Biomedical Terminology. Digestive System Anatomy
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1 Biomedical Terminology Digestive System Anatomy
2 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract) Pharynx Consists or Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
3 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract) Esophagus (esophag/o) Extends from pharynx to stomach (gastr/o) Passes through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm Hiatus serves as a valve to prevent reflux serves In a hiatal hernia,the upper portion of the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm Patients experience GERD (gatroesophageal reflux disease), pain, belching, difficulty swallowing and other rebellious stomach qi symptoms Chronic reflux can lead to a condition called Barett s espophagus
4 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract) Barett s Esophagus Lining of the esophagus is damaged by stomach acid and changed to a lining similar to that of the stomach Increases the risk for esophageal cancer An endoscopic tests such as an esophagoscopy might be performed. A common endoscopic test that looks further into the digestive tract is a EGD (Esophagogastroduodenooscopy)
5 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract)
6 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract)
7 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract) Stomach (gastr/o) Mixes and stores food. It secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control Consists of four regions Cardia Fundus Body Pylorus Consists of» Atrum portion of pylorus which connects to body of stomach» Pyloric valve (sphincter)
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9 Digestive Tract Accessory Structure Greater Omentum Fold of the peritoneum that drapes over the abdominal organs It extends from the greater curvature of the stomach, passing in front of the small intestines and reflects on itself to ascend to the transverse colon before reaching to the posterior abdominal wall
10 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract) Small Intestines (enter/o) 20 foot canal extending from the pyloric valve to the large intestine Consists of three parts Duodenum (duoden/o) Jejunum (jejun/o) Ileum (ile/o) Connects with the first part of the large intestine (cecum) at the ileocecal valve
11 Duodenum
12 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract) The small intestines (especially the jejunum and ileum) are suspended from the posterior peritoneum from the mesentery
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15 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract) The ileum (ile/o) meets with the cecum (cec/o) which is the first part of the large intestine (col/o) at the ileocecal valve
16 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract) The large intestine (often referred to as the colon col/o) consists of the Cecum (cec/o) Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon (sigmoid/o) Rectum (proct/o, rect/o)
17 Digestive Tract (aka Alimentary Canal or GI Tract) Diverticulosis and diverticulitis are both common conditions which affect the colon, especially the sigmoid colon Diverticulitis is small, bulging sacs or pouches of the inner lining of the intestine (diverticulosis) that become inflamed or infected Diverticul/o diverticulum, or blind pouch, extending from a hollow organ
18 Accessory Organs The Liver (hepat/o), Gallbladder (chol/e can also indicate bile), and pancreas (pancreat/o) are all accessory organs of the digestive system Bile is secreted from the gallbladder, through the bile duct (cholangi/o), joining with the common bile duct (choledoch/o) into the duodenum Pancreatic digestive enzymes are secreted into the duodenum
19 Accessory Organs Gallstones can form in the gallbladder (cholelithiasis), this can lead to cholecystits If the get ejected from the gallbladder and lodge in the common bile duct the condition would be called choledocholithiasis If they prevent pancreatic enzymes from entering the duodenum, these can backflow and start digesting the pancreas, causing pancreatitis
20 Digestive System Information Relevant to the Test
21 Combining Forms for the An/o Anus Ex) anal Definition of the suffix al» Pertaining to Definition of anal» Pertaining to the anus Digestive Tract Antr/o Antrum Ex) antrectomy Definition of suffix ectomy» Excision Definition of antrectomy» Excision of the antrum This procedure is done to the gastric antrum when there are ulcers that are unmanageable by other treatment, there exists perforation, bleeding, or obstruction
22 Combining Forms for the Digestive Tract Cec/o Cecum Col/o, colon/o Colon (usually denotes large intestine) Ex) colonoscopy Definition of suffix scopy» Visual examination Definition of colonoscopy» Visual examination of the colon» Often performed to see and remove polyps, also used to diagnose diverticulosis, cancer, and can visualize perforation
23 Combining Forms for the Digestive Tract Duoden/o Duodenum Ex) esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) Definition of combining forms esophag/o, gastr/o» Esophag/o esophagus, gastr/o- stomach Definition of suffix scopy» Visual examination Definition of esophagogastroduodenoscopy» Visual examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum Enter/o Intestine (usually denotes small intestine) Ex) gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and (small) intestines
24 Combining Forms for the Digestive Tract Esophag/o Esophagus Ex) esophagogastroplasty Definition of suffix plasty» Surgical repair Definition of esophagogastroplasty» Surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach Gastr/o Stomach Ex) gastrostomy Definition of the suffix stomy» Creation of an artificial opening Definition of gastrostomy» Creation of an artificial opening into the stomach (used to administer food when swallowing is impossible)
25 Combining Forms for the Ile/o Ileum Ex) ileocecal Definition of the suffix al» Pertaining to Definition of ileocecal» Pertaining to the ileum and cecum Jejun/o Jejunum Digestive Tract Or/o, stomat/o Mouth Ex) stomatogastric Definition of suffix ic» Pertaining to Definition of stomatogastric» Pertaining to the mouth and stomach
26 Combining Forms for the Proct/o, rect/o Rectum Ex) proctoptosis Definition of the suffix ptosis» Drooping, sagging, prolapse Definition of proctoptosis» Prolapse of the rectum Digestive Tract Sigmoid/o Sigmoid colon Ex) sigmoidoscopy Definition of suffix scopy» Visual examination Definition of sigmoidoscopy» Visual examination of the sigmoid colon
27 Combining Forms commonly used with Digestive System (Related to Gallbladder) Cholangi/o Bile duct Ex) Cholangioma Definition of suffix oma» Tumor, swelling Definition of cholangioma» Tumor of the bile duct Chol/e Gall, bile Cholelithiasis Definition of combining form lith/o» Stone, calculus Definition of suffix iasis» Condition Definition of cholelithiasis» Condition of gallstones
28 Combining Forms commonly used with Digestive System (Related to Gallbladder) Choledoch/o Common bile duct Ex) Choledocholithiasis Recall definition of combining form lith/o and suffix iasis Definition of choledocholithiasis» Condition of stones in the common bile duct A patient with choledocholithiasis might undergo a surgical procedure which uses an incision to remove this stone, what would this incision be called?» Choledocholithotomy
29 Combining Forms commonly used with Digestive System (Related to Gallbladder) We saw cyst/o bladder in the urinary system Cholecyst/o bile bladder (gallbladder) Ex) cholecystitis Inflammation of the gallbladder Someone with inflammation of the gallbladder might get their gallbladder removed, what would this procedure be called?» Cholecystectomy
30 Combining Forms commonly used with Digestive System (Other Accessory Organs) Hepat/o Liver Ex) hepatic Definition of suffix ic» Pertaining to Defintion of hepatic» Pertaining to the liver Pancreat/o Pancreas Ex) pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas
31 Combining Forms commonly used with Digestive System Terms Abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o Abdomen (abdominal cavity) Abdominocentesis Definition of suffix centesis» Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid Definition of abdominocentesis» Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the abdominal cavity (also called paracentesis) Appendic/o Appendix Ex) appendicitis Definition of suffix it is» Inflammation Definition of appendicitis» Inflammation of the appendix Cheil/o Lip
32 Combining Forms commonly used with Digestive System Terms Diverticul/o Diverticulum Ex) diverticulosis and diverticulitis Definition of suffixes osis and it is» -osis abnormal condition, -itis inflammation Definition of diverticulosis and diverticulitis» Diverticulosis abnormal condition of having diverticula» Diverticulitis inflammation of diverticulum Gingiv/o Gum
33 Combining Forms commonly used with Digestive System Terms Gloss/o, lingu/o Tongue Ex) glossopharyngeal (such as CN IX) Definition of suffix eal» Pertaining to Definition of glossopharyngeal» Pertaining to the tongue and pharynx
34 Combining Forms commonly used with Digestive System Terms Herni/o Hernia Palat/o Palate Peritone/o Peritoneum Ex) peritonitis (Note: e is dropped) Inflammation of the peritoneum Polyp/o Polyp, small growth Pylor/o Pylorus Ex) pyloric Definition of suffix ic» Pertaining to Definition of pyloric» Pertaining to the pylorus Sial/o Saliva, salivary gland Ex) sialolith Stone in the salivary gland Uvul/o uvula
35 Prefixes and Suffixes commonly used with Digestive System Terms Prefixes Hemi- half Suffixes -pepsia Digestion
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