LOCAL AND REGIONAL INITIATIVES TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSIONS:

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1 LOCAL AND REGIONAL INITIATIVES TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSIONS: A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH Professor Paul Fleming Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development De Montfort University Leicester

2 POLICY International Targets, Kyoto National Targets Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution Energy White Paper Regional Targets East Midlands Strategy Local Targets 50% reduction of CO 2 at 1990 levels, by 2025

3 LOCAL AND REGIONAL Local Government Association - Energy Hierarchy Reduce the need for energy Use energy more efficiently Use renewable energy supply Fossil fuels to be used efficiently (combined heat and power) Community Leadership and Climate Change Guidelines for chief executives Leading the Way Sustainable Development Commission Low carbon Spaces dcarb-uk

4 INTERNATIONAL Local Authorities are achieving deep cuts Municipal leaders summits Toronto Johannesburg International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI.org) Energy Cities (Energy-cites.org)

5 CLIMATE CHANGE Adaptation Manage the more severe winters, erratic rainfall and higher summer temperatures. Mitigation Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving energy efficiency and using more renewable energy resources.

6 ADAPTATION Buildings, infrastructure etc Higher summer temperature Lower winter temperature More floods More high winds Standards for new developments?

7 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, based on Kyoto Basket of Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Hydrofluorocarbons Perfluorocarbons Sulphur hexafluoride

8 EAST MIDLANDS EMISSIONS BY GAS tonnes of gas kt CO 2 equivalent Carbon dioxide 13,868 kt carbon 50,848 Methane 210 kt CH 4 4,414 Nitrous oxide 9,324 t N 2 O 2,890 Hydrofluorocarbons t HFC 727 Perfluorocarbons 4.2 t PFC 29 Sulphur hexafluoride 6.2 t SF Total emissions 59,058

9 GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS Power stations, refineries, and other combustion in energy production and transformation Domestic, commercial, public and agricultural combustion 3,341 1, ,493 2,012 1,716 28,577 Industrial combustion including iron and steel Industry production processes, including HFC, PFC, and SF6 sources Coal mines, gas leakage, and offshore oil and gas Road transport combustion 4,137 8,304 Other transport and mobile machinery (off-road sources, military, railways, shipping, civil aircraft) Landfill, and other waste treatment and disposal Agriculture, forestry and land use change, including enteric fermentation, animal wastes and non-livestock agriculture

10 GREENHOUSE GASES 4.89% 1.23% 0.25% 0.05% 7.47% Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs PFCs SF %

11 ENERGY RELATED EMISSIONS 11% Energy Related green house gas emissions (kt CO2 emissions) Other Greenhouse gas emissions 89%

12 DATA SOURCES National Data Regional and Local Data Utilities Environment Agency Local Authority Other Limited Local Data Available Post code database?

13 ACTION TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES Carbon Dioxide is most significant gas Use less energy Use more renewable energy Wind to generate electricity Solar to generate electricity, heat water, heat air Biomass (wood) for heat and electricity Wave and tidal for electricity Purchase renewable generated electricity

14 Combined Heat and Power St Andrew s CHP Station ENERGY SUPPLY

15 RENEWABLE ENERGY Cossington Street Swimming Pool Solar Thermal with evacuated tubes 1995

16 Hockerton Housing Project DOMESTIC - RURAL

17 DOMESTIC - URBAN

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19 Beacon Energy NON DOMESTIC

20 Brockshill Environment Centre NON DOMESTIC

21 LEICESTER CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY Three key recommendations, 1. Establish company to deliver large scale energy reductions 2. Establish standards for new buildings 3. Engage with the public Changing behaviour Information Engagement

22 HOW Strong political support and commitment Strong technical knowledge Strong environmental knowledge

23 TECHNOLOGY EXISTS Energy Efficiency is boring Standards? Vested interests on the supply side Disparate voices on the demand side Voluntary non statutory No shortage of information

24 NON TECHNICAL BARRIERS How do you overcome non-technical barriers? How do you implement energy efficiency improvements? How do you implement renewable energy systems? Attitudes and behaviour Decision Makers Public Dialogue

25 BENEFITS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY Multiple benefits - energy -CO 2 emissions -comfort - businesses more competitive - quality of life

26 LOCAL AUTHORITIES Local Authority type Typical, annual tonnes CO 2 Corporate Community County Councils Metropolitan boroughs, Unitaries 30,000 10,000,000 30,000 1,000,000 District councils 3, ,000

27 DEEP CUTS Difficult to measure LA progress Most measures are small scale Need major resources Where are the resources? Utilities? Combined heat and power? Government? Innovative finance The ~5% successful authorities have found the resources to implement measures on a large scale

28 CITY-WIDE MONITORING Energy, waste, transport Emissions factors Growth in homes and businesses Models and evaluation Which model How good is the data?

29 BUILDINGS Half-hourly electricity, gas and water meters Feedback to building users Training courses Used in school curriculum

30 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

31 16/12/ WATER half hourly Daily water consumption 04/12/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /02/ /03/ /03/ /04/ /04/ /05/ /05/ /06/ /06/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /08/ /08/ /09/ /09/ /10/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /11/ /11/ /08/ /09/ /09/ /10/ /10/2003

32 CAN TARGETS BE MET? Resources Support Innovative Finance Framework (non statutory) Complex Multi disciplinary Partnership Businesses Community

33 PARTNERSHIP Can t do it alone Regional, national, European and international networks Local Strategic Partnerships Key local stakeholders Training Data and models to evaluate success Best practice guidance Inter disciplinary

34 WHY REDUCE EMSSIONS? Climate Change Creating Jobs Reducing fuel poverty Quality of life

35 MDG 7 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Working with young people Engage in science engineering of environmental sustainability Renewable energy supply Low energy buildings Design, build and use have fun!

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37 GLOBAL VILLAGE 2006 International Falcon Movement Woodcraft Folk in the UK Millennium Development Goals

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66 THE CHALLENGE Deep cuts in greenhouse gases Deep cuts in carbon dioxide Deep cuts in energy use Insulation Heating system Heating control Travel Waste Purchasing Renewable energy

67 WAY FORWARD Comprehensive Across all departments, plan wider community Wide ownership, chief officer, members, local stakeholders Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions Best estimate Public Engagement Young people Action to reduce key emissions renewables energy efficiency transport waste advice/information/education ongoing monitoring need for government action regulations, data Promote successes examples of best practice