? As you progress through ArcView, you should be answering the questions associated with each new map manipulation.

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1 Grade 10 History Unit 3 Pre-WWII Appeasement of Hitler Adapted from Todd Neibauer Policy of Appeasement and German Aggression. ESRI Canada. Introduction In , Hilter gained control of Germany. He gave new political powers to himself, expanded his armies and began persecuting Jews. Europe and North America watched and fretted about the possibility of another war in Europe. Canada and the United States adopted a policy of Isolationism, issues in Europe are a long way away and do not involve us. European powers such as France and Great Britain introduced a policy of Appeasement whereby they would listen to Hitler s demands and give him some of his demands hoping to avoid war. Outline In this lesson, you will use ArcView GIS to evaluate the effectiveness of Appeasement in preventing, controlling or minimizing German Aggression before World War II. Using ArcView GIS, you will be able to (1) explore German actions and violations to the Treaty of Versailles, (2) evaluate Appeasement, and possibly, (3) develop an alternate policy and predict its consequences. Tasks? For homework, read the handouts German Aggression Timeline (with excerpts from the Treaty of Versailles) and the Neville Chamberlain on Appeasement document.? Using ArcView GIS and the computer lab, examine the effectiveness of appeasement. You will be investigating the events leading up to the beginning of World War II and evaluating the Policy of Appeasement by manipulating a map and data.? As you progress through ArcView, you should be answering the questions associated with each new map manipulation.? Once you have completed the GIS investigation, you should move on to the Policy of Appeasement assignment. Using a Decision Tree, you will evaluate the Policy of Appeasement and form an alternative policy.

2 Grade 10 History Unit 3 Lesson 1 - Appeasement German Aggression Timeline Timeline? 1933 Germany begins to rearm Forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. Soon after rising to power in Germany Hitler embarks on an ambitious plan to rebuild Germany s Armed Forces. Submarines, tanks and military aircraft were prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles. As well, the German army was not to exceed 100,000 men.? 1936 German troops reoccupy the Rhineland Forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. (Section I(ii) - Left Bank of the Rhine).? Article 42 - Germany is forbidden to maintain or construct any fortifications either on the left bank of the Rhine or on the right bank to the west of a line drawn 50 kilometres to the East of the Rhine.? Article 43 - In the area defined above the maintenance and the assembly of armed forces, either permanently or temporarily, and military maneuvers of any kind, as well as the upkeep of all permanent works for mobilization, are in the same way forbidden.? Article 44 - In case Germany violates in any manner whatever the provisions of Articles 42 and 43, she shall be regarded as committing a hostile act against the Powers signatory of the present Treaty and as calculated to disturb the peace of the world.? 13 March Germany annexes Austria - Forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles (Section VI. Austria. Article 80). Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the independence of Austria, within the frontiers which may be fixed in a Treaty between that State and the Principal Allied and Associated Powers; she agrees that this independence shall be inalienable, except with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations.? 29 September The Munich Pact was signed which allowed for the cession of four specific districts of the Sudetenland to Germany. Representatives of Czech government were not invited to the conference which resulted in the Munich Pact. Upon his return to England, Chamberlain read the following statement in front of 10 Downing Street and said, "My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep."? March 1939, Hitler continued his rampage by invading the remains of Czechoslovakia without resistance from the French or the British. Slovakia becomes a German protectorate. Forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. (Section Vii. Czech-Slovak State. Article 81). Germany, in conformity with the action already taken by the Allied and Associated Powers, recognizes the complete independence of the Czech-Slovak State which will include the autonomous territory of the Ruthenians to the south of the Carpathians. Germany hereby recognizes the frontiers of this State as determined by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and the other interested States.? 1 September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland, with the firm belief that Britain and France would not intervene. - Forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. (Section VIII. Poland. Article 87). Germany, in conformity with the action already taken by the Allied and Associated Powers, recognises the complete independence of Poland, and renounces in her favour all rights and title over the territory bounded by the Baltic Sea, the eastern frontier of Germany as laid down in Article 27 of Part II (Boundaries of Germany) of the present Treaty up to a point situated about two kilometres to the east of Lorzendorf, then a line to the acute angle which the northern boundary of Upper Silesia makes about three kilometres north-west of Simmenau,

3 then the boundary of Upper Silesia to its meeting point with the old frontier between Germany and Russia, then this frontier to the point where it crosses the course of the Niemen, and then the northern frontier of East. Prussia as laid down in Article 28 of Part II aforesaid.? September France and Great Britain declare war on Germany Neville Chamberlain on Appeasement Sources? Chamberlain, Neville In Search of Peace. Online. (Available): 10/30/2003? Chamberlain, Neville Appeasement. Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons London: HMSO, Vol pp , 373. Background Britain and France pursued a policy of appeasement in the hope that Hitler would not drag Europe into another world war. Appeasement expressed the widespread British desire to heal the wounds of World War I and correct what many British officials regarded as the injustices of the Versailles Treaty. Some officials regarded a powerful Germany as a bulwark against the Soviet Union. On September 27, 1938, when negotiations between Hitler and Chamberlain were strained, the British Prime Minister addressed the British people. Excerpts of this speech and another before the House of Commons are included here. First of all I must say something to those who have written to my wife or myself in these last weeks to tell us of their gratitude for my efforts and to assure us of their prayers for my success. Most of these letters have come from women -- mothers or sisters of our own countrymen. But there are countless others besides -- from France, from Belgium, from Italy, even from Germany, and it has been heartbreaking to read of the growing anxiety they reveal and their intense relief when they thought, too soon, that the danger of war was past. If I felt my responsibility heavy before, to read such letters has made it seem almost overwhelming. How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing. It seems still more impossible that a quarrel which has already been settled in principle should be the subject of war. I can well understand the reasons why the Czech Government has felt unable to accept the terms which have been put before them in the German memorandum. Yet, I believe after my talks with Herr Hitler that, if only time were allowed, it ought to be possible for the arrangements for transferring the territory that the Czech Government has agreed to give to Germany to be settled by agreement under conditions which would assure fair treatment to the population concerned. However much we may sympathize with a small nation confronted by a big and powerful neighbor, we cannot in all circumstances undertake to involve the whole British Empire in war simply on her account. If we have to fight it must be on larger issues than that. I am myself a man of peace to the depths of my soul. Armed conflict between nations is a nightmare to me; but if I were convinced that any nation had made up its mind to dominate the world by fear of its force, I should feel that it must be resisted. Under such a domination life for people who believe in liberty would not be worth living; but war is a fearful thing, and we must be very clear, before we embark upon it, that it is really the great issues that are at stake, and that the call to risk everything in their defense, when all the consequences are weighed, is irresistible. For the present I ask you to await as calmly as you can the events of the next few days. As long as war has not begun, there is always hope that it may be prevented, and you know that I am going to work for peace to the last moment. Good night....

4 * * * * * Since I first went to Berchtesgaden, more than 20,000 letters and telegrams have come to No. 10, Downing Street. Of course, I have been able to look at a tiny fraction of them, but I have seen enough to know that the people who wrote did not feel that they had such a cause for which to fight, if they were asked to go to war in order that the Sudeten Germans might not join the Reich. That is how they are feeling. That is my answer to those who say that we should have told Germany weeks ago that, if her army crossed the border of Czechoslovakia, we should be at war with her. We had no treaty obligations and no legal obligations to Czechoslovakia and if we had said that, we feel that we should have received no support from the people of this country.... When we were convinced, as we became convinced, that nothing any longer would keep the Sudetenland within the Czechoslovakian State, we urged the Czech Government as strongly as we could to agree to the cession of territory, and to agree promptly. The Czech Government, through the wisdom and courage of President Benes, accepted the advice of the French Government and ourselves. It was a hard decision for anyone who loved his country to take, but to accuse us of having by that advice betrayed the Czechoslovakian State is simply preposterous. What we did was to save her from annihilation and give her a chance of new life as a new State, which involves the loss of territory and fortifications, but may perhaps enable her to enjoy in the future and develop a national existence under a neutrality and security comparable to that which we see in Switzerland to-day. Therefore, I think the Government deserve the approval of this House for their conduct of affairs in this recent crisis which has saved Czechoslovakia from destruction and Europe from Armageddon. Does the experience of the Great War and the years that followed it give us reasonable hope that, if some new war started, that would end war any more than the last one did? One good thing, at any rate, has come out of this emergency through which we have passed. It has thrown a vivid light upon our preparations for defense, on their strength and on their weakness. I should not think we were doing our duty if we had not already ordered that a prompt and thorough inquiry should be made to cover the whole of our preparations, military and civil, in order to see, in the light of what has happened during these hectic days, what further steps may be necessary to make good our deficiencies in the shortest possible time. Policy of Appeasement Questions 1. How large an army is Germany supposed to be allowed? 2. How large is the German Army on the Western Front in 1940? 3. Did Great Britain or France act to prevent Germany s rearmament? 4. What military weapons do the Germans possess that were banned by the Treaty of Versailles? 5. How would you characterize the level of armament between Germany and the combined forces of the other nations? Circle One. German Advantage Relatively Equal Allied Advantage 6. Why do you think that the Germans were forbidden to have military troops, equipment or installations within the Rhineland?

5 Policy of Appeasement ArcView GIS Procedures 1. If you are working in a computer laboratory, you must logon to your account to access this program. DO NOT use Work Station to access the computer. The program will not work if you do not logon completely. 2. Open ArcView. You need to go to Start All Programs ESRI ArcView GIS 3.2 ArcView GIS You will be in a view with a box Welcome to ArcView GIS. You want to open a previously created project about appeasement prior to WWII. Click on Open an existing project and click OK. NOTE: You may go directly to an ArcView screen called Untitled. If this occurs, go to the drop down menu FILE and click on OPEN PROJECT. This takes you to Step #4. 4. A new window called Open Project appears. You want to find the appropriate data. It has been stored in the J Directory in a folder called ArcCanada and a sub-folder called Appeasement. In the drop down menu called Drives, go to the J Directory. 5. In that directory, navigate into the sub-folder Appeasement by double clicking on the ArcCanada folder, and then, double-clicking on the Appeasement sub-folder. A file called appeasement.apr appears under File Name. Click on it to activate the file and go OK. 6. You may be prompted for the file esri\mapworld\mod5\data\cntry00.dbf. For this exercise, you do NOT need this file. Click Cancel. 7. A selection of.dbf files will appear. Select europewwii.dbf and click OK. 8. A selection of.shp files appears. Select europewwii.shp and click OK 9. The project opens displaying a map of Europe as it was prior to WWII. The map consists of two parts: (1) a map and (2) a column of information. For this project, the column will be called Theme Column. If you scroll down the Theme Column, you will note the only active theme is Europe Pre-WWII. It is active because of the check-mark ( ) beside the theme title. Click on the box beside Pre-War Populations. It is now an active theme, and the map changes to show the information. From the colours on the map, you learn that the USSR had the largest population, while countries such as Sweden and Latvia had relatively small populations. Turn this theme off by clicking on the beside the theme title. The map should return to the Europe Pre-WWII theme. 10. The map may occupy much of your computer screen. You can make the entire ArcView view smaller by Click-and-Dragging the edges of the view to make it smaller. As well, your map may show only parts of Europe. You want to see most of Europe for this exercise. In the Menu Bar, there is an icon called ZOOM OUT. It looks like four arrows pointing outwards to the four corners of a box. Click on the ZOOM OUT icon until you can see most of Europe. 11. This step may have moved the map of Europe nearly off the viewing screen. You may want to move the map. To do so, you grab it with the HAND TOOL and drag it. The HAND TOOL is the HAND icon in the Menu Bar. It looks like a hand. The icon

6 is Row 2 Position 7. Click on the icon and then, click and drag the map to a desired location. 12. You should also see three other tables of information. 13. You will be investigating the events leading up to the beginning of World War II in Europe. Please refer to the page titled Policy of Appeasement Student Responses. You will use this page to record answers to questions that you encounter as you work through this exercise. Charting German Rearmament In this section of the exercise, you will view several charts that display Hitler s deliberate rearming of Germany during the period from From the Treaty of Versailles, the Germany army was only allowed 100,000 troops. Referring to the table Army Divisions on Western Front, how large was the German army on the Western Front in 1940? 15. Using the information in the German Aggression Timeline handout sheet and the tables Tanks and Military Aviation, what military weapons do the Germans possess that were banned under the Treaty of Versailles? 16. Look at the information in the three tables. How would you describe the level of military preparedness and level of armament between Germany and the other European nations? Provide three ideas with your answer. Mapping German Aggression In this section, you will be exploring and editing a map depicting German military aggressions and activities prior to WWII. You will be turning on the areas acquired or occupied by Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. 17. Click on the Map to make it active. 18. In 1936, Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland. In the Theme Column, click on the theme Rhineland Reoccupation to activate it and put a check-mark in the box beside the title. Look at the map. The Rhineland s colours on the map are changed to show the area seized by Hitler in the reoccupation. This area of Germany is known as the Rhineland. 19. Read about the Rhineland occupation in the German Aggression Timeline handout. Why do you think that the Germans were forbidden to have military equipment, troops or installations within the Rhineland?

7 20. Return to the map. In 1938, Hitler was invited to occupy Austria. This action was also forbidden under the Treaty of Versailles. In the Theme Column, click on the theme Annexed-Austria.shp to activate it and put a check-mark in the box beside the title. Look at the map. Austria s colours on the map are changed to show the area seized by Hitler during the annexation. Why do you think Germany was invited to occupy Austria? 21. On 29 September 1938, Hitler signs the Munich Pact. This allows Germany to take over four districts of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. Return to the map. In the Theme Column, click on the theme Munich Conference to activate it and put a check-mark in the box beside the title. Look at the map. The Sudetenland s colours on the map are changed to show the area taken by Hitler via the Munich Pact. In the German Aggression Timeline, read what British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain said about the Munich Pact. Did Chamberlain underestimate Hitler s intentions? What do you believe were Hitler s real intentions? 22. On March 1939, Hitler invades Czechoslovakia. Did this action violate the Treaty of Versailles? In the Theme Column, click on the theme Invasion of Czechoslovakia to activate it and put a check-mark in the box beside the title. Look at the map. Czechoslovakia s colours on the map are changed to show the area invaded by Hitler. At this point, did WWII start? 23. On 23 August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union sign the German-Soviet Treaty of Non-Aggression ( also called the Hitler-Stalin Pact or Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). The Soviet Union had not entered into a collective-security agreement with Britain or France, and as such, the Soviets faced the prospect of resisting the German army alone. The Soviets and Germany agreed to (1) avoid armed conflict and (2) divide Eastern Europe into spheres of German and Soviet influence. Why might Hitler want a pact of non-aggression with the USSR? 24. On 1 September 1939, Hitler invades Poland using a blitzkrieg tactic. In the Theme Column, click on the theme Invasion of Poland to activate it and put a check-mark in the box beside the title. Look at the map. The colours in western Poland are changed to show the area invaded by Hitler. Why did the colours of eastern Poland remain unchanged? Referring to the German Aggression Timeline, was the invasion of Poland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles? 25. On 3 September 1939, England and France declared war on Germany. The United States declared neutrality on 5 September 1939 although a German U-Boat torpedoed the passenger ship Athenia killing 28 Americans. In the Theme Column, click on the theme Status during WWII to activate it and put a check-mark in the box beside the title. This map shows the Allied and Axis forces. 26. On 10 September 1939, Canada declares war on Germany. Optional - Printing a Map from a Layout 1. Click on LAYOUT in the VIEW menu. 2. Choose LANDSCAPE in the template manager and click OK 3. In VIEW LAYOUT, choose German Aggression and click OK

8 4. Choose FILE PRINT 5. In the Print Dialog Box, click SETUP 6. Make sure the setting is set to landscape 7. Click OK to clost the Print Setup dialog 8. Click OK to print a map Save your Project 1. Click on the FILE menu and select SAVE PROJECT AS 2. Change the drive to your space (your personal folder 3. Save your project making sure it has an.apr identifier Policy of Appeasement Name? In your own words, what does appeasement mean?? Summarize the Policy of Appeasement as followed by Great Britain and France from 1933 to 1939.? Describe some historical factors that may have contributed to the decision to follow a policy of appeasement.? Based on your investigation of German aggression before World War II, how effective was this policy?? Working with a partner, discuss an alternative strategy that could have been followed. Use the Policy of Appeasement Decision Tree to form an alternative policy, predict possible consequences (good and bad), and decide upon the best course of action. Share the alternative policy with the class.? Was a war with Nazi Germany avoidable? Why or Why not? Consequences (Good and Bad) Goals of Appeasement - Policy of Appeasement Decision Tree Decision? Prevent German Aggression? Avoid War? Allow Germany to gain some territory and violate some parts of the Treaty of Versailles to avoid a larger conflict.? Germany could be satisfied and halt their aggression? A large scale war is avoided? Germany grows stronger and bolder through allied inaction? It becomes more difficult to halt aggression and situation evolves into a larger war than would otherwise been necessary