Basics of Real Time 3D Echocardiography
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1 Basics of Real Time 3D Echocardiography J.S. McGhie W.B. Vletter F. Meijboom R. Frowijn H. Van de Zwaan No disclosures
2 Outline Image aquisition and manipulation Introduction 3D imaging Data set manipulation
3 Outline Image aquisition and manipulation Introduction 3D imaging Data set manipulation
4 Ultrasound imaging modalities in Cardiology
5 xmatrix array technology utilizes 2400 fully-sampled elements for 360-degree focusing and steering xmatrix X3-1 transducer
6 RT3DE transducers ie33 Purewave technology wider bandwith higher sensitivity X3-1 X7-2 X7-2t 24 x 15 TTE adult >20 kg TTE pediatric <20 kg 24 x 20 TEE adult 24 x 15 Footprint 15 x 24mm Footprint 15 x 20mm
7 Image aquisition and manipulation Outline Introduction 3D imaging Data set manipulation
8 3D Echo Protocol Imaging modes LIVE 3D small sector - thin slice acquisition zoom mode (enlargement of a subsegment of this sector) xplane (lateral tilt image)
9 3D Echo Protocol Imaging modes LIVE 3D small sector - thin slice acquisition zoom mode (enlargement of a sub segment of this sector) xplane (lateral tilt image)
10 Small sector Thin slice mode The current display format suffers from attempting to show 3D images on a 2D display
11 Small sector Thin slice mode Real-time datase (sector 30 x 60 ) Full-volume dataset not real-time (sector 101 x 104 )
12 LIVE 3D 3D Echo Protocol Imaging modes small sector- thin slice acquisition zoom mode (enlargement of a subsegment of this sector) xplane (lateral tilt image)
13 LIVE 3D Zoom mode (TEE)
14 LIVE 3D Zoom mode (TEE)
15 LIVE 3D 3D Echo Protocol Imaging modes small sector- thin slice acquisition zoom mode (enlargement of a subsegment of this sector) xplane (lateral tilt 2D image)
16 xplane (a cross section and its orthogonal plane)
17 xplane (a cross section and its orthogonal plane) Lateral tilting
18 2D to 3D full volume
19 Full Volume not real-time multiple subvolumes are necessary because of limited maximal scan sector Maximal pyramidal dimensions X7: 92 x 83 X4: 84 x 84 X3-1: 101 x 104
20 3D Echo Protocol: Full Volume Patient and machine preparation 1. Good ECG signal with clear R-wave (3D Full volume triggering) 2. Adjust machine settings (follow the rules as for 2D) for the best 3D resolution: Harmonics fundamental, adjust gain setting (clear blood-tissue border - minimize noise) Region of interest between the dotted lines Minimize sector ( angle, depth, density) Maximise number of subvolumes Increase overall gain before recording
21 3D aquisition work flow
22 3D aquisition work flow: Gainsetting Overall gain TGC
23 3D Analysis Cardiac Function Cardiac morpholgy
24 Image optimisation for the LV and RV Priority: Good quality 2D image Frame rate as high as possible - acquisition beats: 7 - optimise depth setting Complete ventricle in dataset - optimise density setting Extreem dilatation - acquisition beats: 5 (wide angle) - notice: drop in frame rate
25 Frame Rate 3D Volume Data Set Ultrasound speed : 1500 m/sec Depth of 16cm : transmitting + receiving time : 220 micro sec 2D ( 90 scanlines ) requires 19,8 msec FR : 50 Hz 3D ( 2400 scanlines ) requires 528 msec FR : 1,9 Hz How to improve the frame rate Receive multiple beams for each transmit event (parallel processing) Decrease image size either laterally or in depth Acquire data over multiple cardiac cycles ( 4 7 ) and build a composite volume data set
26 Depth: frame rate 35 Hz Depth 13 cm 30 Hz Depth 16 cm
27 Number of subvolumes frame rate 20 Hz 35 Hz
28 Wide angle frame rate 35 Hz 18 Hz Wide angle
29 Subvolumes Reasons to use less subvolumes Arrhythmias / severe bradycardia Breathhold problems Big heart: use wide angle / 5 subvolumes
30 Line density frame rate 35 Hz Low 35 Hz High
31 Line density sector size High density Low density
32 2D images within the 3D data set Multiplane reconstruction
33 What do I trace? Endocardial boarder detection using contrast
34 LV volume and ejection fraction
35 Echo drop out in full volume data set Sometimes unavoidable!
36 2D: RV view before RT3DE acquisition Apical four-chamber view Laterally modified apical four-chamber view
37 Full volume RT3DE RV: acquisition dataset RV volumes and ejection fraction. For the first time possible with echo!
38 What do I trace? RV endocardial boarder detection using contrast
39 Real-time 3D echo: analyse
40 3D Analysis Cardiac Function Cardiac morpholgy
41 Dotted lines: ROI = mitral valve 90º Bi-plane view mitral valve
42 Normal Mitral Valve
43 Resolution: the best plane? Dimension Axial Lateral Elevation Resolution Best Medium Least ~0.5 mm ~3.0 mm ~2.5 mm
44 Ultrasound beam perpendicular to ROI
45 Full Volume Colour Parasternal LAX Parasternal SAX MV seen from the LA
46 3D Echo pitfalls: stitching artifact
47 3D Full volume data set Multiple subvolumes Increased chance of artefact One - shot
48 Enface view IAS:seen from LA Drop-out Fossa Ovalis 3D Echo pitfalls: drop out
49 Image aquisition and manipulation Outline Introduction Tips and tricks for an optimal 3D data set Data set manipulation
50 3D Multiplane reconstruction: 4Fallot The ability to move through a 3D dataset in any 2D image plane Interogate the data set on or of-line Allows precise identification and localization of abnormalities Allows quantification.
51 3D analysis the crop-box
52 3D analysis the crop-box
53 Crop till you Drop!!!
54 X5-1: the all in one transducer 2D imaging 2D colour Doppler PW and CW Doppler + 3D imaging Live 3D imaging and colour Live 3D zoom Full volume imaging and colour
55 2D imaging S5-1 X3-1 X5-1
56 3D imaging X3-1 X5-1
57 Conclusions: Image acquisition and manipulation In 3D the cardiac structures are shown in relationship to each other in all three spacial dimensions The cardiac structures can be rotated or viewed from different orientations The ability to move through a 3D data set in any 2D image plane allows better appreciation of cardiac anatomy in complex structural heart disease. 3D images are more intuitive than 2D images allowing quicker appreciation of cardiac anatomy by other health care workers. The clinical role of 3d echocardiography will continue to evolve as technology advances
58 Conclusions: Image acquisition and manipulation But remember : The limitations of 2D are also true for 3D echo 3D echo is not a stand-alone feature, but should be used next to / on top of other echo modalities.
59 Overall gain
60 Overall gain
61 Source: SA of the Heart: Wilcock/Cook/Anderson Left A-V Valve
62 Aortic valve en-face view from Aorta Bicuspid Ao Valve
63 Normal Tricupid Valve From RV
64 Normal Pulmonary Valve Only the closure line of PV is visible! Dynamic RVOT during the cardiac cycle
65 3D reconstruction: atrial septal defect ASD enface view : a dynamic structure
66 3D reconstruction: VSD by 4Fallot(baby) En face VSD from LV En face VSD from RV
67 TEE: Enface view of the IAS ASD II-SVC-Aorta En face view LA: Device insitu
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