1. Concentrates High in Energy and Total Digestible Nutrients Low in Crude Fiber Examples: Cereal grains Beet and citrus pulp Nuts Roots and tubers

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2 1. Concentrates High in Energy and Total Digestible Nutrients Low in Crude Fiber Examples: Cereal grains Beet and citrus pulp Nuts Roots and tubers Liquids (molasses, fats, oils)corn

3 2. Roughages/Forage Vegetable material in a fresh, dried or ensiled state (pasture, hay, silagesugar Beets, ). Bulky feeds with high Crude Fiber content Low in energy

4 3. Protein Supplements Added to a ration of Concentrates and/or Roughages to provide a higher amount of protein Contains more than 20% protein Examples: A. Soybean Meal B. Cottonseed Meal C. Meat By-Product Meal

5 4. Feed additives Added to promote growth, increase feed efficiency or improve health Buffers Vitamins: Yeast, fish oils, wheat germ oil Minerals: Bone meal, calcium carbonate, limestone Non-nutritive supplement Ionophores, Antibiotics, Flavors, Enzymes Hormone

6 1. Kind of animal Ruminant/Non- Ruminant 2. Nutrients requirements or allowances for animal to be fed 3. Availability and cost of feedstuff

7 4. Nutrient composition of feedstuff 5. Palatability (taste) of the ration 6.Age and activity of animal 7.Moisture content

8 1. Nutrient balanced 2. Contains a variety of feedstuff 3. Fresh and Appealing 4. Palatable 5. Bulky, fibrous 6. Slightly laxative 7. Economical 8. Suited for the animal

9 1. Price of ingredients 2. Grade of grain used 3. Type of animal feed given too 4. Feed preparation 5. Age of animal 6. Moisture content of ingredients

10 1. Growth growing (young pregnant or lactating) high protein, minerals, and vitamins 2. Maintenance Keeps animal at present size. Higher carbs and fats, lower proteins, minerals, and vitamins 3. Stress active or working, high protein 4. Geriatric (Senior) old or inactive, lower calorie intake, high fiber 5. Weight Loss high fiber, lower calories

11 1. Age of animal 2. Stage of development 3. Energy consumed daily: BER Basic Energy Requirement MER Maintenance Energy Requirement RER Resting Energy Requirement Most animals require approximately the same amount of water intake as calorie intake on a daily basis. Using this formula, an 11 lb cat (5kg) would need 420 calories per day and therefore about 420ml of water.

12 While these tables in the next sides do not tell us how much we need to feed our animals, it does show the significant variability in a animal's energy requirements based upon their activity. Remember that these tables do not take into account characteristics like breed differences, air temperature, and coat insulation, which can additionally alter an individual animal's energy requirement as much or more than any of the activities listed in the next sides.

13 Activity Weight loss Neutered adult normal activity Intact adult normal activity Light work Moderate work Heavy work Pregnant dog (first 42 days) Pregnant dog (last 21 days) Lactating female Puppy - weaning to 4 months Puppy - 4 months to adult size Daily Energy Requirements 1.0 x RER 1.6 x RER 1.8 x RER 2.0 x RER 3.0 x RER 4-8 x RER 1.8 x RER 3.0 x RER 4-8 x RER 3.0 x RER 2.0 x RER

14 RER in kcal/day = 30(body weight in kilograms) + 70 Activity Weight loss Neutered adult normal activity Intact adult normal activity Active Adult Pregnant cat (first 42 days) Pregnant cat (last 21 days) Lactating female Kittens - Growth Weight Gain Critical care Daily Energy Requirements 0.8 x RER 1.2 x RER 1.4 x RER 1.6 X RER 1.6 x RER 2.0 x RER 2-6 x RER 2.5 x RER X RER 1.0 x RER

15 Theobromine Effects on the central nervous system Nervousness Restlessness Excitement Tremors Seizures Coma Physical affects Vomiting Panting Thirst Diarrhea Arrhythmia Incontinence

16 It is necessary to give your pet bird a variety of feedstuffs so that the amino acid(s) that are somewhat deficient in one feedstuff can be obtained from another feedstuff that has more of that particular amino acid. Usually, plant proteins are deficient in the amino acids methionine and lysine with regards to your pet bird's amino acid requirement. It is best to keep the protein intake of your pet bird adequate but not in excess. Too much protein is often fed to pet birds and this leads to problems in the liver and kidney.

17 It is important to understand that even though crude fiber cannot be broken down for an immediate energy source, a proper amount of cellulose is necessary in the diet to promote normal movement of food through the bird's digestive tract. It also helps to provide the bulk which is necessary for normal droppings. As the crude fiber in the diet increases, the amount of water consumed by the bird also will increase.

18 If a pet bird eats one gram of fat it gets 2.25 times more calories from the gram of fat than from 1 gram of protein or carbohydrate when they are used for energy. Therefore, it is possible for pet birds to become obese if they are fed seeds high in oil. An example is sunflower seeds.

19 Do not feed pet birds only seeds. Seeds do not contain sufficient nutrients to sustain a healthy bird or provide adequate nutrients for reproduction. Bird seeds are also deficient in protein, and the quality of the protein is poor. Birds usually eat to satisfy an energy requirement; however, because the seeds are consumed and swallowed whole, the bird over consumes before the desire to stop eating occurs. Many seeds are deficient in the essential fatty acids. If seeds are going to be fed, then a variety of other feedstuffs also should be furnished. It is important to realize that pet birds can be fed all seed diets for many years before they begin to look unhealthy. Usually, by the time a pet bird really looks sick it is not long before the bird will probably die. This is true for nutritional, bacterial and viral-related diseases.

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