ENGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES FOUND IN THE GOOD EARTH AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS INTO BUMI YANG SUBUR

Transcription

1 i THESIS EGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES FOUD I THE GOOD EARTH AD THEIR TRASLATIOS ITO BUMI YAG SUBUR I MADE JULIARTA POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYAA UIVERSITY DEASAR 2016

2 i THESIS EGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES FOUD I THE GOOD EARTH AD THEIR TRASLATIOS ITO BUMI YAG SUBUR I MADE JULIARTA IM MASTER PROGRAM LIGUISTIC PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYAA UIVERSITY DEASAR 2016 i

3 ii THESIS EGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES FOUD I THE GOOD EARTH AD ITS TRASLATIO BUMI YAG SUBUR This thesis is to obtain a magister s degree in translation studies in postgraduate program at Udayana University I MADE JULIARTA IM MASTER PROGRAM LIGUISTIC PROGRAM I POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYAA UIVERSITY DEASAR 2016 ii

4 iii APPROVAL SHEET This Thesis was Approved On June 22 nd, 2016 Supervisor I, Supervisor II, Dr. I yoman Sedeng, M.Hum. Dr. i Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, M.A. IP IP Acknowledge by Head of Master Program In Linguistics Department Postgraduate Program Udayana University, Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University, Prof. Dr. Drs.I.B. Putra Yadnya, M.A. Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K). IP IP iii

5 iv This thesis was examined by the Board of Examiners on June 22 nd, 2016 The Board of Examiners according to Decree of Rector of Udayana University o. 2662/U14.4/HK/2016, Date: June 22 nd, 2016 Chairman Members : Dr. I yoman Sedeng, M.Hum. : 1. Dr. i Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, M.A. 2. Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum. 3. Dr. i Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum. 4. Dr. I Made etra, M.Hum. iv

6 v SURAT PERYATAA BEBAS PLAGIAT Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini: nama : I Made Juliarta IM : Program Study judul tesis : Magister (S-2) Linguistik, Konsentrasi Penerjemahan, Progam Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana : English Relative Clauses Found in The Good Earth and Their Translations into Bumi Yang Subur Menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah/tesis saya ini bebas plagiat. Apabila di kemudian hari terbukti terdapat plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai dengan peraturan Mendiknas Republik Indonesia o. 17 tahun 2010 dan perundangan yang berlaku. Denpasar, 22 Juni 2016 I Made Juliarta v

7 vi ACKOWLEDGMETS First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitute to God, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, for His blessing that this thesis could be completed in time. I would like to express my deep thanks for all who helped to complete this thesis to obtain Master s Degree in Applied Linguistics, particularly in translation studies. In addition, I would like to express my deep greatest thanks to Dr. I yoman Sedeng, M.Hum. as my first supervisor who gave lots of suggestion, direction, and support in completing this thesis. My thankfulness also goes to my second supervisor, Dr. i Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, M.A. for her suggestion, correction, and being so helpful during the completion of this thesis. In this great opportunity, I would like to express my gratitude to the Rector of Udayana University Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp. PD-KEMD, the Director of Postgraduate Program, Udayana University Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S (K), Head of the Master Program in Linguistics Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A and the Secretary of the Master Program in Linguistics (Prof. Dr. I Wayan Simpen, M.Hum. Moreover, I also would like to express my special gratitude to the board of examiners for their support and input, Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum, Dr. i Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum, and Dr. I Made etra, M.Hum, the staff of the Master Program in Linguistics I Gusti Ayu Putu Supadmi, I Ketut Ebuh, S.Sos, I yoman Sadra, S.S, yoman Adi Triani, S.E, the staff of ursing Department, Health Polytechnic of Denpasar, Yuni Suntari, S.Kep, M.Pd, Suardana, M.Kep, Dr. yoman Ribek, Hasan, Amin, Mr. ram. vi

8 vii EGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES FOUD I THE GOOD EARTH AD ITS TRASLATIO BUMI YAG SUBUR ABSTRACT This study focuses on English relative clauses and their translations into Indonesian. It was aimed at finding out the types of English relative clauses found in the novel The Good Earth and the types of shifts occuring in the translation. The analysis was based on the theory of the types of relative clauses proposed by Quirk (198 5), Sneddon (1996) and the theory of translation shift proposed by Catford (1965). The process of collecting data was started by reading the entire novel to understand the story of the novel and to observe the possibility of the data that could be taken from this book. Firstly, the novel was read to find out the types of English relative clauses. Qualitative descriptive method is the method used to analyze data. The data was analyzed qualitatively. The observation method was applied by observing the entire data sources that contain English relative clauses. The data were analyzed through several stages. The result of this study showed that there are two types of English relative clauses found in the novel the Good Earth, they are: Restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause. First, the types of English relative clauses found in the data sources are restrictive relative clause as subject, restrictive relative clause as object, restrictive relative clause as prepositional object, non-restrictive relative clause as subject, and non-restrictive relative clause as object. The types of Indonesian Relative clauses found in data sources are defining relative clause, object-topic comment relative clauses, and locative relative clauses. Second, the types of shifts found in the novel are structure shifts, level shifts, and unit shifts. Translation shift was identified by using the tree diagram. In structure shifts, there is a change in the position of word structure in source language by retaining the meaning of the source language in the target language. Keywords: relative clause, translation, shifts vi i

9 viii KLAUSA PERELATIFA BAHASA IGGRIS YAG DITEMUKA PADA OVEL THE GOOD EARTH DA TERJEMAHAYA PADA BUMI YAG SUBUR ABSTRAK Penelitian ini membahas klausa perelatifan bahasa Inggris dan terjemahannya ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis klausa perelatifan bahasa Inggris yang ditemukan dalam novel the Good Earth, dan terjemahannya Bumi Yang Subur, dan untuk mengetahui jenis pergeseran terjemahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori yang dikembangkan oleh Quirk (1985), Catford (1965), dan Sneddon (1996). Proses pengumpulan data dimulai dengan membaca semua data yang ada pada novel. Pertama, semua bagian yang ada pada novel dibaca secara teliti untuk mengetahui bagian yang mengandung klausa perelatifan. Metode deskriptif kualitatif adalah metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif. Metode ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan data secara sistematis dan akurat. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan beberapa tahapan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada dua jenis klausa perelatifan bahasa Inggris yang ditemukan pada novel Bumi yang Subur yang diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, diantaranya adalah: klausa perelatifan restriktif dan non-restriktif. Pertama, jenis klausa perelatifan bahasa Inggris yang ditemukan pada sumber data di antaranya adalah klausa perelatifan sebagai subjek, objek, preposisi, non-restriktif klausa perelatifan sebagai subjek, dan klausa perelatifan non-restriktif sebagai objek. Jenis-jenis klausa perelatifan bahasa Indonesia yang ditemukan pada sumber data di antaranya adalah penjelasan klausa perelatifan, penjelasan objek-topik klausa perelatifan, dan klausa perelatifan tempat. Jenis pergeseran terjemahan yang ditemukan pada sumber data di antaranya adalah pergeseran struktur, pergeseran unit, dan pergeseran tingkat. Dalam pergeseran struktur, terdapat perubahan posisi struktur kata di bahasa sumber dengan mempertahankan makna yang terdapat pada bahasa sumber. Kata Kunci: klausa perelatifan, terjemahan, pergeseran viii

10 ix TABLE OF COTETS ISIDE COVER... PREREQUISITE TITLE... APPROVAL SHEET... THE BOARD OF EXAMIER... SURAT PERYATAA BEBAS PLAGIAT... ACKOWLEDGEMET... ABSTRACT... ABSTRAK... TABLE OF COTETS... LIST OF ABBREVIATIOS... i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix xi CHAPTER I ITRODUCTIO 1.1 Background of the Study Problems of the Study Aims of the Study Significance of the Study Theoretical Significance Practical Significance Scope of the Study... 6 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, COCEPTS, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AD RESEARCH MODEL 2.1 Literature Review Concepts Clause Complex Sentence Relative Clause Translation Tree Diagram Theoretical Framework English Relative Clause Relative Clause in Indonesian Translation Shift Research Model CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Approach Research Locations Data Source Research Instrument Method and Technique of Collecting Data Method and Technique of Analyzing Data Method and Technique of Presenting Data ix

11 x CHAPTER IV EGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES FOUD I THE OVEL THE GOOD EARTH AD THEIR TRASLATIOS ITO BUMI YAG SUBUR 4. 1 Types of Relative Clauses Found in the ovel the Good Earth and its Translation in Bumi Yang Subur Restrictive Relative Clause as Subject and Its Translation Restrictive Relative Clause as Object and Its Translation Restrictive Relative Clause as Prepositional Object and Its Translation on-restrictive Relative Clause as Subject and Its Translation on-restrictive Relative Clause as Object and Its Translation Types of Shifts of Relative Clauses Occur in the Translation of the Good Earth Structure Shift Level Shift Unit Shift CHAPTER V COCLUSIO AD SUGGESTIOS 5.1 Conclusion Suggestions BIBLIOGRAPHY APPEDIXES x

12 xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIOS SL TL S V O Prep Adv S Aux VP PP P Det Art Adj Pro Poss = Source Language = Target Language = Subject = Verb = Object = Preposition = Adverb = Sentence = Auxiliary = oun Phrase = oun = Verb Phrase = Prepositional Phrase = Preposition = Determine = Article = Adjective = Pronoun = Possessive xi

13 1 CHAPTER I ITRODUCTIO 1.1 Background of the Study A clause is a syntactic unit consisting of a subject and a predicate. A clause is divided into independent and dependent clause. Independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a simple sentence and a dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence even though it contains a subject and a verb. The types of dependent clauses are adverbial clauses, noun clauses and adjective clauses. Quirk (1987: ) stated that adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts, which parts also perform in a sentence as adverbial phrases or as adverbial prepositional phrases. oun clause is a subordinate clause which is used as a noun in the sentence. There are three main structural types of clauses. They are finite clause, nonfinite clause and verbless clause. Finite clause is a clause whose verb element is finite. onfinite clause is a clause whose verb element is nonfinite. There are four structural classes of nonfinite verb clauses. They are toinfinitive, bare infinitive, -ing participle, and ed participle. Verbless clause is a clause that does not have a verb element, but is nevertheless capable of being analysed into clause elements. Dependent clauses can fill grammatical functions. On the basis of their functions, dependent clauses can be divided into the following types. They are, noun clause, adverb clause and adjective clause. A dependent clause that can function as a noun in the sentence is called noun clause. A noun clause performs the same function like a noun in the sentence. We can see from the example What 1

14 2 she did made a problem for his family. In the sentence, what he did functions as a noun; hence, it is a noun clause. A noun clause can work as a noun that acts as subject, object or predicate in a sentence. A dependent clause can function as an adverb in the sentence. An adverb clause like an adverb modifies a verb. It can modify the situation in main clause in terms of time, frequency (how often), cause and effect, contrast, condition, intensity (to what extent). A dependent clause that can function as an adjective in the sentence is called adjective clause. An adjective functions to modify anoun or a pronoun. Adjective clause or relative clause is a subordinate clause used to modify a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Relative clause is in the level of phrase/postmodifier. They will begin with a relative pronoun like: (that, whom, who, which or whose). Comrei (1981: 150) stated that in transformational terms, relative clause formation in English involves a movement transformation, moving the whword from its normal position in the clause to clause-initial position. In English, relative clause can be grouped into two categories, namely: restrictive/defining and non-restrictive/non-defining. In relative clause, relative pronoun occurs clause-initially. There are the distinctions between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses in English. In restrictive relative clause, the sentence provides the hearer with sufficient information. But in non-restrictive relative clause, the sentence gives an added piece of information. on-restrictive relative clauses can be illustrated by the following examples: the man, who had arrived yesterday, left this morning (Comrie:1981). It can be seen from the sentence that the hearer can identify which man is being talked about. In English, the relative pronoun who or

15 3 which is required in non-restrictive relatives. They are different in semantic or pragmatic terms, in particular the restrictive relative clause uses presupposed information to identify the referent of a noun phrase. It is stated that nonrestrictive relative is a way of presenting new information on the basis of the assumption that the referent can already be identified. The modification is said to be restrictive when the reference of the head is a member of a class and it can be identified only through the modification that is supplied. Restrictiveness can indicate a limitation on the possible reference of the head. The reference of a noun phrase can be viewed as unique or as a member of a class that is independently identified. In restrictive relative clause, the relative pronoun can function as subject, object, complement, and adverbial. In relative pronoun, there is a distinction between who and whom, depending on its role as subject of relative clause, or as object, or as prepositional complement. Quirk (1985) stated that sentential relative clauses parallel nonrestrictive postmodifying clauses in noun phrases in that they are separated by intonation or punctuation from their antecedent. Which is a relative pronoun, but it may also be a relative determiner of general abstract nouns such as fact, case, event, or situation, or more specific verbal nouns such as failure or claim. The determiner which can be found with the prepositions other than in. Furthermore, the pronoun which can be a prepositional complement. The noun phrases can be prepositional complements and represent the antecedent. There are some translation problems which usually occur such as lexicon, communication and cultural context of the source language text. The purpose of

16 4 this research is to analyze the translation of English relative clauses into Indonesian found in the novel. There are differences in terms of syntax in English and Indonesian. Besides, there are two languages spoken by the people who have different cultural backgrounds that could affect languages. One of the examples of the differences between Indonesian and English could be found in terms of syntax in relative clauses. Catford ( 1965) stated that shift is the departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from source language to the target language. Shifts can occur in relative clause, i.e. He asked one who passed (ditanyai seseorang yang kebetulan lewat). The source language has the constituent of relative pronoun ( who as subject), and verb ( passed). Meanwhile, the target language has the constituents of relative pronoun ( yang as subject), adverb (kebetulan)and verb (lewat). This study is important to be conducted to figure out the types of relative clauses that are found in the novel The Good Earth and its translation Bumi yang Subur. This study also tried to find out the types of shifts of relative clauses occuring in the translation of The Good Earth into Bumi yang Subur. Shift is interesting to be discussed in order to know that shifts sometimes occur in the translation process of relative clauses from English into Indonesian.

17 5 1.2 Problems of the study Based on the description of the relative clauses and shifts, the problems of the study are formulated as follows: 1. what types of the relative clauses are found in the novel The Good Earth and their Indonesian translations? 2. what types of shifts of relative clauses occur in the translation of The Good Earth into Bumi yang Subur? 1.3 Aims of the Study From the problems formulated above, the aims of this study are: 1. to identify the types of relative clauses found in the novel The Good Earth and its translation Bumi yang Subur 2. to analyze the types of shifts of relative clauses occuring in the translation of The Good Earth into Bumi yang Subur. 1.4 Significance of the Study This study gives two significancies. The first is theoretical significance and the secod is practical significance Theoretical Significance The result of this study improves the knowledge based on translation results regarding relative clause and in order to give contribution to the linguistic studies especially translation studies. Furthermore, translating English relative clause into Indonesian gives implication on the strategy of the translation.

18 Practical Significance The result of this study can give contribution in the form a new comprehension for students of translation class in translating relative clauses from English into Indonesian. This study is expected to be valuable especially to those who are interested in translating relative clauses from English into Indonesian. Moreover, this study can give a reference to other researchers to analyze relative clauses in the sentence. 1.5 Scope of the Study This study focuses on explaining and describing the problems of the study. The scope of this study explains about all relative clauses found in the novel whether the head of the embedding phrase is noun or human. This study focuses on the types relative clauses, the equivalent translation of English relative clauses into indonesian and the types of unit shifts occuring in translation.

19 7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, COCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, AD RESEARCH MODEL In conducting this research, there are some previous studies on relative clauses which were reviewed in this literature review. Here are some thesis and articles which were reviewed to support this research. 2.1 Literature Review Three previous studies and two international journals are reviewed in this sub section. Here are some thesis and two international journals which were reviewed to support this present study. Trisna (2014) in her thesis describes Relative Clause in Japanese. She describes Japanese has a relative clause construction and a variety of diverse constituencies. Japanese has a constituency which is formed from the lexical categories, namely, noun, verb, adjective and adposisi. Japanese compound words can be done by combining the same category or different categories. In Japanese, the nouns modified by restrictive relative clause are not limited to animate referents, but also to inanimate. The nouns modified by a relative clause. In Japanese the positions are whether subject, object, possessor, or obliquely in the sentence. In Japanese there is no word that can be said to be similar to the word which or who as relative pronouns in English. In Japanese, there is no noun expressed as no. The weakness of this thesis is that the writer did not explain the relation between oblique and clause in Japanese. The strength of this 7

20 8 thesis is that the writer gives clear explanation about the function of word class in Japanese clauses. The writer reviewed this thesis as it is related to the topic discussed by the writer. The writer reviewed this thesis as it gives clear explanation about the form of relative clauses in Japanese. Prawita (2014) in her thesis describes the types of shift of complex noun phrase occuring in the translation of Oprah from English into Indonesian. She analyzed shifts in the translation of complex noun phrases. She used the theory proposed by Catford (1965) in A Linguistic Theory of Translation and ida (1975) in Language Structure and Translation. The weakness of this thesis is that there is no relation between the main and supporting theories. The strength of this thesis is on the relevant analysis of shift in the translation of complex noun phrases, the factors causing shifts to occur and loss. The writer chose to review as this thesis gives clear explanation about the types of shifts occuring in complex noun phrases. This thesis gives a contribution to the data analysis using the theory of translation shift. Sadiyani (2011) in her thesis describes the corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions in English used in the context of the tale Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih and its translation Miss Onion and Miss Garlic. She analyzed the types of Indonesian passive constructions and their translation equivalents into English. The types of shifts were also discussed in her thesis. The writer chose this thesis to review as it gives clear explanation about the types of shifts

21 9 occuring in Indonesian translation into English. The weakness of this thesis is that there is no relation between the main and supporting theories. The strength of this thesis is placed on the relevance of shifts occuring in translation from Indonesian into English. Agustini (2005) in her thesis describes the type and function of nominal clause in the novel the Official death by Prescott which was published in All major of the relative clauses could be found in the data. This analysis also showed the function the nominal clauses depending on their types. They may function as subject, object, subject complement, adjectival complement, adverbial and prepositional complement. The weakness of this thesis is that there is no relation between the main and supporting theories. The strength of this thesis is placed on the relevance between nominal clause and relative clause analysis. The writer chose this thesis to review because it is related to the topic discussed by the writer. The writer chose this thesis to review as this thesis gives clear explanation on the definition of relative clause. This thesis gives a contribution in the form of data analysis especially as a comparison on applying concept of relative clause. There are some similarities and differences between Agustini s thesis and this present study. The first similarity is the theory which is used by Agustini to solve the problem in her thesis. She used the theory proposed by Quirk (1985). This present study uses the theory of translation equivalence and the theory proposed by Quirk et all. The second is that she used the novel as

22 10 the data source and this writing also used novel as data source. The difference is that she explained manner adjunct in the form of clause whereas this writing does not. Dewi (2005) in her thesis focuses on designing an overview of the English pronoun. The kinds of relative pronouns and the functions of the relative pronouns were also described in this paper. This paper merely investigated four relative pronouns. They are who, which, and zero. The weakness of this thesis is that there is no relation between the syntatical analysis and the supporting theory used to describe the anal ysis. The strength of this undergraduate thesis is placed on the application of the analysis of syntactical analysis by the writer. The writer chose this undergraduate thesis because it is related to the topic discussed by the writer. The writer chose this graduate thesis to review because this thesis gives clear explanation about the definition of clause. This thesis gives a contribution in the form of data analysis especially as a comparison on applying concept of clause in the sentence. There are some similarities and differences between Rhatadi s thesis and this writing. The first similarity is in the explanation about the adverb. In her undergraduate thesis, he was concerned with the explanation of adverb. This writing also explains the definition of adverb. The difference is in regard to the topic; he described the syntactical analysis but this writing describes relative clauses. The fourth thesis was written by Astuti (2005). The writer focused on the structure of English oun Phrase (E) as the So urce Language

23 11 (SL) translated into Indonesian oun Phrase (I) as the Target Language (TL). The translation of English oun Phrase into Indonesian was discussed in this paper. There aredistinction between textual equivalence and formal correspondence. The translation of oun Phrase was also discussed in this paper. The weakness of this graduate thesis is that the writer only described the type of translation. The strength of this thesis is placed on the application of the translation equivalence in the data. The writer chose this graduate to review because it is related to the topic discussed by the writer. The writer chose this thesis to review because this undergraduate thesis gave clear explanation on the definition of translation equivalence. The difference between Astuti s undergraduate thesis and this writing paper is in regard to the theory used to solve the problem. In her undergraduate thesis, she explained the structure of oun Phrase as the target language; whereas, this writing is concern ed with the relative clause. The similarity is in regard to the theory used by the writer. Astuti used the theory proposed by ida and Taber. In this paper the theory proposed by ida is also used. In the article Interlanguage Syntax of L2 Persian Speakers: The Case of Resumptive Pronouns in English Relative Clauses, Maryam (2014) explores a pronoun in relative clause. The study evaluates Persian speakers acquiring English as a second language. An experiment was conducted on adult Persian speakers. The students were given questionnaires and asked to tick each sentence as to grammatical, or

24 12 ungrammatical. This study used the theory proposed by Schwartz and Sprouse (1996) which described the grammatical properties of the L2 leaner s native language. It was found that L2 learners can successfully reconstruct grammar according to the L2 setting. In other words, in the case of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses, L2 learners gradually reset their parameters in accordance with the values of L2, that is, no use of resumptive insertion strategies. In the International Journal of American Linguistics entitled Free Relative Clauses in Two Mixtec Languages, Harold (2012) described embedded non-interrogative wh-clauses known as free relative clauses (henceforth, FRs) in two Mixtec languages ieves Mixtec. The writer analyzed free relative clauses in two Mixtec Languages. Both mixtec languages make use of most wh-words found in the interrogatives to form free relatives. There are three kinds of free rel atives that are attested cross linguistically, those are: definite free relatives, existential free relatives and ever free relatives. Free relative clauses and headed relative clauses in both languages were discussed by the writer. Both types of relative clauses were discussed in order to know about the similarities and differences between source language and target language. There are two previously unstudied mixtec languages. ieves Mixtec and Melchor Ocampo Mixtec were investigated with special emphasis on free relative clauses and two related wh-constructions. 2.2 Concepts

25 13 A concept is a generalization from experience or the result of a transformation of existing ideas. The concepts in this study are proposed by the experts in the field of relative clause and translation shift. Concepts of clause and relative clauses are presented in the following Clause Clause is stated as a group of words having its own subject and predicate as illustrated by Sandy told me that you are very diligent. This sentence consists of two clauses; they are Sandy told me and you are very diligent. A complex sentence is a sentence which has more than one clause. There is a certain relation which makes the two clauses have a complex sense. A complex sentence is formed by the main clause and subordinate clause. It can be seen from the example above that Sandy told me is stated as the main clause. A subordinate clause is stated as a part of the main clause. Quirk (1985:1047) stated that relative clauses have potential functions; they are ominal Clause, Adverbial Clause, Relative Clause, and Comparative Clause Complex Sentence Complex sentence can be said as a simple sentence that consists of only one main clause. It has one or more subordinate clauses functioning as an element of the sentence. Subordination can be stated as an asymmetrical relation: the sentence and its subordinate clauses are in hypotactic relationship. They form a hierarchy in which subordinate clause is a constituent of the sentence as a whole. According to Quirk (1985), subordination is not the only factor that enters into either the length or the complexity of sentences, when complexity is understood

26 14 in a nontechnical sense. Phrases can be complex in the degree of their modification; the vocabulary can be obscure, because of their compresions, nominalizations can be more difficult to understand then corresponding subordinate clauses Relative Clause A relative clause can be found after a noun phrase. It usually provides some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. The connection between the noun phrase in the main clause is in the main clause, and it is known as the antecedent and the relative pronoun (e.g: that) in the relative clause. Restrictive relative clauses are closely connected to the antecedent or head and it can denote a limitation to the reference of the antecedent. For example: 1.This is something that will disturb me anyway. Quirk (1985) onrestrictive clauses usually give extra information and do not further define, the antecedent. Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, for example: 2.The clothes which I ordered last week have arrived. Quirk (1985) It can be seen from the sentence above that the relative pronoun which introduces the relative clause which I ordered last week. It is stated that relative pronoun differs from the personal pronoun in which the sentence which contains the relative pronoun is placed at the beginning of the clause, whether it is subject, complement, adverbial, postmodifier, prepositional complement, or object (Quirk 1985: 365). In general, relative pronouns are divided into two categories: a. wh- pronoun: who, whom, whose, which

27 15 b. that and Zero (o) clause provides information needed to make the antecedent definete Translation Catford (1978) stated that: The theory of translation is concerned with a certain type of relation between languages and is consequently a branch of Comparative Linguistics. From the point of view of translation theory the distinction between synchronic and diachronic comparison is irrelevant Tree Diagram (Brown and Miller, 1991:40) stated that the example of a phrase structure rule is as follows: S X Y The constituent is on the left side. The forms of phrasal categories are PP, AP,, VP, ADVP. A phrase is a set of elements that form a constituent. The article can be followed by consisting of a head noun. The simple categories are V,, A, and P. ADV. It may be replaced by the VP,, AP, PP, and ADVP. Here is the explanation of Phrasal class: 1. oun Phrase () oun phrase functions as subject or object in the sentence. The rule of is explained as follows: - Art Adj - Art

28 16 - Art (PP) 2. Verb Phrase (VP) Other constituents follow the Verb Phrase that consists of the verb. Brown and Miller (1991:64-65) stated that the rules of verb phrase are explained as follows: - VP V () (PP) - VP V - VP V (PP) - VP V PP - VP V S 3. Prepositional Phrase (PP) oun phrase follows the prepositional phrase consisting of the preposition as a head. The rule of a prepositional phrase can be explained as follows: - PP P 4. Adjectival Phrase (AP) The intensifier precedes the adjective phrase. The rule of an adjectival phrase is explained as follows: AP (Int) (A)

29 17 Clause oun Phrase Verb Phrase oun Phrase Determiner oun Main Verb determiner adjective noun The room has a large window Relative Clause oun Verb Adverb Phrase Phrase Phrase Pronoun Main Verb Adverb which faces south Quirk (1985) 2.3 Theoretical Framework In conducting this research, this paper attempts to provide a description of relative clauses in English and Indonesian. The analysis of relative clauses conducted here focuses on presenting an explanation of the types of relative clauses found in the novel, their translations and the analysis of the types of shifts in the translation. To answer the first problem, the theory of relative clause proposed by Quirk (1985) is used to categorize the types of relative clauses. The theory of translation shifts proposed by Catford (19 65) is used to answer the second problem. The theoretical foundations of this study are drawn from the theories of English relative clauses as the main theory such as relative clauses

30 18 proposed by Quirk (1985), Indonesian Relative Clause proposed by Sneddon (1996), and translation shift proposed by Catford (1965) English Relative Clause There are two types of relative clauses in English; they are: restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause. 1. Restrictive Relative Clause Restrictive relative clause is described as a clause describing the preceding noun in such a way that it can be distinguished from noun of the same class. When we indicate a parenthesized relative pronoun, it can be said that there is the option between that relative and zero. It can be seen from the S, O,C, A in the survey below that the relative pronoun functions as a subject, object, complement, and adverbial in the relative clause with personal and nonpersonal antecedents. The relative pronoun can function as subject, object, complement, or adverbial (including the role as prepositional complement) or it can be a constituent of an element in the relative clause, for example, as a determiner. Presupposed information is used in the restrictive relative clause to identify the referent of a noun phrase. It is stated that with a personal antecedent, the relative pronoun can show the distinction between who and whom, and it depends on its role as the subject of the relative clause, or as object, or it can be as prepositional complement: a.restrictive Relative Clause as Subject The relative ponoun who is favoured, irrespective of the style and the occasion. Who and which can be used to refer to antecendents. Who is for a

31 19 person and which is for a thing. The examples of relatives are that, who, and which. It can be seen that the use of that or a wh-item would be regarded as more acceptable. There are some good reasons to distinguish that/which clauses from adnominal clauses. An alternative to a postmodifying copular relative clause with an adjective as complement is pre- or postposition of the adjective. The relative pronoun as subject is usually that, and, as object when the antecedent is modified by a superlative 1.They eat the finest that is available. Quirk (1985) 2. This is something that will disturb me anyway. Quirk (1985) b.restrictive Relative Clause as Object of Verb Whom and which can be used as the form of direct object but this is considered very formal or rarely used in colloquial speech. It was described that grammatical objects are more likely to be personal noun or to carry nonpersonal implication. Quirk (1985: 1252) stated that another factor influencing the selection of the pronoun that is the object found in the relative clause. Clauses can intervene between the antecedent head and relative pronoun which are generally preferable to that and very much preferable to zero. It can be seen that grammatical objects are more likely to be nonpersonal or to carry nonpersonal implication. There are some factors influencing the selection of a pronoun, one of which is object. For examples: 1. They are delighted with the person that we have appointed. Quirk (1985) 2. They are delighted with the book which she has written. Quirk (1985)

32 20 3. The person whom he met. Quirk (1985) c. Restrictive Relative Clause as Prepositional Complement In formal English, the preposition can be placed before the relative pronoun which must then be put into the form of whom/which. Quirk (1985) stated that with a personal antecedent, the relative pronoun can show the disticntion between who and whom. It depends on the role as subject of the relative clause, as object or as prepositional complement: 1. The person to whom he spoke. Quirk (1985) 2. The person whom he spoke to. Quirk (1985) It can be seen from the sentence above that prepositions with and on are followed by the relative pronoun; they are combined to make a prepositional object. d. Restrictive Relative Clause for Possesive Whose can be a possible form which is used with reference to a person or a thing. The pronoun can be the possesive determiner of the noun phrase, the form is whose: 1. The woman whose daughter you met is Mrs Brown. Quirk (1985) 2. The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired. Quirk (1985) 2. onrestrictive Relative Clause on restrictive clauses give extra information on an antecedent. Additional information is also provided, but it is not identifying information. In writing, commas, dashes, or pharenthese usually mark the non-restrictive relative clause. In speaking, it can be seen that non-restrictive clauses are usually marked by

33 21 pauses and change in intonation. It is stated that in nonrestrictive relative clauses, the most explicit forms of relative pronouns, for example, the wh-series, are typically used. The relative pronoun can be in the forms of subject, object, complement or adverbial. Here are the examples of the different forms for personal and nonpersonal antecedents: a. on-restrictive Relative Clause as Subject The relative pronoun who is used for a person and which is used for a thing. The relative pronoun who is used for a person and which is used for a thing. Quirk (1985) stated that the relative pronouns are subject, object, complement, or adverbial. In non-restrictive relative clause, we usually have a tone unit boundary, accompanied by a pause. on-restrictive relationship is usually marked off by commas. Here are the examples of non-restrictive relative clause as subject: 1. My brother, who has lived in America since boyhood, can still speak fluent Italian. Quirk (1985) 2. Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you. Quirk (1985) 3. The tall girl, who is dentist, is Mary Smith. Quirk (1985) b. on-restrictive Relative Clause as Object Quirk (1985) stated that in nonrestrictive relative clauses, the most explicit forms of relative pronouns can be used. Here is the example of non-restrictive relative clause as object: 1. This excellent book, which Freda has only just received for review, was published a year ago. Quirk (1985)

34 Relative Clauses in Indonesian The clause to which yang is added is called a relative clause. Sneddon (1996) stated that the head of the noun phrase corresponds to some component within the relative clause. The noun phrase within which the relative clause occurs is called the embedding phrase. There are four types of Indonesian relative clauses. Those are defining relative clause, topic-comment relative clauses, prepositional relative clauses and locative relative clauses. 1) Defining Relative Clauses Sneddon (1996: 285) stated that a defining relative clause is one whose subject corresponds to the head noun. It is stated that in Indonesian, yang must occur before a relative clause. For examples: 1. Mobil yang ditubruk itu rusak sama sekali. Sneddon (1996: 286) 2. Orang yang berkumpul di depan pintu harus pindah. Sneddon (1996: 286) 3. Celana yang dibelinya kemarin terlalu kecil. Sneddon (1996: 286) The subject is identical to the head of the embedding noun phrase. The head noun has the relationship with the verb. For examples: 1. Orang yang membangun rumah saya. Sneddon (1996: 286) 2. Tanah yang sudah digarap. Sneddon (1996: 287) 3. Dokter yang kami telpon segera datang. Sneddon (1996: 287) 2) Topic Comment Relative Clauses Topic comment relative clauses are divided into possessor topic- comment relative clauses meaning whose and object topic-comment relative clauses.

35 23 Sneddon (1985) stated that in the possessor topic -comment relative clause, which is translated into whose in English, the subject of the relative clause is the thing possessed by the head noun. For examples: 1. Orang yang mobilnya dicuri. Sneddon (1996:289) 2. The person whose car was stolen. Sneddon (1996:289) 3. Gadis yang kamu kagumi kelembutannya itu. Sneddon (1996:289) 4. The girl whose gentleness was admired. Sneddon (1996:289) In the object relative clause, the head of the embedding phrase is identical to the object of the relative clause. For examples: 5. Sebuah lagu yang barangkali saudara akan menyukainya Sneddon (1996:289) 3) Prepositional Relative Clauses Sneddon (1996: 289) stated that the head of the embedding phrase is not identical to the subject (or topic) of the relative clause. It can be seen from th e examples below that a noun phrase whose head is rumah house. 1. Rumah yang di belakangnya ada pohon mangga. Sneddon (1996: 290) 2. The house behind which there is a mango tree. Sneddon (1996: 290) 3. Sebuah grup vokal yang di dalamnya Rima juga ikut Sneddon (1996) 4. A vocal goup in which Rima also participates. Sneddon (1996: 290) Preposition can occur at the beginning of the relative clause, immediately after yang. For examples: 1. Meja yang di atasnya tersedia makanan. Sneddon (1996: 290) 2. The table on which food is set. Sneddon (1996: 290)

36 24 3. Orang yang kepadanya saya mengirimkan surat. Sneddon (1996: 290) 4. The person I sent a letter to. Sneddon (1996: 290) 4) Locative Relative Clauses Locative relative clauses differ from other relative clauses in that they are not preceded by yang. For examples: 1. Pabrik tempat mereka bekerja tidak jauh dari sini. Sneddon (1996: 291) It is usually replaced by di mana in the present-day language: 2. Pabrik di mana mereka bekerja. Sneddon (1996: 291) The constructions with dari mana from where, from which and dalam mana which are becoming more common in journalistic style: 3. Pangkalan dari mana roket itu dilepaskan. Sneddon (1996: 291) Translation Shift Catford (1965) stated that shift is the departure from formal correspondence in the process from the SL into the TL. the translation shift is made to get the natural equivalent of the source text message into the target text (1965: 76). Catford (1965 ) divides the shift in translation into two major types, level/rank shift and category shift. Level/rank shift refers to a source language item at one linguistic level that has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. In other words, it is simply a shift from grammar to lexis. Category shift can be said as the departure from formal correspondence in translation. What is meant by formal correspondence is any grammatical category in the target language which can be said to occupy the same position in the system of the target language as the given source language category in the source language system.

37 25 Catford (1965 ) considers two kinds of shift: (1) Shift of level and (2) shift of category. 1. Level Shifts When a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level, it is called shift of level. Catford (1965) stated that cases of shifts from grammar to lexis are quite frequent in translation between languages. Level/rank shift can refer to a source language item at one linguistic level which has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. For example: Source Language My father is reading a newspaper Target Language Ayah saya sedang membaca koran From the examples above, it can be seen that a shift occurs from grammar to lexis in which the pattern be + V-ing (grammar) in the source language text is translated into the lexical item sedang in the target language. 2. Category Shifts Category shift can be said as the departure from formal correspondence in translation. What is meant by formal correspondence is any grammatical category in the target language which can be said to occupy the same position in the system of the target language as the given source language category in the source language system. The category shift is divided again into structure shifts, class shifts, unit shift, and intra-system shifts. Structure shift is the changing of words sequence in a sentence.

38 26 a. Structure Shifts The structure shift usually entails class-shifts. Structure shifts occur in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation. Structure shifts can occur at all ranks. Structure shifts are found at other ranks, for example, at group rank. Catford (19 65) stated that in translation between English and French, for instance, there is often a shift from MH (modifier+head) to (M) HQ ((modifier+) head + qualifier). For example: Great House Source Language Rumah besar Target Language Great house in the source language has the constituents of modifier (great) + head (house). Meanwhile, in the target language it becomes rumah besar which is constructed of head (rumah) + modifier (besar). b. Class Shifts Halliday stated that a class as that grouping of members of a given unit which is defined by operation in the structure of the unit next above. Class-shift can occur when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item. c. Intra-System Shifts Intra-system shift refers to the shift that occurs internally within the system; that is, for the cases where the source language and the target language possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target

39 27 language system. Intra-system shift can occur when a term is singular in the source language and its textual equivalent is plural. For example: Source Language Target Language Pens Pulpen The word pens in the source language is a plural form. It was translated into pulpen in the target language in a singular form. d. Unit Shifts Unit shift is the change in rank; that is, the departure from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language. Unit shifts include shifts from morpheme to word, word to phrase, clause to sentence, and vice versa. For example: a phrase shifts to a word Source Language Target Language The school Sekolah It can be seen from the text above that the phrase the school is translated into the word sekolah. There is a unit shift occuring in the translation above which is in lower rank.

40 Research Model English Relative Clause Found In The Good Earth And Its Translation Into Bumi Yang Subur English Relative Clause Indonesian Relative Clause Problem 1: What types of relative clauses are found in the novel The Good Earth and its translation? 1. English Relative Clause by Quirk (1985) 2. Indonesian Relative Clause by Sneddon (1996) Problem 2: What types of shifts of relative clauses occur in the translation of The Good Earth into Bumi yang Subur? 3. Translation Shift proposed by Catford (1965) Qualitative Approach Method Data Analysis Findings

41 29 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Approach This study used the qualitative approach to the data found in the novel The Good Earth and its translation Bumi yang Subur. The analysis started with the types of relative clauses found in the novel. It used the theory of the types of relative clauses proposed by Quirk (1985) and Sneddon (1996). It was continued to analyze the types of shifts occuring in translating the English relative clauses into Indonesan. This part used the theory of translations shift proposed by Catford (1965). 3.2 Research Location The research is conducted as long as the place supports the main facilities needed such as books, computers and pens. In order to get some data of relative clauses, the research was done in a library. Many references and sources of information could be found in the library. There were many previous studies on relative clauses that could be obtained in the library. The library is essential for collecting data on relative clauses. 3.3 Data Source The data source is the novel The Good Earth written by Pearl S. Buck. It was published by Pearl S. Buck, in September 2008 in England. The story is about Wang Lung s family who was very poor. The House of Hwang, a family of wealthy landowners, lived in the nearby town, where Wang Lung's future wife, O-Lan, lived as a slave. Wang Lung and his 29

42 30 family moved into town and rent the old House of Hwang. Wang Lung wanted peace, but there were always disputes especially between his first and second sons, and particularly their wives. 3.4 Research Instruments Research instrument was an important part of the process of this study in order to obtain valid and complete data. It was important to list (group) the data. The English relative clauses in the sentences are used as the data in this research. It was important as well to use ballpoint, paper and computer in collecting data. The instruments were used to collecting data from reading the English and Indonesian sources to when the types were written as well. The data are presented using tables and tree diagrams. 3.5 Method and Technique of Collecting Data The method of collecting data in this study was observation and documentary analysis. The observation method was applied to observe the entire data that contain English relative clauses in the source language and their translations in the target language. The techniques of collecting data were note taking, reading and observing. The process of collecting the data was by reading the entire novel to understand the story of the novel and to observe the possibility of the data that could be taken from this book. Firstly, the entire novels were read to find out the types of English relative clauses. After that, it was important to select the data based on the problems which were discussed in this study. The types of the relative