IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES Consumer newness perception of the product Early stage entrepreneurial 71% 29% 57% 43% 50% 50% 56% 44% 23% 77% 51% 49% Argentina Chile Colombia Mexico Brazil Average for Countries New and unknown produc known product SOURCE: Field research - GEM 2006

57% 43% 50% 50% 56% 44% 23% 77% 51% 49% Argentina Chile Colombia Mexico Brazil

14 Results LEVEL OF COMPETITIVENESS IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES Level of competitiveness Early - Stage Entrepreneurial Activiy 53% 47% 56% 44% 45% 55% 50% 50% 38% 62% 49% 51% Argentina Chile Colombia Mexico Brazil Average for Countries Low Competitiveness High Competitiveness SOURCE: Field research - GEM 2006

45% 55% 50% 50% 38% 62% 49% 51% Argentina Chile Colombia Mexico Brazil Average

15 Results AGE OF TECHNOLOGY IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES Age of technology Early - Stage Entrepreneurial Activiy 16% 11% 17% 11% 10% 13% 84% 89% 83% 89% 90% 87% Argentina Chile Colômbia México Brasil Média países New technology Known technology SOURCE: Field research - GEM 2006

11% 10% 13% 84% 89% 83% 89% 90% 87% Argentina Chile Colômbia México

16 Results The Profile of Maximum Innovation Potentiality Entrepreneur in Latin America Opportunity-driven Men Young Higher education level Transformation and consumer oriented sectors

17 Results The Profile of Maximum Innovation Potentiality Entrepreneur in Latin America - Motivation - NEW AND UNKNOWN PRODUCT LOW COMPETITION NEW TECHNOLOGY % OPPORTUNITY DRIVEN KNOWN PRODUCT HIGH COMPETITION KNOWN TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCT LOW COMPETITION NEW TECHNOLOGY % OPPORTUNITY DRIVEN

18 Results The Profile of Maximum Innovation Potentiality Entrepreneur in Latin America - Gender - NEW AND UNKNOWN PRODUCT LOW COMPETITION NEW TECHNOLOGY % MEN KNOWN PRODUCT HIGH COMPETITION KNOWN TECHNOLOGY

UNKNOWN PRODUCT LOW COMPETITION NEW TECHNOLOGY 63 62 61

19 Results The Profile of Maximum Innovation Potentiality Entrepreneur in Latin America - Age Group - NEW AND UNKNOWN PRODUCT LOW COMPETITION NEW TECHNOLOGY 25 to to % AGE GOUP 25 to to KNOWN PRODUCT HIGH COMPETITION KNOWN TECHNOLOGY

NEW TECHNOLOGY 25 to 34 35 33 29 35 to 44 26 25 34 % AGE GOUP 25 to 34

20 Results The Profile of Maximum Innovation Potentiality Entrepreneur in Latin America - Education Level - GROSS PERCENTADGE OF EDUCATION IN THE SELECTED LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES 2003 COUNTRIES Fundamental Education Rate of children enrolled in school * (%) Medium Education Superior Education Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico SOURCE: World Bank * Note: Rates refer to the number of children enrolled with the respective school levels, regardless of their correct age. In this case, when gross percentage exceeds 100% it means there are many children flunking or joining the educational system untimely.

102 22 Chile 99 88 43 Colombia 110 71 24 Mexico 109 79 22 SOURCE: World Bank * Note: Rates refer to the number of children enrolled with the respective school

21 Results The Profile of Maximum Innovation Potentiality Entrepreneur in Latin America - Activity Sector - NEW AND UNKNOWN PRODUCT LOW COMPETI TION NEW TECHNO LOGY Transformation sector Company-oriented services Consumer- oriented services % ACTIVITY SECTOR Transformation sector Company-oriented services Consumer- oriented services KNOWN PRODUCT HIGH COMPETI TION KNOWN TECHNO LOGY

22 Results FATORES QUE DIFICULTAM AS ATIVIDADES EMPREENDEDORAS NOS PAÍSES SELECIONADOS 2006 Fatores que dificultam PAÍSES Acesso a Recursos Financeiros Cooperação entre Instituições Transferência de P&D Políticas Governamentais Argentina X Brasil X X Chile X X Colômbia X X X México X

23 Obrigada pela Atenção! Thank you! Simara M.S.S.Greco

Education and employability of women in Brazil: reality and perspectives.

Education and employability of women in Brazil: reality and perspectives. Simara Maria de Souza Silveira Greco, sgreco@ibqp.org.br Romeu Herbert Friedlaender Junior, romeu.friedlaender@ibqp.org.br Ariane