Innate Immunity of Plants, Animals and Humans

Transcription

1 Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology 21 Innate Immunity of Plants, Animals and Humans Bearbeitet von Holger Heine 1. Auflage Buch. xiv, 241 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 549 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Biowissenschaften allgemein > Evolutionsbiologie Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents 1 Evolution of Resistance Genes in Plants Shunyuan Xiao, Wenming Wang, and Xiaohua Yang 1 Evolution of the Plant R Gene System Conservation and Diversity of Plant R Genes NBS, LRR and TIR Domains of Defense Proliferation and Diversification of NBS-LRR Genes in Plants Mechanisms of R-Avr Recognition Direct R-Avr Interaction the Gene-For-Gene Hypothesis Indirect R-Avr Interaction the Guard Hypothesis Patterns of R-Avr Coevolution Diversifying Selection Results from Direct R-Avr Recognition? Balancing Selection Results from Indirect Recognition? A General Model for Evolution of the Plant R Gene System New Perspectives References The Path Less Explored: Innate Immune Reactions in Cnidarians.. 27 Thomas C.G. Bosch 1 Cnidaria Are Among the Earliest Multicellular Animals in the Tree of Life Immune Reactions in Invertebrates Immune Reactions in Cnidaria How to Fight for a Space to Live? Intraspecies Competition in Sea Anemones How to Detect Approaching Allogeneic Cells as Foreign and to Eliminate Them? Allorecognition and Cell Lineage Competition in Colonial Hydractinia How to Detect and Disarm Microbial Attackers? Antimicrobial Defense Reactions in the Freshwater Polyp Hydra and the Jellyfish Aurelia vii

3 viii Contents 3.4 How to Distinguish Between Friends and Foes: Symbiotic Relationships in Corals and Hydra How to Explore the Path They Went? Why Cnidarians Matter References Bug Versus Bug: Humoral Immune Responses in Drosophila melanogaster Deniz Ertürk-Hasdemir, Nicholas Paquette, Kamna Aggarwal, and Neal Silverman 1 Introduction A Brief History Overview of the Drosophila Immune Response Microbial Recognition the Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Peptidoglycan NF-kB Proteins The Toll Pathway The IMD Pathway Down-Regulation of the IMD Pathway by PGRP Amidases JAK/STAT Pathway Concluding Remarks References Cellular Immune Responses in Drosophila melanogaster Adrienne Ivory, Katherine Randle, and Louisa Wu 1 Introduction Encapsulation Recognition Centers on Membrane Differences Lamellocyte Proliferation: Necessary for Successful Encapsulation Response Adhesion Requires Integrins, Rac, and Rho Encapsulation Terminates with the Formation of Basement Membrane Phagocytosis Proteins Opsonize Invading Bacteria and Fungi to Promote Phagocytosis Transmembrane and Circulating Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins are Involved in the Recognition of Bacteria Receptors with Scavenger-Like Activity Recognize a Variety of Microbes Phagocytosis Requires Reorganization of the Actin Cytoskeleton Engulfed Pathogens are Degraded in Phagolysosomes Interactions Between Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses References

4 Contents ix 5 Immune Reactions in the Vertebrates Closest Relatives, the Urochordates Konstantin Khalturin, Ulrich Kürn, and Thomas C.G. Bosch 1 Introduction Urochordates are at the Root of Vertebrate Evolution Natural History and Ecology of Urochordates Immunity in Urochordates Antimicrobial Peptides from Urochordates Allorecognition in Urochordates Complement in Urochordates Despite the Absence of MHC, Urochordate Blood Contains NK-Like Cells Conclusion References Innate Immune System of the Zebrafish, Danio rerio Con Sullivan and Carol H. Kim 1 Overview Components of Innate Immunity General Description Drosophila Toll: Identification and Recognition of a Dually Functioning Pathway TLRs and TIR-Bearing Adaptor Proteins Zebrafish as a Model for Infectious Disease and Innate Immune Responses Overview Forward and Reverse Genetics An Infectious Disease and Innate Immunity Model NK-Like Cells Additional Innate Immunity Receptors in Zebrafish Zebrafish Phagocytes Conclusion References Toll-Like Receptors in the Mammalian Innate Immune System Andrei E. Medvedev and Stefanie N. Vogel 1 Introduction TLRs as Primary Sensors of Pathogenic PAMPS and Endogenous Danger Molecules TLR Signaling Pathways Interaction of TLRs with PAMPs and Co-Receptors Initiates Signaling Role of TIR-Containing Adapter Molecules in TLR Signaling

5 x Contents 3.3 TLR Specificity for PAMPs in the Ectodomain and Adapters in the TIR Domain Underlie a Dual Recognition/Response System The IRAK Family: Key Regulators of TLR Signaling Mutations in TLRs and IRAK-4: Implications for Disease Conclusions References NLRs: a Cytosolic Armory of Microbial Sensors Linked to Human Diseases Mathias Chamaillard 1 Introduction NLRs, a Conserved Cytosolic Arm of the Innate Immune System Physiological Role of NLRs in Innate and Adaptive Immunity: NLRs Join TLRs Host Sensing of Non-TLR PAMPs: Lessons from NOD1 and NOD2 Studies NLRs Promote Maturation of TLR-Induced Il-1 and IL-18 Release What Can we Learn from NLRs Linked to Human Diseases? NOD1 and NOD2 Mutations Linked to Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Auto-Inflammatory Diseases Reproduction Diseases Concluding Remarks: Towards the Development of Magic Bullets References Antimicrobial Peptides as First-Line Effector Molecules of the Human Innate Immune System Regine Gläser, Jürgen Harder, and Jens-Michael Schröder 1 Introduction Epithelial Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins Lysozyme Human Beta Defensins Human Alpha Defensins RNases S100 Proteins: S100 A7 (Psoriasin) Others Phagocyte Antimicrobial Peptides Human Alpha Defensins Cathelicidins S100 Proteins: S100 A8/9 (Calprotectin) and S100A12 (Calgranulin C) Others

6 Contents xi 4 Putative Action of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Healthy Human Antimicrobial Peptides and Diseases Skin Diseases Wound Healing Diseases of the Airway Epithelia: Cystic Fibrosis Gastrointestinal Diseases: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Diseases Associated with Phagocyte Dysfunction General Conclusion and Future Aspects References The Complement System in Innate Immunity K.R. Mayilyan, Y.H. Kang, A.W. Dodds, and R.B. Sim 1 The Complement System in Mammals Classical Pathway The Lectin Pathway Alternative Pathway Regulation of the Complement System Complement Receptors The Structure of Complement Proteins Complement Across Species References Index