New methods to measure language attitudes A case study on attitudes towards regional varieties of Dutch in Belgium

Transcription

1 New methods to measure language attitudes A case study on attitudes towards regional varieties of Dutch in Belgium Laura Rosseel, Dirk Geeraerts, Dirk Speelman RU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics

2 introduction since 1960s little methodological innovation in language attitudes research (until recently) innovation: inspired by attitude research in social psychology case study: measuring attitudes towards regional varieties of Dutch using the P-IAT

3 introduction aim: study the cognitive representation of language internal variation in Dutch Cognitive Sociolinguistics: variation of meaning meaning of language variation (Geeraerts & Kristiansen 2015, Kristiansen & Dirven 2008, Geeraerts et al. 2010, Speelman et al. 2013)

4 outline 1. implicit attitude measurement in social psychology 2. P-IAT 3. case study: attitudes towards regional varieties of Dutch in Belgium

6 implicit attitude measurement in social psychology many implicit techniques to measure automatic attitudes: Implicit Association Test P-IAT ST-IAT SA-IAT SB-IAT IAT-RF (Identification) Extrinsic Affective Simon Task Affective Priming Semantic Priming Affect Misattribution Procedure Semantic Misattribution Procedure

8 P-IAT how does it work? an example from social psychology

9 P-IAT how does it work? TARGET ATTRIBUTE category names stimuli black/white I like / I don t like lovely, terrific, horrible, disgusting

10 P-IAT 5 blocks of trials

11 P-IAT practice blocks

12 P-IAT experimental blocks 3 & 5

13 P-IAT incongruent pairing slower congruent pairing faster experimental blocks 3 & 5

14 P-IAT comparing reaction times in blocks with reverse pairings of target & attribute labels experimental blocks 3 & 5

15 P-IAT why choose the P-IAT? - good psychometric qualities - flexibility - personal vs. extra-personal associations - no need for neutral stimuli aspects to consider: - practice effect - binary / comparative structure - labelling - cognitively demanding

16 outline 1. implicit attitude measurement in social psychology 2. P-IAT 3. case study: attitudes towards regional varieties of Dutch in Belgium 3.1 background 3.2 method 3.3 results & discussion

18 case study: background implicit attitudes towards 2 regional varieties of Dutch in Belgium & standard Belgian Dutch (SBD) target varieties: central variety (Antwerp) / peripheral variety (West-Flemish) / SBD participant groups: Antwerp / West-Flanders replication priming study Speelman, Spruyt, Impe & Geeraerts 2013 attitudes West-Flemish participants: standard > own (peripheral) > central variety attitudes Antwerp participants: own (central) > standard > peripheral variety

20 case study: method P-IAT TARGET CONCEPT ATTRIBUTE category names stimuli black/white I like /I don t like lovely, terrific, horrible, disgusting

21 case study: method P-IAT TARGET CONCEPT ATTRIBUTE category names neutraal accent/ Antwerps accent/ West-Vlaams accent stimuli - 6 regional, 6 SBD - male speakers - controlled for: duration, frequency, familiarity, valence

22 case study: method P-IAT category names stimuli TARGET CONCEPT neutraal accent/ Antwerps accent/ West-Vlaams accent ATTRIBUTE vind ik goed/ vind ik slecht lovely, terrific, horrible, disgusting - 5 positive, 5 negative real life colour pictures - normative pictures - identical in size

23 case study: method design A B C D stimulus varieties Antw - SBD WFl - SBD key assignment order 1 order 2 order 1 order 2 origin participants Antw W-Vl total participants:

24 case study: method RT 3 RT 5 analysis reaction times: calculation D scores average difference score between the two experimental blocks Gawronski et al. 2011

25 case study: method analysis reaction times: calculation D scores average difference score between the two experimental blocks extreme RTs standardization case study: positive scores preference SBD

27 case study: results SBD SBD Antw Wvl attitudes towards Antw - SBD attitudes towards W-Fl - SBD

28 case study: results SBD SBD Antw Wvl

29 case study: results SBD SBD Antw Wvl

30 case study: results linear regression predictor estimate Pr(> t ) (intercept) < 2e-16 *** province n.s. variety n.s. province1:variety e-05 ***

31 case study: results linear regression: interaction plot

32 case study: results post hoc tests t tests p value (Bonferroni) AS_Antw - AS_Wvl n.s. WS_Antw - WS_Wvl *** AS_Antw - WS_Antw * AS_Wvl - WS_Wvl **

35 case study: results P-IAT study: West-Flemish participants: standard > own (WFl) > central variety (Antw) Antwerp participants: standard > own (Antw) > peripheral variety (WFl) affective priming study (Speelman, Spruyt, Impe & Geeraerts 2013) West-Flemish participants: standard > own (WFl) > central variety (Antw) Antwerp participants: own (Antw) > standard > peripheral variety (WFl)

40 case study: discussion why different results? P-IAT as a measure of language attitudes?

41 case study: discussion why different results? different methods different concept measured: labels + stimuli vs. stimuli (Gast & Rothermund 2010) comparative structure IAT P-IAT as a measure of language attitudes?

42 case study: discussion why different results? P-IAT as a measure of language attitudes? successful? theoretical considerations: lack of context influence labels practical considerations: stimuli (recognizable, short) limited number of varieties individual online version? next steps: - large scale (online) - addition 3rd comparison (Antw WFl) - other dimensions: prestige, dynamism, - etc.

43 thank you! for further information:

44 references Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer & T. S. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1 41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bluemke, M. & Friese, M Reliability and validity of the Single-Target IAT (ST-IAT): Assessing automatic affect towards multiple attitude objects. European Journal of Social Psychology 38: Campbell-Kibler, K The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua 122: Campbell-Kibler, K Connecting attitudes and language behavior via implicit sociolinguistic cognition. In Kristiansen, T. & Grondelaers, S. (eds.), Language (De)standardisation in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies, Olso: Novus Press. Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., Meltzoff, A. N Measuring implicit attitudes of 4-year-olds: The Preschool Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 109: Garrett, P Attitudes to Language. Cambridge: CUP.

45 references Gast, A., & Rothermund, K When old and frail is not the same: dissociating category and stimulus effects in four implicit attitude measurement methods. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(3), Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R. & Banse, R Response interference tasks as indirect measures of automatic associations. In K. C. Klauer, A. Voss, & C. Stahl (Eds.), Cognitive methods in social psychology, New York: Guilford Press. Geeraerts, D., & Kristiansen, G Variationist linguistics. In E. Dąbrowska & D. Divjak (Eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Geeraerts, D., Kristiansen, G., & Peirsman, Y. (Eds.) Advances in Cognitive Sociolinguistics. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L.A., Farnham, S.D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, selfesteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review 109: 3-25.

46 references Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Attitudes and Social Cognition 85(2): Fazio, R. H Attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength. Social Cognition 25, Kristiansen, G., & Dirven, R. (Eds.) Cognitive Sociolinguistics. Language Variation, Cultural Models, Social Systems. Berlin/New York: Mouton De Gruyter. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H Reducing the influence of extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test: personalizing the IAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), Pantos, A.J Measuring Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Towards Foreignaccented Speech. PhD dissertation, Rice University. Pantos, A. J Defining the cognitive mechanisms underlying reactions to foreign accented speech: An experimental approach. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 10(2): Redinger, D Language Attitudes and Code-switching Behaviour in a Multilingual Educational Context: The Case of Luxembourg. PhD dissertation, University of York.

47 references Speelman, D., Spruyt, A., Impe, L. & Geeraerts, D Language attitudes revisited: Auditory affective priming. Journal of Pragmatics 52: Spruyt, A., Gast, A. & Moors, A The sequential priming paradigm: A primer. In K. C. Klauer, A. Voss, & C. Stahl (Eds.), Cognitive methods in social psychology, New York: Guilford Press. Teige-Mocigemba, S., Klauer, K.C. & Sherman, J.W A practical guide to Implicit Association Test and related tests. In Gawronski, B. & Payne, K. (eds.), Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory and Applications, New York: The Guilford Press. Wentura, D. & Degner, J A practical guide to sequential priming and related tasks. In Gawronski, B. & Payne, K. (eds.), Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory and Applications, New York: The Guilford Press.