SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN SHREK MOVIE SCRIPT ANALISIS TINDAK TUTUR PADA TOKOH UTAMA DI DALAM NASKAH FILM SHREK

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1 SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN SHREK MOVIE SCRIPT ANALISIS TINDAK TUTUR PADA TOKOH UTAMA DI DALAM NASKAH FILM SHREK Fifin Dwi Isnawati, Syamsul Anam, dan Sabta Diana Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Jember Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember ABSTRACT In the study of language, what people do by saying something is called speech acts. Speech acts is not only found in everyday life but also in the film. This research concerns with speech acts produced by the main character in Shrek movie script. The aims of this research are to describe the types of speech acts and to analyze the most dominant speech acts produced by the main character. Besides, the aim of this research is also to know and describe the purposes of Shrek as the main character to use speech acts. The objects of this research are texts in the form of movie script. Austin s (1962) theory of speech acts is applied in this research as the major theory. The types of research in this study are qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is applied to analyze the data in the form of the text. Quantitative research is used to count the member of speech acts used by Shrek to conclude which types of speech acts is dominantly used. There are 50 utterances to be analyzed. The result of this research shows that the four types of speech acts produced by Shrek are directives, representatives, expressives, and commissives. This study shows that the dominant speech acts used is directives. It reaches 44%. It indicates that Shrek uses directives because he wants to make the hearer do something. Besides, Shrek also wants to be admitted by the people that he is actually a kind ogre. Keywords: directives, Shrek, speech acts, types of speech acts.. ABSTRAK Dalam ilmu bahasa, apa yang dilakukan seseorang melalui ucapannya disebut tindak tutur. Tindak tutur tidak hanya ditemukan di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari tetapi juga di dalam sebuah film. Penelitian ini merujuk pada tindak tutur yang digunakan oleh tokoh utama di dalam naskah film Shrek. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjabarkan tipe-tipe tindak tutur dan untuk menganalisa tipe tindak tutur yang paling dominan digunakan oleh tokoh utama. Selain itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah juga untuk mengetahui dan menjabarkan tujuan Shrek sebagai tokoh utama dalam menggunakan tindak tutur. Objek dari penelitian ini adalah teks dalam bentuk naskah film. Teori tindak tutur oleh Austin (1962) digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebagai teori utama. Tipe penelitian di penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Penelitian kualitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis data dalam bentuk teks. Penelitian kuantitatif digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah tindak tutur yang digunakan oleh Shrek untuk menyimpulkan tindak tutur mana yang paling dominan dipakai. Ada 50 tutur kata yang dianalisis. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat tipe tindak tutur yang digunakan oleh Shrek: directives, representatives, expressives, dan commissives. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tindak tutur yang paling dominan digunakan adalah directives. Tipe ini mencapai 44%. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa Shrek menggunakan directives karena dia ingin membuat pendengarnya melakukan sesuatu. Selain itu, Shrek juga ingin diakui oleh orang-orang bahwa dia sebenarnya adalah raksasa yang baik. Kata kunci: directives, Shrek, tindak tutur, tipe-tipe tindak tutur. Fakultas Sastra Universitas Jember 60

2 1. Introduction Language is one of the most important part in social environment. People also use language as a tool to do things. In the study of language, what people do by saying words is called speech acts. Speech acts is the study which deals with how to do things with words. Austin (cited in Levinson 1983: 236) suggests that in uttering a sentence, a speaker is generally involved in three different acts: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Related to the Austin s theory of speech acts and the three elements of act utterances above, this research analyzes speech acts of the main character in Shrek movie script. Shrek is one of the famous animation films in 2001 and also a film that presents speech acts as a language phenomenon. The main character in this movie is Shrek as an Ogre who is frightened by people. Shrek s utterances are chosen in this research because Shrek has a communicative purposes expressed in his utterances. Normally, speech acts can be found in conversation. The conversation in the movie can be a good example of speech acts because it represents the complex case of speech acts in order to find out what the main character do by saying something. In this case, a script of a movie is an essential part in a movie because the script contains the dialogues spoken by the characters on the film. This study uses movie script as the object of the study because movie script is full of conversations. Therefore, Shrek movie script is chosen as the object of the research. This fact becomes one of the reasons that makes the phenomena of speech acts are interesting to discuss in this article. This article will focus on the analysis of speech acts that is used by Shrek in Shrek movie script. Besides, the aim of this article is to try to explore the purposes why Shrek using speech acts in his utterances. In accordance with those phenomena, the research questions are formulated as follows: 1. What types of speech acts are found in Shrek movie script produced by the main character? 2. Which are the most dominant speech acts frequently used by the main character in Shrek movie script? 3. What are the purposes of Shrek as the main character using speech acts? Concerning with the problems to discuss, this research has three goals. They are: 1. To describe the types of speech acts which are produced by the main characters in Shrek movie script. 2. To explain and analyze the most dominant speech acts produced by the main character in Shrek movie script. 3. To know and describe the purposes of Shrek as the main character to use speech acts. 2. Research Method The study applies both qualitative and quantitative method to analyze the data. Qualitative research is applied to analyze the data in the form of the text in the movie script and quantitative research is used to count the percentage of speech acts used by Shrek to conclude which speech acts is dominantly used. Furthermore, the technique of data collection in this research is documentary study. This research applies a documentary study because the data is in the form of document or written text. Denscombe (2007:230) argues that documents can be obtained from the internet such as website pages, home pages, or and they can be treated like online documents. In this study, the data are taken from the official website of movie script There are 246 utterances produced by the main character in Shrek movie script. Here, simple random sampling is used as a sampling strategy in this study to choose the utterances of the main character randomly. In this case, there are only 50 utterances of the total number of utterances that will be analysed. In this research, descriptive, statistical, and interpretative techniques are used as the technique of the data analysis. The descriptive technique is used to analyse the speech acts produced by the main character in Shrek movie script by applying the theory of speech acts proposed by Austin. After that, the statistical method is used to classify and count the utterances produced by the main character to know the percentage of the most dominant speech acts used. Last, the interpretative method is used to interpret the purposes of the main character using speech acts according to Searle s theory of the types of speech acts and the context of situation theory proposed by Halliday. Later, the findings are discussed by relating those findings to the goals of the study. Last, the conclusions of the study are drawn. Fakultas Sastra Universitas Jember 61

3 3. Result There are 50 utterances and all utterances are categorized on table below: Rank The types of speech acts Quantity Percentage 1 Directives % 2 Representatives % 3 Expressives % 4 Commissives % Total % This table shows the percentage of types of speech acts used by Shrek. The result of the analysis of speech acts shows that the highest of speech acts produced by Shrek is Directives, 44%. Representatives and Expressives respectively follow directives with the percentage 31% and 16%. The lowest speech acts is commissives with the percentage 9%. 4. Discussion The result of the analysis shows that Shrek in the movie tends to use four types of speech acts. They are directives, representatives, expressive, and also commissives. a. Directives The analysis illustrates that Shrek in the movie tends to use directives than the other types of speech acts. As Yule (1996:54) stated that directives are kinds of speech acts that the speakers use to get someone else to do something. In this case, Shrek uses a variety of acts that belong to directives. They are 6 utterances of warning, 5 utterances of ordering, 4 utterances of asking, 2 utterances of allusion, 1 utterance of supporting, 1 utterance of reminding, 1 utterance of offering, 1 utterance of agreeing, and 1 utterance of forbidding. Related the story, Shrek tends to use directives because he wants to make the hearer do something. Shrek uses this kind of acts because he wants to express what he really wants. The analysis finds that Shrek uses some act of warning more often than other acts because Shrek has a trouble with his physical appearance. Related to the theory of speech acts, Shrek uses some acts of warning because he is not confident with his physical appearance. That s why he often uses some acts of warning to chase away the people who try to catch him. b. Representatives Representatives are also found in this analysis because Shrek also tries to represent a situation or condition which can be assumed as truth or falsity. It consists of 9 utterances of asserting, 4 utterances of stating, 1 utterance of concluding, and 1 utterance of informing. Yule (1996:53) explained that representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. Shrek uses representatives to represent a situation or condition that can be assumed as a truth or falsity. In this case, the most dominant act uses by Shrek is asserting form. Shrek uses asserting to emphasize to the truth of expressed proposition. From the analysis, I find that Shrek uses some acts that belong to representatives are to state or express his beliefs and the truth. c. Expressives Expressives are also found in this analysis. Shrek uses expressives in order to represent psychological expression. Shrek uses this kind of speech acts to state what he really feels. As Yule (1996:53) argued that expressive are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. In this movie, Shrek uses some kinds of acts that belong to expressive. There are 8 utterances that belong to expressive. It consists of 2 utterances belonging to the expression of disappointment, 1 utterances belonging to the expression of fury, 1 utterance of protesting, 1 utterance of dislike, 1 utterance belonging to the expression of indifference, 1 utterance of sharing, and 1 utterance of apologizing. Shrek uses expressive form to represent his psychological expression. Related to the story, he expresses his feelings to Donkey who knows there is a problem with Shrek. Donkey knows that Shrek actually is against himself to face the world. Donkey tries to explain that he is not like other people who judges Shrek before they know him. Here, Shrek explains what he really feels when he sees other people. Shrek tells all of his feeling to Donkey. It can be concluded that Shrek uses expressive to represent his feelings or his emotions. d. Commissives The least speech acts is commissives. As Yule (1996:54) stated that commissives are those Fakultas Sastra Universitas Jember 62

4 kinds of speech acts that the speakers use to commit themselves to some future course of action. In this case, Shrek uses these kinds of speech acts because he wants to perform an action in the future. It consists of 2 utterances of threatening, 2 utterances of promising, and 1 utterance of refusing. Therefore, the total number of commisives is 5 utterances. Shrek uses commissives as the least speech acts used to commit the speaker to some future course of action and express what the speaker intends. Shrek uses an act of threatening more often. Related to the story, Shrek tries to chase away the villagers who want to catch him. They came to Shrek s house with a kind of weapons to catch Shrek. Shrek tries to chase away them by using an act of threatening. In this case, Shrek uses commissives because he wants to perform an action in the future. Shrek uses the act of threatening to show that he is a frightening ogre who can kill them easily even in fact he will not do that because he is actually a kind ogre. 5. Conclusion and Suggestion Based on the analysis and the results, it can be concluded that the main character used four kinds of speech acts. The four speech acts that is used are directives, representatives, expressive, and commissives. Directives produces by Shrek because he wants to get the addressee to do something by uttering his utterances. Shrek also produced representatives because he wants to express clearly the truth of proposition by his utterances. Shrek uses expressivess in his utterances because he wants to represent the psychological expression. The last speech acts that is used by Shrek is commissives. Shrek uses commissives because he wants to perform an action in the future. Besides, the researcher also finds that the most dominant speech acts that is used by the main character in Shrek movie script. It is found that the most dominant speech acts used is directives. There are 22 utterances from 50 utterances that belong to directives. It is about 44% of the total percentage of the utterances. It means that the main character often produces directives than the other speech acts. The analysis shows that the purposes of Shrek as the main character using speech acts are various according to what types of speech acts he produces. It also relates to the story in the movie. From the analysis, it is found that Shrek tends to use directives because he wants to express what he really wants. The analysis shows that Shrek uses some acts of warning more often than other acts because he is not confident with his psychical appearance. He uses some acts of warning to hide his unconfident by ignoring the people who want be his friends. The purpose why Shrek uses representatives because he wants to represent a situation or condition that can be assumed as truth or falsity. In this case, Shrek uses some acts of asserting more often than other act because he wants to explain what he really knows. Related to the story, Shrek uses asserting act to state all about Lord Farquaad. He wants to state the motives of Lord Farquaad marries Princess Fiona. Shrek also uses expressive because he wants to represent his feelings or to express psychological statement. It makes him represent his feelings and emotions. Related to the story, Shrek uses expressives to express his pressure in his life. He feels that the people always treat him badly. The people always judge him before they know him. The last, commissives is used by Shrek because he wants to commit himself to some future course of action. In this case, Shrek uses some acts of threatening more often that other acts because he wants to chase away the people who will kill him. This shows that the types of speech acts determine the reasons of Shrek uses speech acts in his utterances. Finally, the researcher hopes that this research will give a contribution to the readers a better understanding of speech acts, and can be an additional reference for those who are interested in learning more about speech acts and also in making further study on similar topic. The researcher hopes that other researchers will be able to continue this study in order to enrich pragmatics researches. References Books: Austin, J. L How to do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Denscombe, M The Good Research Guide: for small-scale social research projects. New York: Open University Press. Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Fakultas Sastra Universitas Jember 63

5 Social-Semiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levinson, S. C Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Searle, J.R Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Universitas Jember Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Edisi Ketiga. Jember: Universitas Jember. Yule, G Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Internet [2013, October 17 th ] Fakultas Sastra Universitas Jember 64