Principles of Medical Ultrasound. Pai-Chi Li Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University
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1 Principles of Medical Ultrasound Pai-Chi Li Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University
2 What is Medical Ultrasound? Prevention: actions taken to avoid diseases. Diagnosis: the process of identifying a disease by its signs, symptoms and results of various diagnostic procedures. Treatment: care by procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury.
3 Diagnosis
4 Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example Heart attack: Coronary artery disease, blockage of blood supply to the myocardium.
5 Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example Plaque: A gradual buildup of fat (cholesterol) within the artery wall.
6 Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example Symptoms: Chest pressure with stress, heart burn, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, heavy sweating. Chest pain, heart attack, arrhythmias.
7 Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example Diagnosis: Prehospital electrocardiography (ECG). Continuous/serial ECG. Exercise stress ECG. Biochemical tests and biomarkers. Sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging. Echocardiography. Computer-based decision aids.
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11 Doppler Tissue Imaging
12 Doppler Tissue Imaging Integration in time Derivation in space Integration in time
13 Doppler Tissue Imaging
14 Treatment
15 Controlled Ultrasound Tissue Erosion Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).
16 Ultrasound Cardiac Ablation
17 Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example Treatment: Angioplasty. Stent implantation. Atherectomy. Coronary bypass surgery. Intravascular radiotherapy. Excimer laser.
18 Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example Imaging: Ultrasound.
19 Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example Imaging: Optics.
20 What is Medical Ultrasound? Wave: various propagation modes (longitudinal, shear, etc.). Mechanical wave: density, elastic properties, etc. Wave: scattering, diffraction, refraction, etc. Mechanical wave: heating, cavitation, etc.
21 Bio-Effects Heating Cavitation
22 Ultrasound Heating Bio-transfer equation:
23 Bio-Effects Heating Cavitation
24 Cavitation Formation and behavior of gas bubbles in acoustic fields. Transient cavitation: sudden growth and collapse of bubbles, resulting shock waves and very high temperatures.
25 Other Acoustic Phenomena Radiation force. Sonoluminescence. etc.
26 Radiation Force An ultrasonic wave exerts a static force on an interface or in a medium where there is a decrease in power in the wave propagation direction.
27 Other Acoustic Phenomena Radiation force. Sonoluminescence. etc.
28 Sonoluminescence Weak emission of light observable when high intensity ultrasound passing through a medium containing dissolved gases.
29 ,etc.
30 History of Ultrasound Who are the smart guys?
31 History of Ultrasound A long time ago:
32 History of Ultrasound A long time ago:
33 History of Ultrasound 1822, Lake Geneva:
34 History of Ultrasound Piezoelectric effect, Pierre Curie, 1880:
35 History of Ultrasound 1947, Karl Dussik:
36 History of Ultrasound :
37 History of Ultrasound :
38 History of Ultrasound Doppler (1842):
39 History of Ultrasound Doppler ultrasound ( ): (1966)
40 History of Ultrasound
41 History of Ultrasound
42 History of Ultrasound
43 History of Ultrasound
44 Overview of Ultrasonic Imaging
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56 Clinical Applications (From OB/GYN, vascular, cardiac, transcranial, abdominal, musculoskeletal, endo-vaginal, endo-rectal, ocular, intra-vascular, etc.
57 Characteristics of Diagnostic Ultrasound Non-invasive. Safe (under regulations). Real-time. Reflection mode (similar to RADAR). Blood flow imaging. Access. Portable. Body type dependent.
58 Characteristics of Diagnostic Spatial resolution: Ultrasound Lateral and elevational: diffraction limited. Axial: transducer and system bandwidth, pulse energy. Contrast resolution: spatial resolution and speckle brightness variations. Temporal resolution: speed of sound in tissue. Tissue inhomogeneities.
59 Function Modes A-mode (A-scan, 1D). B-mode (Gray scale, 2D). 3D ultrasound. M-mode (motion) Color Doppler (2D, blood flow). Spectral Doppler (localized, blood flow). Audio Doppler.
60 A-Scan (Amplitude, 1D)
61 B-Scan (Brightness, 2D)
62 Scan Formats linear sector curved linear easy access limited view limited access wide view easy access wide view
63 3D Ultrasound
64 M-Mode (Motion)
65 Ultrasonic Transducers
66 Ultrasonic Array Transducers (From
67 Doppler Techniques for Motion Estimation
68 Color Doppler Mode
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71 Power Doppler
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73 PW Doppler (Spectral Doppler)
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75 CW Doppler (Spectral Doppler)
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77 Doppler Effect
78 Blood Flow Measurements 取 自
79 Generic Ultrasonic Imaging System Transmitter: Arbitrary waveform. Programmable transmit voltage. Arbitrary firing sequence. Programmable apodization, delay control and frequency control. Digital Waveform Generator D/A HV Amp Transducer Array Control
80 Generic Ultrasonic Imaging System Receiver: Programmable apodization, delay control and frequency control. Arbitrary receive direction. Image processing: Pre-detection filtering. Post-detection filtering. Full gain correction: analog and digital. Scan converter: various scan format.
81 Principles of Medical Ultrasound Physics Phenomena Imaging technologies System implementation Signal processing Biomedical relevance
Hunting Bats. Diagnostic Ultrasound. Ultrasound Real-time modality
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