Chapter 5. The Roman Republic
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1 Chapter 5 The Roman Republic
2 The Geography of Italy 750 miles by about 120 miles Apennine Mountains Po Valley Rome Settlements near the mouth of the Tiber River Building on the seven hills Fourteen miles from the sea Tiber River
3 The Italian Peninsula The Etruscans Origins Dominated area between the Arno and the Tiber Etruria (modern Tuscany) Height of power in the 6 th century B.C. Decline, 480 B.C. Limited to Etruria by 400 B.C. The Greeks Colonization, B.C. Southern Italy Magna Graecia
4 The History of Rome Livy 1 st century B.C. historian Roman Monarchy, B.C. Rome founded, April 21, 753 B.C. Roman Republic, B.C. Early Republic, B.C. (Spielvogel, B.C.) Middle Republic, B.C. (Spielvogel, B.C.) Late Republic, B.C. Roman Empire, 31/27 B.C. 5 th century A.D. (about 476 A.D.)
5 Early Rome Romulus and Remus, 753 B.C. Influence of Etruscans Urbanism, town planning Transmission of the Alphabet Monarchy, Senate Dress Military
6 The Roman Monarchy, B.C. 1 st King Romulus 6 Kings after him Advised by a Senate Last King, Tarquin the Proud, was deposed His son s rape of Roman noblewoman Lucretia Foundation of the Republic Latin Res Publica, public property, commonwealth
7 The Roman Republic, 509 B.C. 31 B.C. Patricians (aristocrats) Oldest and noblest Roman families A fraction of the society Plebeians (commoners) The 2 Orders
8 The Roman State Spielvogel, pp Describe the branches of government in the Roman Republic What were the offices in the Roman Republic? What were the specific roles and jurisdictions? Who could hold office? For how long? How does the Roman Republican system of government compare to the U.S. government?
9 The Struggle of the Orders Spielvogel, pp What were the Orders? What was the Struggle? How did the Roman constitution change to address the issues in this struggle? When?
10 The Roman Constitution Two consuls Patricians imperium Praetors Patricians Imperium Annuality and Collegiality Senate 300 men serving for life (Patricians) Assemblies Comitia centuriata (Roman army) Concilium plebis (Plebeian assembly) Comitia tributa (Tribal assembly) Lictors with Fasces
11 The Roman Constitution Quaestors Aediles Course of Offices Provincial Governors Pro Consuls and Pro Praetors Censors 2 elected every 5 years Dictator Cincinnatus Saves Rome, Spielvogel, p. 113
12 Key principles of the U.S. & Roman Constitutions U.S. Government: Separation of powers assignment of law making, law interpreting and law executing functions to different branches of government Checks and balances the power of scrutiny and control of each branch over the other two branches of government Republicanism not classical democracy, but based on representation, calibrated popular input Federalism two levels of government, with central government supreme Roman Republic Collegiality Annuality Republicanism
13 The Struggle of the Orders Tribunes, 494 B.C. 10 tribunes per year, 1 year term Highest Plebeian officials Plebeian Assembly, 471 B.C. Pass own laws, Plebscites Twelve Tables of Law, 450 B.C. Decemviri (ten men) Spielvogel, p. 112 Canuleian law, 445 B.C. Intermarriage between Patricians and Plebeians Licinian Sextian laws, 367 B.C. One consul must be a plebeian, 342 B.C. Hortensian law, 287 B.C. Laws passed in Plebeian Assembly are binding on all Romans Later copy of one of the Twelve Tables
14 The Struggle of the Orders What was the result of the Struggle of the Orders? The Struggle of the Orders resulted in a Rome stronger and better united than before It ended with a new concept of Roman citizenship: All citizens shared equally under the law All could aspire to the highest political offices Patrician or Plebeian, rich or poor, Roman citizenship was equal for all How does the evolution of the Roman Constitution differ from the evolution of politics in Greece? SPQR= Senate (Patricians) and the People (Plebeians) of Rome
15 The Roman Conquest of Italy Took 200 years Samnite Wars, B.C. Revolt of Latium, B.C. Defeated Greek city states to the south Pyrrhic War, B.C. Granted full or partial Roman citizenship Tax and legal benefits Developed loyalty in conquered Italian areas
16 The Roman Army Soldier citizens Abandoned phalanx idea By 250 B.C., soldiers fought in small units of about one hundred men (centuries) under the command of a centurian (elected) Light armor and oblong shields Centuries combined into legions of about four thousand men.
17 The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean, B.C. The Struggle with Carthage Interest in Sicily 3 Punic Wars: B.C. First Punic War, B.C. Second Punic War, B.C. Third Punic War, B.C.
18 The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean, B.C. First Punic War, B.C. By 256 B.C. Rome built and 500 warships manned by 250,000 men New naval engagement strategy with corvus (gangplank) Navy lost in a bad storm What did Rome do? Why the Romans always won: They were prepared to spend as much money as needed They were prepared to sacrifice as many troops as needed They stuck it out for as long as it took
19 The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean, B.C. Second Punic War, B.C. Hannibal Battle of Cannae 216 B.C. Battle of Zama 202 B.C. Scipio Africanus Third Punic War, B.C. Scipio Aemilianus Appian, Roman History, Spielvogel p. 117
20 Greece The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean, B.C. Macedonia 4 Macedonian Wars Seleucids of Syria brought into the conflict Sack of Corinth in 146 B.C.
21 The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean, B.C. By 146 B.C., Rome emerged as the dominant power in the whole Mediterranean Overseas provinces included: Sicily Sardinia Corsica Macedonia Africa Spain shortly afterwards Asia Minor and southern Gaul Pergamum in 133 BC when Attalus III bequeathed kingdom to Rome
22 The Roman Provincial System Provincial Governor Proconsuls and Propraetors If accused of abuses, tried in the Senate Tax collection Publicani
23 The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean, B.C. The Nature of Roman Imperialism No master plan Opportunistic Expansionism Greed Now it was time to unify the whole region in the Roman Empire But at precisely this moment, the new policeman of the world fell victim to Internal disorder Corruption Revolution
24 Society and Culture in the Roman Republic Religion Animism Pantheon of gods Adapted Greek myths to the Roman pantheon Vestal Virgins: Spielvogel, p. 119 Domestic Spirits: Lars Penates Human dependency Ritual Religious festivals
25 Education The Importance of Rhetoric Rhetoric art of persuasive speaking Professional teachers Greek Influence Schoolmaster and Pupils Portrait of a husband and wife, wall painting from Pompeii, Italy, ca CE. Approx x 1 8 1/2.
26 The Growth of Slavery Conquests increased the number of slaves Slaves constituted as much as 40% of the population Piracy source Conditions were poor Children of slaves Occupations Latifundia Slave law Slaves took jobs from the plebs so plebs were given food and other benefits Romans feared slave uprisings: Rebellion in Sicily, B.C. Spartacus rebellion, 73 B.C.
27 The Roman Family Paterfamilias Arranged marriages Divorce Women Roman respect for ancestors Upper class Romans had 3 names personal name gens =kinship group middle name family name Example: Gaius Julius Caesar Daughters
28 Literature The Development of Literature and Art Plautus (c B.C.) Terence ( B.C.) Panaetius of Rhodes (c B.C.) Hellenistic style of art Architecture and sculpture
29 Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic ( B.C.) Background: Social, Economic, and Political Problems Equites (equestrians) [Business class] The Impact of War and Conquest Service changed from 2 to 6 years Disappearance of independent farmers Latfundia Tenant farmers and slaves Urban mob Landless families and the crisis of recruitment
30 The Gracchus Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, grandsons of Scipio Africanus Tiberius Gracchus, Tribune in 133 B.C. Advocated land reform: Redistribute public land, limiting the size of farms Settle the farms with retired soldiers and urban poor Reduce the need for slave labor (and therefore reduce the threat of slave rebellions) Reforms passed in Plebeian Assembly Stood for election again in 132 B.C. Assassinated on election day along with 300 supporters
31 The Gracchus Brothers Gaius Gracchus Tribune, B.C. Supported by Equites 3000 supporters were killed on election day, 121 B.C. Gaius chose suicide to avoid being arrested Did they make the situation better or worse? Rome polarized: Populares and Optimates
32 Marius and the New Roman Army Marius ( B.C.) Consul 107, B.C. Battle against Jugurtha in North Africa Instead of farmer soldier, recruitment of volunteers from urban and rural proletariat Bettering selves through pay, loot, promotion, grants of land or money Oath of loyalty to the general Army commanders turn into warlords
33 The Role of Sulla ( B.C.) Marius deputy in the Social War, B.C. Consul, 88 B.C. General in war in Anatolia against Mithridates IV Dictator B.C. Power back to the senate Elimination of powers of popular assemblies and tribunes of the plebs Epitaph, No man had ever done more good to his friends or more harm to his enemies
34 The Death of the Republic Crassus (c B.C.) Ended slave revolt led by Spartacus Pompey ( B.C.) Rid the Mediterranean of pirates Defeated Seleucid ruler and captured Jerusalem in 63 B.C. Elected consul with Crassus, 70 B.C. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( B.C.) Consul, 63 B.C. Concord of the orders Pompey
35 The Death of the Republic: The Rise of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar ( B.C.) From an old Patrician family 1 st Triumvirate, 59 B.C. Coalition of 3 men Caesar, Pompey, Crassus Caesar s Command in Gaul
36 The Death of the Republic: Caesar vs. Pompey Crossing the Rubicon River, 49 B.C. Civil War, Caesar vs. Pompey (Crassus had died in 52 B.C.) Battle of Pharsalus, 48 B.C. Pompey fled to Egypt King Ptolemy XIII Caesar and Cleopatra Cleopatra VII, B.C. Reigned B.C. with Ptolemy XIV Visits Rome with Caesar, B.C. Reigned 45 B.C. with Ptolemy XV Caesar (Caesarion)
37 The Death of the Republic: The Reforms of Caesar Settled 80,000 poor Romans in provincial colonies Set up new colonies in Spain, Gaul, Greece, and Africa Handed out subsidized grain to Rome s poor Initiated huge building program at Rome Replaced lunar calendar with the Egyptian calendar (known after him as the Julian Calendar)
38 The Assassination of Caesar Caesar ruled as Dictator, B.C. Assassinated, March 15, 44 B.C. Conspiracy of Senators led by Brutus and Cassius Spielvogel, p. 131: Plutarch, Life of Caesar Judging from Plutarch s description, what lessons did classical historians intend their readers to take away from retellings of great and dramatic political events? What does this account of Julius Caesar s assassination reveal about his character?
39 Octavian Gaius Octavianus (known as Octavian), 63 B.C. 14 A.D. Grandnephew of Caesar Adopted as Caesar s son in his will >>Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Second Triumvirate Mark Antony Marcus Lepidus Octavian Mark Antony joins Octavian to defeat Cassius and Brutus (Caesar s assassins) Battle of Philippi, 42 B.C.
40 The Death of the Republic: Octavian and Antony Division of the Roman World between Octavian and Antony rules the West rules the East Who got the better half? Octavian defeats Antony at Actium, 31 B.C. Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
41 Literature of the Late Republic Catullus (c B.C) Lucretius (c B.C.) On the Nature of the Universe Cicero ( B.C.) On the Laws On the Republic Sallust (86 35 B.C.) War with Jugurtha War with Cataline Julius Caesar Commentaries on the Gallic War
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