Swine Industry. Swine Production. Swine Breeds and Breeding. Terminology. Major swine breeds. Classification of Breeds. Dr. Terry A.

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1 Swine Production Swine Industry Increasingly vertically integrated fewer owners with more pigs Centered in Midwestern US IA, NC, MN, IL, IN, OH movement of large companies to arid plains states Terminology Swine Breeds and Breeding Sow Mature female, after giving birth Boar Intact male Gilt Immature female, before giving birth Barrow Castrated male Swine Breeds Traits and their measurement. Types of swine operations Performance records Selecting breeding animals Major swine breeds Classification of Breeds Berkshire (England) Chester White (U.S.) Duroc (U.S.) Hampshire (England) Landrace (Denmark) Meishan (China) Poland (U.S.) Spotted Breed or Spots (U.S.) Tamworth (Ireland) Yorkshire (England) Vietnamese Potbelly (Vietnam) Maternal breeds typically white; excel in litter size, fertility, milk production, etc. Yorkshire, Landrace, Chester White Paternal (sire) breeds typically colored; excel in leanness, muscling Duroc, Hampshire, Spotted Corporate breeding companies i.e.. DeKalb, Pig Improvement Company (PIC), etc. sell synthetic lines of breeding stock sire/terminal lines & maternal lines Introduction to Animal Science 1

2 Breeds of Swine Genetic Resources Yorkshire Most market pigs in the U.S. are crossbred, but derive their genetic base and continued perpetuation from seedstock herds that maintain pure breeds of swine. England Maternal breed White, erect ears Excels in: litter size milk production IMPROVED growth rate, leanness, muscle Duroc Hampshire England Terminal sire breed Red color Excels in: leanness growth Muscling Droopy ears Terminal sire breed Black, white belt Excels in: leanness growth Muscling Erect ears Landrace Berkshire Denmark maternal breed white, large droopy ears excels in: litter size milk production England Muscle quality Increase in popularity. Black with white on legs, snout, and tail. Erect ears Introduction to Animal Science 2

3 Spotted Chester White Ancestry traces to the Poland China. Durable, aggressive breeders Minor breed Droopy ears Originated in Chester County, Pennsylvania Dual purpose breed Minor breed Droopy ears Poland China Tamworth Made up of Berkshire and Hampshire breeding and 4 other breeds. Minor breed Droopy ears The Irish Grazer Bacon type Vietnamese Potbelly Meishan Came to the U.S. in 1986 Dwarf swine breed pounds Household pets China Prolific Litter size of piglets Introduction to Animal Science 3

4 Premier Swine Breeding Company MATERNAL LINES Pig Improvement Company PIC A worldwide Swine Genetics Co. 27 Pure Lines TERMINAL LINES Traits and Their Measurement Production Weights Major swine breed influences Characteristics of ideal market hog Genetic management to produce Reproductive management Nutritional management Birth Weight 2-3 pounds Feeder Pigs pounds Slaughter Pigs pounds Mature Pigs Female (sow): pounds Male (boar): pounds Traits and Their Measurement The Ideal Market Animal Standards set by National Pork Producers Council Market weight = 260 lbs Days to 260 lbs = 160 days avg. Loin eye area = 6.8 sq. in. avg. High fat free lean index from terminal crossbreeding program free of the stress gene from maternal line weaning 25 pigs/sow/year Production Benchmarks Non-productive sow days 45 Parity of farrowed sows 4.4 Farrowing rate 90% Total Born 12 Stillborns <0.4% Preweaning Mortality 7.5% Litters/mated female/year 2.48 Sow mortality 1% Average daily gain 1.80 ***Feed Efficiency 2.70 Average % lean >52% Introduction to Animal Science 4

5 Swine Facilities Types of Swine Operations Feeder pig production maintain breeding stock sell weaned pigs (10-15 lbs) or feeder pigs (35-50 lbs) Confinement Operations Nursery Nursery Environment Environment and Early Weaning Environment and Early Weaning Keep early weaning pig stress to a minimum. Group pigs so weight variation is < 0.5 lb Introduction to Animal Science 5

6 Early Wean Nursery Types of Swine Operations Feeder pig finishing purchase feeder or weaned pigs sell market hogs to harvest Wean-to-Finish Finishing Finishing Introduction to Animal Science 6

7 - Large Group Finishing - Deep Bedded System Large Group Finishing Confinement Operations Grower Confinement Operations Finishing Hoop Structure - Finishing Introduction to Animal Science 7

8 Hoop Structures - Finishing Cargill Style Finishing Floor Types of Swine Operations High Rise Hog Building Click to Continue Farrow- to- finish Retain breeding stock Bred females farrow Feed pigs to harvest weights (250 lbs) Major type of swine operation. Farrowing Buildings - Sow Confinement Sow Gestation Introduction to Animal Science 8

9 Sow Gestation Confinement Operations Farrowing Tunnel Ventilation Breeding, Gestation, & Farrowing Types of Swine Operations Nursery Purebred or seedstock production sell purebred or planned crossbred breeding stock sell boars, gilts Introduction to Animal Science 9

10 Nutritional Management Nutritional Management Monogastric limited ability to digest fiber Least-cost ration formulation Finely ground mash; pellets Typical ration ingredients: corn; animal grease energy soybean meal protein (lysine 1 st limiting) dicalcium phosphate; limestone Ca, P vitamin, trace mineral premix 1. Boars & gestating females restricted & individual feeding 2. Farrowing & lactating sows laxative (i.e.. fiber) for constipation increase energy & protein minimize weight loss 3. Nursing piglets creep feed Nutritional Management Health Management Nursery (weaned) pigs 20-22% protein (dried plasma; whey) affects health & performance later Grower/Finisher Pigs maximize growth energy & protein same sex feeding ad libidum always feed available Disease PREVENTION Antibiotic feed additives i.e.. Mecadox, Tylan, etc. Vaccinations Biosecurity minimize disease transmission limited & controlled introduction of new animals quarantine; use of AI control spread between production units clothes, vehicles, equipment; rodents; flies What general factors determine swine performance? Genetics Environment Genetics x Environment (generally referred to as the interaction of genetics and environment) What methods are used by swine producers to select breeding stock? 1) Visual appraisal 2) Performance data 3) Pedigree Introduction to Animal Science 10

11 Why visual appraisal? Type (conformation) Soundness: feet and legs; underline & reproduction. Health Behavior What kind of performance data is used for selection? Sow productivity index (SPI) which may include number of pigs born and litter weight at weaning. Growth rate (ADG or perhaps days to a given weight) Feed efficiency (F/G or G/F) Backfat (BF)at a given weight Loin eye area (LEA) at a given weight Where are pigs performance tested? From the late 50s until about the mid 80s boars were often tested in Central Test Stations. Seedstock producers have also tested their own boars (and some gilts) on their own farm. This is known as on-the-farm testing. Today breeding companies collect their own performance data on boars and gilts sold for breeding. Some Individual seedstock producers collect progeny data from prospective sires via commercial swine producers Performance vs. Progeny Testing Performance testing is collecting performance data on the individual you use in the breeding herd as the boar or the sow. Progeny testing is collecting performance data on the offspring of the boar (sometimes gilts) you plan to use in your breeding herd. How are pedigrees used for breeding stock selection? To avoid inbreeding To identify productive families To avoid genetic defects, such as PSS, scrotal hernias, etc. Crossbreeding Programs for Commercial Swine Producers Nearly all commercial hogs are crossbred. Which commercial hogs are not crossbred? Answer: purebred animals that do not meet the selection criteria to be marketed as breeding animals. Introduction to Animal Science 11

12 Why raise crossbred hogs? To capitalize on hybrid vigor (heterosis). Lowly heritable traits benefit the most from heterosis. To combine the desirable characteristics of different breeds. From a practical standpoint crossbred sows farrow more pigs, wean more pigs and wean heavier litters. Systems of crossbreeding Rotational cross = generally uses home raised replacements Terminal cross = all progeny are marketed. What breeds should be used to produce commercial hogs? Research and practical experience have shown that all breeds were not created equal. White breeds such as Landrace, Yorkshire and Chester White excel in sow productivity traits. Durocs are recognized for their superiority in ADG and F/G. Hampshires are well known for superior carcass traits. Colored breeds seem to be more hardy and are especially durable in outside systems. Coat Color Inheritance in Pigs Self Black (unbelted Hampshire) and Black Spotted (Poland and Berkshire) are both dominant to Red (Duroc). Self White (Chester White, Landrace and Yorkshire) is dominant over most black and red breeds. Self Black x Self White = commonly produces a blue roan (white hair with patches of dark pigmented skin). Referred to as Blue Butts. What breeds are used? Actually most of today s seedstock are composite breeds that have been developed by the various breeding companies based upon a combination of white and colored breeds. Landrace and Yorkshires are commonly used as maternal lines. Durocs and Hampshires are used as paternal lines. Introduction to Animal Science 12