CENSUS ISSUES AND GENDER ANALYSIS. Structure of the presentation

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1 CENSUS ISSUES AND GENDER ANALYSIS Nancy Stiegler UNFPA Special Initiative on Census Population and Development Branch Technical Division Structure of the presentation Gender statistics in context Commitments to Gender Statistics Gender Statistics: not only a moral issue but also a development issue Gender Statistics : not only a moral issue but also a technical issue Gender components in census operations Census analysis and gender approach Efforts for gender analysis in censuses Conclusions 1

2 Gender statistics in context International Conference in Mexico City: 1975 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against ( Assembly Women (CEDAW): 1981 (UN General Nairobi Conference: 1985 Beijing Conference: 1995 Beijing+10: 2005 High Level Policy Dialogue (HLPD) on Gender Statistics for Socioeconomic Development in Kampala: June 2008 Regional Workshop on Gender Statistics in Addis Ababa: December 2008 Global Forum on Gender Statistics in Accra: 2009 UN Women: July 2010 Commitments to Gender Statistics Fourth World Conference on Women: Beijing, September 1995 Generate and disseminate gender-disaggregated data and information for planning and evaluation (Strategic objective H.3.) Ensure that statistics related to individuals are collected, compiled, analyzed and presented by sex and age, and reflect problems, issues and questions related to women and men in society (209 (a)). Collect, compile, analyse and present on a regular basis data disaggregated by age, sex, socio-economic and other relevant indicators, including number of dependants, for utilization in policy and programme planning and implementation and to reflect problems and questions related to men and women in society (209 (b)). Improve data collection on the full contribution of women and men to the economy, including their participation in the informal sector(s) (209 (e)). 2

3 Commitments to Gender Statistics Ensure the regular production of statistical publication on gender that presents and interprets topical data on women and men in a form suitable (( a ) for a wide range of non-technical users (210 Ensure that producers and users of statistics in each country regularly review the adequacy of official statistical system and its coverage of gender issues, and prepare a plan for needed improvements, where necessary. (210 (( b ) Use more gender sensitive data in the formulation of policy and (( d ) implementation of programmes and projects (210 Gender Statistics: not only a moral issue but also a development issue Gender statistics to increase awareness of gender issues Gender statistics to observe and monitor inequality between men and women Gender statistics for economic and social development (macro-economic ( policies Gender statistics for evidence-based policy formulation, decision-making, programme implementation and monitoring Gender statistics because men and women face different socioeconomic realities Gender statistics important for gender sensitive policy formulation Needed particularly where women is still considered as a minority ( sub-population (vulnerable 3

4 Gender Statistics : not only a moral issue but also a technical issue Male and females have not the same chances to go through some demographic events Results depends, before all, on the structure of the population (crude (. etc birth rate, life expectancy, average salary, Needs gender data for gender specific indicators (fertility rate, death rate, ( rate nuptiality Generations are different, genders are different Gender components in census operations Preparation Questionnaires Standardization of concepts and definitions Women in statistical office Advocacy Gender specific messages Clear messages to public and institutions regarding the role of gender data Enumeration Male and female enumerators Training to gender sensitive questions Quality of responses by sensitization Data processing Data analysis Male and female entry clerk and census analyst Sensitization to gender editing Gender analysis Dissemination Tabulation by gender and age Calculation of gender-specific indicators Specific gender orientated publications 4

5 Census round 2000: situation of data dissemination Figure 1. Data disseminated by gender of head of household Source. World s Women 2005: Progress in Statistics United Nations Census round 2000: situation of data dissemination Figure 2. Total population disaggregated by gender yes No Source. World s Women 2005: Progress in Statistics United Nations 5

6 Census analysis and gender approach Primary tables not always disseminated by gender (.. education Specific analysis not widely disseminated by gender (activity, Gender analysis of census data for accurate Population Structure Age distribution ( India Sex ratio at birth (i.e. China and Dependency ratio Old-age ratio Census analysis and gender approach Gender analysis of census data for accurate estimation of Mortality and Morbidity Mortality rate Crude death rate Age-specific mortality rate Infant/under-five mortality rate Maternal mortality rate ( birth Life-expectancy (at ( HIV-Aids ) Infection rates Cause of death 6

7 Census analysis and gender approach Gender analysis of census data for accurate estimation of Nuptiality Proportion of men/women by marital status Proportion of ever-married men and women ( marriages Age at first marriage (early and forced Definitive singleness Gender analysis of census data for accurate estimation of Fertility General Fertility Rate Total Fertility Rate (age specific) Lifetime fertility Child-woman ratio Marital fertility and out-of-wedlock fertility Census analysis and gender approach Gender analysis of census data for accurate estimation of Education Proportion of boys/girls going to school Proportion of boys/girls having completed primary school Comparison of literacy level Gender analysis of census data for accurate estimation of Economic activity Activity rate by gender Employment/unemployment rate by gender Type of occupation by gender Average salary/wages by gender Causes of inactivity 7

8 Census analysis and gender approach Gender analysis of census data for accurate estimation of Migration ( international (internal and Migration rate by gender Destination Causes of migration Gender analysis of census data for Households and assets Structure of the household (structure of families) by gender of head of household Household characteristics by gender of head of household (bread ( winner Assets (degree of empowerment) Efforts for gender analysis in censuses Countries are at different stages: releasing only basic data or getting in ( assets ) more detailed analysis Africa Creation of the StatCom-Africa working group on gender statistics Raise awareness of women importance in the economy Ongoing efforts to support African NSOs build their capacity in gender statistics in censuses Gender Development Index (AGDI) (social power capabilities, ( agency economic power opportunities and political power 8

9 Efforts for gender analysis in censuses Palestine: Census 2008 Women affairs institution part of national steering committee Gender balance of census workers (53% of the total employed staff was females; 20% of the top management; 55% of the enumerators, 46% of the fieldwork supervisors; 57% of editing and coding staff; ( staff 58% of data entry Plan for census analysis by gender Engagement to disseminate all statistical finding on the web disaggregated by gender Efforts for gender analysis in censuses Malawi: Census 2008 Inclusion of gender-specific questions Nepal: Census 2001 Property ownership Korea: Census 2005 Economic activity and living expenses of elderly women Latin America and Caribbean Data disaggregated by sex and age (Chile, Colombia, Argentina, (. etc Uruguay, Dominican republic, Anguilla, ( Redatam ) Tables on request : Belize 9

10 Efforts for gender analysis in censuses Ireland: census 2006 No more Head of Household, but relationship between household members Efforts for gender analysis in censuses Brazil: census 2010 Possibility of joint headship Indication of the reason to choose the person as head of household: What is the main reason for the choice of this person as the reference person?» Pays most of the expenses» Takes care of household members» Is the oldest person in the household» Other reason 10

11 Conclusions Information is available but not used Underproduction of census data in general and census gender data in particular Underreporting on gender issues using census results Need data analysis plan : cooperation and understanding between data producer and users Exploitation of existing data Gender advocates and policy makers need gender statistics ( census Release gender valuable gender data (in respect of the cost of Descriptive tables related to individuals to be presented by gender (and ( age General analysis to be done and interpreted with gender perspective Specific analysis on gender issues to be published (technical publications ( public and documents for the larger Use the gender approach to meet the MDGs Conclusions Legislation Adoption of common definitions on gender issues and concepts Standards and methods to reflect gender issues and gender differences enhance the census content Support of actors in favor of gender equality Institutionalize the mainstreaming of gender into the whole national statistical system Training programmes on gender statistics and gender analysis Establish Gender Units in NSOs Adequate gender-specific information if entire statistical system gets involved in gender issues analysis Gender analysis of census data could be the first and primary source of gender-based statistics in countries lacking data for population policies and programmes 11

12 Thank You Very Much 12