еде«ебед еееде«е едецец*

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1 еееде«едец, 2008, 5, ег 6314 ебец ец еде еце еееде«еде«ебед еееде«е едецец* , ец ее 2 1 Авfl ег, ,, 2 ее, , ее, 7 ее Ав е Ав, Ав fl (Ав), Ав - : fl Ав, - 85,, 14 ()/100, Ав fl fl, Авfl Ав fl, - А А, Ав - fl Ав (Na 2 CO 3, Naед 3 ) АвАвflfl 2 : Ав - Ав АвАвflfl : (Ав Ав),, fl, Ав-,, Ав fl fl, Ав, - (ееее) (А А - ) ееав Ав - Ав - Ав- (- fl ), (fl ) - (fl ) fl Ав (NaHCO 3, Na 2 CO 3 ), CaCO 3 * ец Ав,, Авfl -, fl (Ав ),, Ав fl - Ав fl е Ав- Ав [1, 22, 25, 32, 41, 45 Ав] - -, Ав fl -, [1, 25, 41, 45] 1 [45] - flfl, 85 () Ав fl - (ед), fl 15% [4], fl - Авfl ед Ав - fl, Авfl fl Ав, fl fl Ав Ав Ав - fl ед * е АвАв е ец ( ) SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) - Ав, - 13 Soil Taxonomy [44] 15 [4] е [36], Ав, Авfl fl, Авfl - fl (%) ед Ав - Ав SAR [42] fl, - Ав Ав- Ав 85, fl Ав, 15 ()/ Ав [25] Ав fl - Ав АвАв, -, Ав Ав fl, Ав (%) fl ед Ав [26] Ав Ав, - 2, Ав O 3 + O 3, - Ав Ав fl (1 : 5), 2 ()/100 ее [3] 517

2 518, ее fl - RSC (residual sodium carbonate) еф, е [20] ( 1) fl, Ав Ав- 85 еб [41, 45 Ав] Ав fl - fl Ав - fl ед, fl 15% - е [20] Ав fl Ав - Ав fl fl, - Ав Ав fl е [20],, - fl, АвАвflfl ( fl) Ав ( 2), fl fl Ав ( 3) Ав Ав Ав-, Ав-Ав, -Ав, - Ав-Ав, Ав-, Ав е Ав Ав Ав Авfl Ав, fl fl - Авfl - Авfl,, 20% > 2+ + Mg 2+, Ав - fl А АвА, fl Ав- 20% -, > 2+ + Mg 2+, Ав fl Ав - [32] Авfl : 1) (Ав, - Ав- ) 2) еф 1, - fl, ( [45]) ее ее, - - fl <83 (85) >85 Ав fl () ESP* > 15 - fl fl - еф fl- fl едfl ееав ееав 2 2 SO 4 HCO 3, CO 3 l flfl ееfl, Ав Авfl - Ав - егав - ег, fl - (fl) ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage) Авfl (%) - fl Ав 14 ()/100 - fl fl е [20] Авfl - fl fl - Ав (1 : 25 1 : 5), 85, - fl - fl fl, Ав Ав - fl fl - Ав fl fl, fl, Ав fl Ав - fl fl еф 2 ( > 2+ + g 2+, > 85) fl ( [20]) fl (, ()/100 ) > 20% д < 20% д SO 4 2 Ав > Cl > Ав -Ав Ав Ав-Ав > Cl 2, SO 4 < 20% д 2 -Ав > SO, Cl 4 < 20% Ав-- д Ав Ав-Ав < Cl, < 20% д 2 Ав- < SO, Cl 4 < 20% д SO 4 2 SO 4 2 < Cl <, Cl > SO 4 2 < Cl <, > Cl SO 4 2 SO 4 2

3 еде«ебед еееде«519 - [1] АвАв- fl Ав- - fl [46], Ав, fl еф -, Ав Авflfl, Ав fl,, - 85, Авfl - fl 15% fl fl fl ее fl Ав - Ав-, Ав - Ав fl flflfl Ав ее Ав - -,, - Ав - fl, 15% ед едав Ав - Ав fl ед fl [13] Ав- fl Авfl Ав - Ав (%) fl ед fl fl е [20], - Ав Ав Ав - --Ав fl fl Ав fl Ав (%) fl ед Авfl - Ав, Ав-, Ав Авflfl (Ав),, fl fl Ав --Ав, - е ееflfl, Ав Ав - fl fl ее flfl, Ав fl Ав Ав fl еф 3 fl fl (Ав, Ав, %; Авfl fl 1 : 5) ( [20]) fl ее ( ) fl Авflfl fl ед fl fl (, ()/100 )* Ав - Ав-Ав- <01 - < >05 - >05 -- Ав Ав- > > >06 - >06 * fl Ав ( 2) - fl fl fl fl fl- 1) ееав fl - flfl, - ед fl ( 70) Ав, Ав -, Ав Ав - fl (fl) fl -, flfl - еф -fl flflfl 2 ( O 3, O 3, 2 O 3 Ав) 2) fl Авfl - fl : ) - (, Ав 1 : 25 1 : 5), Ав Ав- () + ед (ед = 14 ) Ав, -- ) Ав, flfl-, Ав еф, А А - fl Авfl fl, - fl Ав Ав - fl,

4 520, ее ph ph A A ph ph Ав fl ph е 1 : Ав (1 : 5); - (Ав fl- ); еб fl, - fl, fl fl fl - fl : ) ебfl, Ав Ав, fl Ав Ав fl (1 : 25 1 : 5) Ав, Ав fl е -, fl,,, Ав ( 1, ), fl - (Ав fl) ( 1, ), Ав Ав, - Ав- ( 1, ) fl, fl (x = y) fl (1 : 5) - (Ав fl) Ав- fl,,, flfl Авfl АвАв Ав (PCO 2 ) PCO 2 - Ав ее Ав ед 2 - PCO 2, - Ав ед 2 Ав fl, - fl PCO 2 Ав - PCO 2 - ед 2 Авflfl fl, Ав PCO 2 -, - flfl, Ав PCO 2 PCO 2, fl fl [7] ец е [20], е [40] Ав- fl fl Ав Ав, (Ав fl) Ав - Ав [43] - fl, Ав - fl ее, Ав - flfl ег, Ав fl - 9, - Ав Ав fl 8 Ав Ав Ав Ав ( 9) fl - PCO 2, fl fl [9] 2 -

5 еде«ебед еееде«521 PCO 2, - 2 ( O 3 + O 3 ) - -, - LIBRA [31] е 2 Ав-, - fl, 9, - fl PCO 2 ( 10 5 ) ее PCO 2, Ав -, ед 2 Ав Ав- Ав - 2 : 2 O 3 O 3 + АЧед 2 + H 2 O 2 O 3 flflfl, O 3, Ав еф, fl - -, fl Ав fl е fl - ) ефав [2] Ав,, - ( ) Ав 2 2 O 3 едав Ав O 3 Ав fl Ав fl едfl Ав - 2 Ав Авfl O 3 O 3, Ав- [10] - Ав fl Авfl ед 2 fl - fl Ав - Ав- - fl fl Ав [30] 2 Ав Авfl Авfl O 3 fl - ( ) fl fl Ав Авfl Ав - 2 ( O 3 + O 3, ),, ( ),, () е Ав Авfl Ав fl - fl [8] ) fl Ав O 3 еф fl Ав-, fl Ав - Ав- ph Ав ед O 3 - Ав Ав fl Ав Ав fl, Ав 3), Ав - fl fl, Ав Ав fl, Ав Ав е - Ав, fl - - Ав-, Ав Ав едав, -, Авfl, Ав,, Авfl fl Ав 90% -, - - fl, Ав- еф, fl Ав, 4) е Авfl,, Ав Ав fl, fl fl ее Ав- ееее Ав - O fl, (-)/ 2 е 2 O 3 O ег fl: 1 ед 3 ед 2 H 2 O; 2 ед 3 SO 4 2H 2 O ед 2 H 2 O; 3 Na 2 CO 3 (Nед 3 ) ед 2 H 2 O еф -, - fl

6 522, ее fl Ав -, Авfl -, Ав Ав- fl fl Авfl, Ав ее [37] е Ав 1946 Ав [25] fl - fl е Ав 4 -, - fl Ав - Ав е fl -Ав - fl Ав ед-, Ав Ав ееfl, ебав--, - (е fl) 1965 Ав [27] Ав Ав Ав fl е, Ав- Ав Ав, - fl Ав - fl Авfl fl Ав-- Ав е Ав 4 Ав fl Ав- ее, Ав Ав fl % е fl ебав- Ав Ав- 1520% Ав Ав: ед-fl, Ав ее, -ег Ав, ебав- ( ец-ец Ав, - Авfl ) еф fl Ав Ав fl ( 25% Ав ) Ав: (fl, fl), fl - (Ав fl -- fl ) е«- fl Ав Ав е - fl Ав fl е, fl Ав fl- fl Ав fl еб, еф, е, ег, Ав ее еб, ееав (Ав ) fl Ав fl, Авfl Ав [27], Ав е Ав - fl fl fl е [20] - Ав fl (>50%; 5025% <25%) Ав Ав - :, - fl, Ав Ав, -, - fl Ав - Ав, Ав, - fl Ав,, А еб е А 2003 ( 1 : ) [17] А еб е А [17] Ав fl е Ав 1) Ав ( ) ее - Ав [23], (Ав) - fl (911), fl - (fl, fl Ав-, fl, fl fl ) ее 5070% еф, Ав - - Ав Ав, fl (Ав) Ав [23] Ав Ав-- Ав- Авflfl Ав Ав ( 4, 1) flав Авflfl Ав ( 4, 3) - е - ед fl -, - ебав, е -, еб, ег, ед-, ее- ееав Ав -, Ав Ав-

7 еде«ебед еееде«523 еф 4 (Ав) Ав ( ) /, c - 1 : 5 1 : 25 е Ав fl д l Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + K + % ()/100 Na +, % ед Ав-, fl ( [16]) Ав, fl ( [39]) е«-fl fl fl Авfl, еф ( [38]) е«-ав Ав-, е fl ( [11]) /82* / / / / / / / / / * ееав Ав ; Ав Ав Ав SO 4 2 Ав - - flав Ав Авflfl - Ав ( 4, 2) ед, Ав, е, Ав Ав, fl Ав ебfl Ав - Ав flfl 86 Ав 10 - fl Авfl fl ( 4, 1, 4) едfl Ав Ав fl fl, Ав Ав fl, fl Ав 14 ()/100 - Ав fl Ав, Ав, -

8 524, ее fl - 2 ()/100, 10 ()/100 Ав fl - - fl fl - fl fl - Ав fl fl fl - - Ав (%) fl ед, - fl fl Авfl fl - - fl Ав 610% ( 4) Ав, - Ав - Ав, - 2) - е Авfl - Ав е [21], А - ( ) fl ( ), - :, - Ав, - Ав Ав, Ав, fl, fl Ав - АГА ( 178) ее Ав - АвАвflfl : -, Ав Ав- Ав Авfl - - Ав- Авflfl Ав -, ее Ав (%) fl Ав АвАвflfl - (Ав 10%), Ав (1025%) - ( 25%) fl Ав- е [21] - АвАв fl fl Ав fl - Ав е -Ав-, Ав fl е [20] А Ав- flfl - fl flа ( 12) - Ав --Ав Ав flflfl ; - fl, - - -, Ав fl fl Ав, fl fl Ав Ав ее Ав (%) fl ед Авflfl - ( 10%), (1025%), Ав (2540%) - ( 40%) еф, е - [20], е [21] - Авfl Ав Ав Ав- fl - fl, Ав, АвАвflfl Ав () - Ав, fl 21 (Ав Ав),, Ав- - Ав, Ав -, fl Ав fl (Ав) Ав fl - fl Ав Ав Ав- Ав, Ав,, -Ав, fl,, - ед,,, Ав fl - fl ( 5, 15) ед- fl Авfl fl fl fl fl, Авfl Ав fl,,, 1 ()/100 едfl - fl 20% Авfl Авfl Ав fl ( 5, 15) fl Авflfl - Ав - (-), - Ав е - fl Ав (Ав- -)

9 еф 5 fl / -, c - 1 : 5 1 : 25 c, % еде«ебед еееде«525 е Ав fl l 2 Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + SO Na + + K + K + 4 Na + е«, % <001, ед % ()/100 % Ав Ав-Ав, Авfl * Ав, ефfl ( [16]) Ав, е fl ( [14]) Ав, ефfl ( [37]) Ав, fl ( [35]) Ав- Ав, еб ( [15]) Ав Ав, fl **

10 526, ее еф 5 ед / -, c - c 1 : 5 1 : 25, % е Ав fl l 2 Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + SO Na + + K + K + 4 Na + е«, % <001, ед % ()/100 % Ав Ав, fl ** , ецfl ( [33]) Ав, fl * Ав, ецfl ( [33]) , Авfl ( [34]) > >1 5 * е ец ее, ** е

11 еде«ебед еееде«527 fl flflfl (Ав), fl ( 5, 6) е, - : ебав, еб, е, Ав ед Ав- Ав fl Авflfl, - Ав fl Ав fl ( 5, 7, 8) Авfl - Ав fl Ав ефfl - Ав- fl Ав, ( 5, 68) е«- flflfl Ав -, Ав fl fl l ег, fl fl - fl fl - Ав 787 Ав 842, fl Ав- 962 [29] ег - Ав fl Ав Ав - - (ееее): ееее-na + + H 2 O ееее- + + ед Ав Ав fl ед 3 - ееее : ееее = = 2Na + + ед 3 ееее = Na O 3 flfl Ав Ав fl Ав [10] ед Авfl fl Ав Авfl - fl - flflfl Ав, Ав ец- Ав Ав fl Ав Ав fl, fl Ав Ав [7], Ав Авfl Ав Ав Ав fl еф, - fl fl Ав- fl: flfl fl Ав fl, flfl Ав - Ав - е, ед Ав -, flfl - Ав 23, - fl, АвАв, - fl - едав Авfl - fl ( 5, 9, 10) едfl Авfl fl fl fl (%) fl 15%, fl flав, - fl, -, Ав АвАв Ав -, fl, -, fl Ав fl Ав 24 ее, - ( 7, 10, 11) ед - fl fl fl А А - [34] ееав Ав- fl, -, -,,, [10, 28, 47], - Ав fl - Ав fl Ав Ав- Авflfl, Ав Ав fl - fl, fl [5] Ав fl- - fl [8], - Ав, 2 O 3 + O 3 (fl ), (-

12 528, ее еф 6 (Ав ()/100, Ав % ) /, ph Ав, fl ( [16]) /78 139/ /81 093/12 020/ /90 159/8 026/ /78 146/18 Ав Ав, Авfl ( ) /44 027/ /73 060/ /84 031/ /82 032/ /83 027/14 е«-ав Ав-, е fl ( [11]) /34 066/ /22 126/ /30 172/ /31 232/ /53 168/ /80 072/ /78 066/ /72 070/ /77 050/ /77 058/19 - Ав, ефfl ( [16]) /67 068/ /65 324/ /79 100/ /69 125/23 -Ав, fl ( ) /47 019/ /23 017/ /14 037/ /50 032/ /36 056/ /49 034/ /39 026/ /46 022/ /22 038/ /23 044/ /40 039/ /46 045/52

13 еф 7 fl Ав fl ( [12]) еде«ебед еееде«529 NaHCO 3 ()/ fl 1 : 5 ()/100 ()/100 Авfl, % ()/100 Авfl, % ()/100 Авfl, % Ap 0 () 768 А А А А А < А А А А А < А А А А А C 0 () 835 А А А А А А А А А А А А А А А fl ) - (fl ) ( 6) fl, flfl Ав fl - fl CaCO 3, Ав (CaCO 3 CO 2 H 2 O) - (Na 2 CO 3 CO 2 H 2 O) fl Ав fl (()/) - (1 : 5) - Ав - fl flfl Ав ( 04 Ав 173 ()/100 ), Авfl (%) 22 Ав 90% - Ав еб, - Ав fl, - fl 2, fl - -, Ав Ав ец fl Ав Ав ( 6, 2), -, fl - CaCO 3, -, fl 2, - Ав CaCO fl ( 6, 3, 5), -, Ав (fl ) Ав Авfl, Ав, 2030% fl Ав fl -, 3% - ( 6, 1) 7 Ав Авfl (HSi O 3 ) ед fl Ав fl 100 -, Авfl 32% ефав, Ав - fl, -, Ав Ав Ав fl, - Ав, Ав -, Ав Ав fl, NaHCO 3 [12] ед Авfl, - () Ав (fi- Ав, ) - - ееав Ав, Ав 2 Ав fl 300 NaHCO ()/100 Ав Ав АвАв, - fl , ед Ав 2

14 530, ее ее ( 7) -, NaHCO 3 Ав- fl fl, fl (1 : 5), Авfl Ав - fl fiав - ее NaHCO 3 Ав ( 7), Ав Ав fl Ав ее - flfl Ав, ее - Ав -, -Ав, fl Ав Ав NaHCO 3 fl [12] ег Ав- Ав ееее fl fl Ав Авfl fl, Ав ее Ав fl Ав- 15 ()/100 Ав - fl 024 (18% - ) Ав 078 ()/100 (56%), 040 ()/100 (33%) Ав 207 (145%) ее 15 ()/100 Ав fl Ав 1203 ()/100 (773%), Ав 1285 (795%) ее fl - Ав - fl fl fl Ав fl -5-1 ( 4, 4), - Ав - [6] е« Ав Авfl ( ) Ав Ав - - (180 ) Ав - - Ав fl , 85 еб- fl Ав - 90, fl Ав fl fl, fl - Ав fl Ав ()/100 ( 6) fl fl - 23%, 27 Ав % еф, Ав - fl fl Ав fl fl, fl fl Ав fl, еб fl -, Ав : А - А, Ав - Ав - 85,, fl fl, Авfl Ав fl, - fl 14 ()/100 - АвАвflfl 2 : 1) - Ав - 2) е Ав - Ав, е [20] flfl Ав --Ав- Ав Ав- Авflfl : Ав Ав,, - fl, Ав, -, fl Ав- fl, -, Ав, ееее - (А А ) ееав Ав Ав flfl - : 1) - Ав- - (fl ), Авfl Ав fl fl CaCO 3 () Na 2 CO 3 (NaHCO 3 ); 2) - (fl ); 3) - (fl ) е fl- Ав (Na 2 CO 3, Naед 3 ), Ав

15 еде«ебед еееде«531 ееецед ецефе ефеге 1 - ец fl е : ецав- е, е Ав : ецав- ег, ец, ее ец ед - // ееав е,, : АвАв, ефfl Ав - : ецав- -, ,, -Ав // ееав ,, fl - // е еф - Авfl ег е : ее, , еб ее ееав Ав Авfl // ееав , ее ец ееав - Ав Ав - Ав // ееав Ав ец fl 3- :, 1955 еф ; еф АГ Ав : ег, fl - fl Ав АГ Ав - : ег, , ее, ец -, fl flfl // ее - е ее Ав fl-, fl е ее - Авfl е : е - ед е, едеб ееав- - fl еб ее: ецав- ее -, еб ее ееав - Ав fl Ав - Авfl АГ Ав : ег, еб е : ец Ав-, fl е ( ) 1 : : ег е, fl е 1 : : ег е, fl Ав е - : ед, fl Ав е : -, Ав ее Ав // ее Ав fl :, Ав ее :, Ав ееав : ецав- е, 1946 еф Ав Ав - fl // Ав - Ав, 1965 еф Ав,,, - ее fl - fl fl - // Авfl ец - Ав fl е // ееав ее, Ав Авfl // 1903 еф IV ец,,, - ееав - - Ав // ееав , Ав ее -- - // ееав , ее е, ее Ав Ав - ее, Ав fl - fl :, АвАв -fl : ецав- е, ее ец, - fl Ав // ееав ее :, е ееав: Ав :, е Ав Ав Ав- fl - -, : ецав- -, е«ец, е ец ед - ебав ебfl // ееав Agricultural salinity assessment and management: ASCE manual and reports on engineering practice p 41 Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils: USDA Agriculture handbook p 2*

16 532, ее 42 Kamphorst A and Bolt GH Saline and sodic soils // Soil Chemistry A Basic Elements Elsevier scientific publishing company Amsterdam Oxford New York 1976 P Soil Survey laboratory methods manual Soil Survey investigations Report 42 Version 40 November p 44 Soil Taxonomy //Agriculture Handbook p 45 Szabolcs I Salt-affected soils Florida: CRC Press, p 46 Van Breemen N and Brinkman R Chemical eguilibria and soil formation // Soil Chemistry A Basic Elements Elsevier scientific publishing company Amsterdam Oxford New York 1976 P Whitney RS, Cameron FR The chemistry of the soil as related to crop production // US Dep Agric Bureau of soils Bull p Saline-Alkaline Soils of Russia L A VorobА»eva and E I Pankova Diagnostics, methods of evaluation, and geography of saline-alkaline (sodic) soils were considered The salinealkaline soils include soils of different genetic types with the following chemical properties: the ph of the water suspensions equal to or higher than 85; the total alkalinity exceeding 14 mmeq/100 g of soil and the sum of water-soluble calcium and magnesium; and the presence of soluble А alkalineа salts in the soil profiles, which result in the alkaline reaction of the soils The chemical properties of the saline-alkaline soils are largely related to the presence of soda (Na 2 CO 3, NaHCO 3 ) in the soils According to their morphological properties, salinealkaline soils are divided into two groups: alkaline soils with an undifferentiated profile and without a morphologically pronounced solonetzic (natric) horizon, and alkaline soils with a pronounced natric horizon (solonetzes) Solonetzes, in turn, are divided into (a) alkaline solonetzes (sodic and soda-containing ones), (b) solonetzes salinized with neutral salts (saline soils) with increased alkalinity in the solonetzic and lower lying horizons, (c) saline solonetzes throughout the profile, and (d) leached solonetzes containing no soluble salts in the profile and almost no exchangeable sodium in the soil exchange complex (SEC) (А deadа solonetzes) The latter two groups of solonetzes cannot be ranked among the alkaline soils The alkalinity of the saline-alkaline soils under study is due to carbonate and bicarbonate ions (carbonate alkalinity), organic acid anions (organic alkalinity), and borate ions (borate alkalinity) The carbonate alkalinity is due to both soda (Na 2 CO 3, NaHCO 3 ) and CaCO 3

17 еееде«едец, 2008, 5, ег ебец ец еде еце еееде«егегед едефеде ец еееде еееде«ед едефедец ецегецедед еде едед еее едец* 2008 ед 1, ед 1, 2 1 Авfl 2 ег, ,, ее Ав fl flfl Ав flав fi-, fl - fl - Ав fi fl Авfl Ав, Авfl flfl fl Авfl fl ец Ав Ав Ав - - fl fl fi ее-, Ав Ав Ав- - Ав * ец Ав Ав - Авfl - Ав fl - flfl [1, 30, 39, 47, 4953] ее Авfl, Авfl - Ав - fl fl, Ав Ав АвАв Ав - fl Ав, XIX - [45, 46, 48] fl fl 1961 Ав-, fl fl Ав flfl fl- Авfl [14] fl, Ав Авfl [1, 30, 48, 51, 53] Ав ед 2 fl - fl Ав fl Ав Ав Ав Ав fl, - fl fl - fl Ав Ав -, - fl flfl * е АвАв е ец ( ) - fl Ав - fl, Ав fl- Ав, - [32] е fl - Ав,, ( fl ) Ав, - -- е [6, 33] -, flfl - flав fl fl Ав- Ав (ее) ед fl -, ег АвАв fl - fl -,, Ав Ав- ее е fl Ав, Ав --, - fl ( Ав Ав) Ав - Ав fl- fl ед 2 Ав - fl, Ав - 533

18 534 Ав, - fl Ав ее Ав ебfl fl Ав Ав Ав Ав fl Ав -, - Ав Ав fl fl Ав ед fl fl Ав fl Ав- еб fl [13] ее Ав Ав- [1], fl Ав Ав fl ед 2 -, Ав Ав ед 2 ее Ав- [911] Ав - fl АвАвfl, Ав, Ав- Ав Ав Ав -, Ав Ав, Ав Ав - ее, flflfl - fl, Ав flflfl, - fl ее- fl, flfl, fl - fl Ав, Ав ее -,, - [22, 27], flflfl, fl fl ее Ав- ефfl, Ав А flа Ав [40], fl flflfl Ав - едав -, fl [27], flflfl -, fl fl [6, 32] fl fl - Авfl - fl fi- - Ав Авfl Ав: 1) fl - fi fl; 2) - fl fl fl fi ебе«ец еееде еееде«е ееедеде еце«ец е едефе егец flав Ав Ав - fl fl - fl Ав fi - fi Ав fl fi fl, Ав fl fl е«fi, Ав- Ав Ав, Ав ед Авfl fi [17, 18, 31] ее - - ее - fl -, Ав - - fl, [15, 16] едав Ав, fl Ав-, Авfl - Ав - fl - fl fl fl Авfl [8] - [24], -, fl - fl, Ав, fl- Ав Ав Ав - - Ав -, - - Ав Авfl - flав Ав- fl - Ав fl - Ав fl [4, 17, 22, 2426], - fl Ав Ав, Ав,

19 егегед едефеде ец еееде еееде«535, flflfl Ав, Авfl Ав Ав Ав fl fl - Ав flfl fl- fl, fl fl fl ег - -, Ав fl - flfl Ав Ав Ав fl ее, - Ав, - Ав fl Ав- fl fl [22, 41] ефав - fl, fl - fl fl fl fl - fl - flfl Авfl - Ав Ав Ав :, - /, Ав - Ав (Ав,, Pg), (- ) ее flfl fl - fl fl, - fl - Ав Авfl flfl, Ав- fl flfl Ав, fl Ав- е Ав fl - Ав,, Ав- Al, Fe, Ca, Na, ее -, Ав - Ав, fl [8] ед fl fl Ав Авfl, - Ав, Ав- [5, 8] ецав, Ав fl fl fl Ав, Ав fl- Ав : Авfl, - fl; Ав, Ав - ; -, fl Авfl - -,,, Pg ед Ав Ав - Ав Ав- Ав fl fl Авfl, Ав Ав 3540 [4, 8, 22, 2427, 41, 44 Ав], - fl, fl ед е - - fl Ав fl flfl Ав Ав Ав, - fl - Ав fl fl - [4, 8, 22, 24, 26],, flfl - fl, / -, - flflfl Ав Ав - Ав Ав ец- fl /, - [24], fl fl - fl Ав едеф ец ефед fi - (е«-- fl Ав), Ав А А fl fl Ав - -, Ав- fl Ав fl ебав едав, -, Авflfl fl, [2, 3, 19] е Ав

20 536 Ав, Авfl Ав, - fl Ав fl Ав - flfl fl - fi Ав, - Ав [28], flflfl Ав fl Ав е А А е«fi fl - 27 Ав (IVII) - fi- fl (16), fi fl Ав Ав, - Ав еф Ав- ее [36] fl - fl - fl Ав Ав , Ав- Ав Pg -- Ав Ав Ав ( ) [36, 42] е Ав, Ав- Авfl fl -14 Ав - fl дл 750 дл [37]; Ав - Ав - Ав Ав flfl Ав fi fl [34] fl Ав Ав [7, 35] е ебеге ефеф ец едегец fl АвАв fi - fl fl - Ав fi fl, - А А 510 fl fl - 900Ас - Ав fl дл 750 дл fl fl Авfl 400 Ав Авfl -, Ав - fl Ав Ав Ав- Ав fi fl fl - fl fl (дл 750 ), Ав- fl, - Авfl (Ав 1030%) е Ав fl fl fl fl -, flfl - дл, Ав Ав- Ав, - Авflfl [37] еф fl дл 750 дл fl - fl fl - ег дл АвАв ец fl дл 750 дл А А АвАв АвАв- fl fl - fl дл 750 (3845%) Ав fi fl (5054%) fl - fl - ( ) Ав Ав fi fl, Ав Авfl, Авfl дл 750 fl 5560% Ав - ее Ав Ав fi fl Ав fl е«fl - Ав Ав Ав - - Ав fi fl Авfl fl - - Ав flfl Ав- (- 1---) - fl Ав Ав - Ав fl fl - fl ее- Pg - Ав Ав - ее flfl

21 егегед едефеде ец еееде еееде«537 Ав fi fl ед,, % д д % fl, , fi fl Ав ееfl I I II II fi fl ееfl Ав III III Ав Ав III fi fl еф ееfl - IV Ав V VI Ав Ав VII / 0001%C E 4651 ( ) едав fl - fl, fl, Ав, Ав Ав - fi fl 1, Ав fl, Ав fl Ав - - fl - () fl - 448, 568, 620, - Pg ее - fi- fl 1, 2 3 Ав, Ав - Ав fi fl Ав Ав- fl fi fl fl, Авfl Авfl fl - fl, Ав, - fl, Авfl - fi fl 1 Авfl Ав I Ав I II, fi fl 1 2 ее - Ав () - fl - fl / Ав - fl - - fl, Ав- Pg ец Авflfl, - дл 750 дл Авfl Ав 16% - Авfl Авfl еф Ав, -,

22 538 Ав, - Ав Ав, Pg - Авfl Ав Ав, fl fl - Ав Ав - Ав fl е АвАв - ее - - I II fi fl 1, 2 3, fl Ав - Ав - ее-ав, fl fl fl - fi fl Ав -, Авfl fl fl I II ееfl III - (226 ) 30 ец fl дл 750 дл III Ав- АвАв fl - fl Ав - fl дл 750 (3645%) - Ав fi fl ее fl дл 750 Авfl Ав fi fl 2, Ав Ав- fl ееав Авfl - дл 750 Авfl fl fl дл, fl Авfl Ав - ее - fl fl Ав III - Авflfl fl, - fl дл 750, Ав III (flfl ), III (Авflfl ) III (flfl ), Ав fl, - Авfl Авflfl Ав дл 750, - Авfl fl, Ав fl Ав fl Авfl fl дл fl IIIa, III III е Авfl Ав fl flflfl Авfl - [37] ее Ав - Ав - Ав Авfl - Ав III - - fl - fl fl дл 750 дл III fl АвАв fl ее- fl fl - Ав - Ав, Ав- fl fl (III) III Ав-, - Ав Ав, - - fl - 448, , Ав - е g ее flfl III - Ав-Ав, Ав- Авfl - fl - fl III fl Ав, Авfl ее - fl fl - Авfl fl Ав ее, - АвАв Ав Ав (III) Ав- fl Ав 275% fl Авfl - fl fl, Ав Ав Ав Pg - Ав Ав еф, е Ав- Ав Ав Ав- fl, - fl III ее - fl Авfl - fl Ав Ав- ее, Ав Ав

23 егегед едефеде ец еееде еееде«539 (III) Ав fl, Авfl - fl, fl - (- ) - fl Pg Ав - Ав - flfl (III) Ав - -- Ав - III: Ав Ав, -, Ав -,,, Ав Ав Ав Ав fl еф-, Ав Ав - fl III, fl flflfl Ав- Ав fi fl 3 Ав IV е - Ав Ав-, fl (30 ) IV fl fi fl 3 - III fl - Ав -, -, Pg Ав Ав - ее,, fl fl, fl - fl B - IV Ав - ( 3040 ) fi fl 4 Ав fi fl 4 Ав Ав- Ав ееав - V е АвАвfl fl дл 750 дл fl IV V V (45 ) - fl IV fl Авfl - () fl Ав - fl -, Ав Pg Ав Ав Ав ед fl ( Ав -, АвАв fl - ), - Ав Ав fl ее - fl V ееав fi fl 5 6, - Ав, - fl Ав (Ав 35%) Ав - Ав ( 01%) ее fi fl 5 6 fl - fi fl 1, 2 3 fl fi fl -- () - Ав - Ав, - fl fl fl fi- fl, fl, - fi fl 5 Ав - VI VI (60 ) fl Ав - () Pg Ав Ав Ав ее fl VI - -- ед fl, fl ( -, Ав ) АвАв Ав [43] - fl fl Авflfl fl VII, - fl - -, fl - fl fl Ав Ав - (17 ) Авfl - () - Ав- Ав Ав - ее fl VII - -

24 540 Ав, I II III IV V VI VII / X 2 X 1 ефав Ав еф еф 3 еф 2 T 1 fl едее еб ( [3]) еде ецебедеф fl fl (Ав) ебfl Q А А еф N 2 Q 1 Q 2 Ав Q 1 N 2 Q 1 N fl fi едfl: IVII ; 16 fi fl; / ; fl fl; 1, 2, еф 1, еф 2, еф 3 flfl flfl Ав - fi- fl 6 Ав Ав fi fl -, - ед Ав- - Авfl Ав, Авfl, Ав ее - Ав (, Pg), fl А А Ав Ав Авfl fl fl Ав Ав - flfl - fl, - fl, Авflfl Авfl - : Ав Ав Ав [32] ее-, - Ав flав Ав fi - fl, flfl - Ав, - Авfl Ав fl fl, - Ав VII ец Ав, Ав еф [41] - Ав Ав Ав- Авfl е fl fl Ав- flав Ав fi fl, Ав - Ав - Ав Авfl Ав- 2 е flfl- fl, Ав Авfl fi, Ав Ав 1012% fl - fl fl Ав fi, fl, Ав ед [38] -, fl

25 егегед едефеде ец еееде еееде«541 fl - fl - Ав fl Ав- Авfl fl fl Авfl еф, fl flfl - fl - fl ед, - fl fl, [4, 8, 17, 22, 23, 44] еф- Ав fl - fl - Ав ее [22, 25, 26], - / ( ), Авfl ( ), Ав - Ав Ав, flflfl fl, fl Авfl fl еф, Ав Ав fi fl А А (Ав Ав - Ав), Ав fl, - Ав fl fl Ав fl fi ееедецефеце«ец е едефе егецец ец Ав flав - fi А А, - /, -, - Ав Ав Ав- ее Ав fl fi (, ) Ав Ав fi А - А Ав -, - fl Ав fi fl ее - Ав Ав (), fl - Ав Ав Ав - Ав, - fl - fl Ав едав - Ав -, V Ав, IV Ав е - Ав fl fl Ав fi А А ецавfl fl V, Ав, VIIV fi- fl 6 5 Ав еф fl, fl [3] fl ебав - fl Авflfl fl VII, - fl - - Авfl - fl flfl -fl,, -Ав, - fl - fl fl еф fl Ав fl - VI - -- V fi fl 5 6 fl еф-, fi fl А - А, еф fl ( ), - (еф 1 ) (- ) Ав fi fl Ав fl fl Авfl Ав Ав -- VII, - VI V еб V - Ав ( Ав) Ав - Авfl ебав ед fl Ав Авfl, Авfl - Ав, [3, 12, 13] fl Ав ебав flfl Авfl Авflfl, fl АвАв [3] е, fl, Авfl fi fl 4 3 едав Авfl fl Ав - Ав Ав е fl IV -

26 542 Ав еб Ав fl Ав- fl, Ав Ав Ав Ав Ав fl, Ав ед Ав - flfl fi fl 3 едfl, flfl - Ав (fi fl 4 3 fl IV), fl Ав 1 (), fl III ее, fl - Авfl () - ебав [3] fl Авfl fl Авfl -fl [3] fl, flfl- fl Ав Ав - III fl Авfl - fl Ав fl fl, Ав Ав - fl, fl АвАв-, fl - fl fl Ав fl Авfl (еф 2 ) Авfl fl fl - -- Ав (III) Ав - (III) () - (III) III - Ав Ав fl Ав Ав Авfl - ееав, fl III, Ав Ав Ав ( ) А А fl - II I fi fl 2 1, fl, Ав Ав е Ав Ав - Авfl 2, fl ебfl- Ав Ав ебав - [3] Ав Ав - [9] ееав Ав fl Ав, Ав - Ав, Ав [10, 12] - fl Авfl fl fl fi fl 2 1, Ав, Ав fl Авfl- fl, - Авfl -fl Авfl Ав Авfl Ав ед Ав II I ееав fifl fl ебfl Авfl (fi fl 1) - Авfl, fl, fl - - Ав fl Ав- Ав, -, ебfl Ав- fl, Ав Ав fl - еф 3 (), -- fl, Ав, fl, Ав Ав, fl- fl [20, 21, 29] ед 1 fl - fl Авfl - fl, /, Ав Ав,, Pg - е fl fl fl, - Ав fl, Ав fl flflfl Ав- fl - 2 Ав fi- fl А А, - ед Ав - Авfl Ав, Авfl ее fl Ав - 3 ее, -, fi fl Ав - е Авfl fi fl flfl -

27 егегед едефеде ец еееде еееде«543 Ав Ав - fl 4 ееавfl fl - fl, fl fi, Ав А - А Ав Ав Ав Ав, - ебfl Авfl, Ав еф fl, - Ав fl 5 Ав - Ав Ав flав - fi fl Ав fi, fl, Ав, Ав- fl - е flав fi flав Ав, - - fl ееецед ецефе ефеге 1 fl : Ав- Ав, fl -, - Ав fl fl : ецав- е, е«ав ебав :, ед ед - fi, Авfl - Ав АГАв, ед, ед ед Ав - - Ав // Ав ед, ед ееав - fl // Ав ед, ед Ав е // ееав ед, ед - // ее- Ав // ец е ееав :, c 11 е fl fl (- ) // Ав - :, , еф ед - fi е // fi, flfl е :, еф,, ее е - Авfl // ее -, : Ав- Ав, ее - fl // ец е ецее ее - // - - Ав : ецав- е, 1961 еф ецее ееав Ав // ееав ец ед - - Ав АГ Ав ец ед ее // - ег ее ед - ее fl- Ав - Ав // fl fl fl :, , ец,, е - е, ед е fl - Ав // ееав , е, ед, - fl, ее Ав fl ееfl Ав- fl // ееав ец Ав : ецав- ед е, ец ед : - Ав: ебав :, ец :, ец,, ец - ееав : ецав- ед е, ец, еб ед - :, ец, е fl е - fl fl Ав Ав // - II Ав - А ее fl fl Ав

28 544 Ав А ец: ецав- ец -, Ав едее fl - fl // - fl : ецав- ег, ец ец е fl - :, Ав е :, ец fl - е :, ед fl fl : ецав- ег, ед, ед fl fl // ееав ед, ед, е - flfl // ееав ед, ед, ец ед- е Ав :, ед, ее - : ецав- ег, ед, ец, е - fl fl : ецав- ег, ед ед -, Авfl- Ав еф, Ав fl fl fl // Ав ее, - : АвАв, ец, ефfl ед Ав Ав: -fl - // ец Ав Ав : ецав- е, еф ец, еф ец ед - // ед АвАв :, АвАв,, ед, Ав- е Ав Ав // Ав // Ав Ав, е«ед ед fl // - fl Arrhenius S Bas Werden der Welten Leipzig, s 46 Arrhenius S On the influence of the carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of ground // Phil Mag 1896 V 41 P Butzer KW Adaptation to global environmental change // Professional geographer 1980 V 32 P Callendar GS The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature // Quat J Roy Met Soc 1938 V P Davidson EA, Janssens IA Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedback to climate change // Nature P Humphreys MW, Yadav RS, Cairns AJ, Turner LB, Humphreys J, Skot L A changing climate for grassland research // New Phytol (1) P Kelloyg WW Global influences of mankind on the climate // J Climatic Change 1978 P Kirschbaum MUF Will change in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming? // Biogeochemistry 2000 V 48 P Williams P D Modelling climate change: the role of unreserved processes // Philos Transact A Math Eng Sci 2005 Dec 15 V 363 P Humus Status of Buried Soils in Loess Deposits of the Minusinsk Intermontane Trough O N Biryukova, D S Orlov, and M V Biryukov The study of the humus status of the buried soil sequence in loess deposits of the Minusinsk intermontane trough revealed that the group humus composition and humus properties of the buried soils did not undergo considerable changes and preserved their initial parameters upon the burial under the conditions of low biological activity Neither the group humus composition nor the humus substance properties fell beyond the limits typical of the humus status of recent soils The fractional composition of the humus acids might undergo secondary alterations after the burial The dependence between the humus type and the length of the biological activity period permitted us to make a paleoclimatic reconstruction of the bioclimatic conditions that might have existed during the formation of the loess deposits in the Minusinsk intermontane trough It was shown that the soil-climatic zones were repeatedly alternating during the Quaternary period due to the global climate change

29 еееде«едец, 2008, 5, ег 6314 ебец ец еде еце еееде«ееедеееде«еге ед е ед еге ефеге ефееед ебед еее ецеге е е * 2008 ед 1, 2, 1, 3, ед е«4 1 ец - Авfl е, , ее, fl, ецfl, 2 2 ег, ,, 3 ед Ав Ав, , ед, fl, 19 4 ец е, ,,, 25/7 ее Ав flав, Ав Ав Ав (fl) ее, fl Ав Авfl -, flав, Авfl, Ав fl Ав fl - fl, : - fl Ав flав Ав fl -, Ав, Ав * ец ее, Ав fl () - е, Ав Ав- fl flflfl, Ав fl,, - fl Ав Авfl fl, Ав - Ав- fl Ав Ав -, Ав Ав Ав, - fl ( Ав- ) Ав Ав fl -, Ав fl Ав fl [17] fl Авfl - - fl Ав - АвАв, Ав, Ав Ав, fl flав ее Ав fl, Ав, *е АвАв е ец , Ав flfl - Ав Ав fl е - Ав - fl, fl АвАв- fl АвАвfl Ав- fl еф АвАв fl, Ав Ав fl -, -, fl - fl, - fl, flав Ав flfl Авfl АвАв flав fl ( - fl Ав ) -,, Ав fl flав, - fl Авfl - ее Авfl - ее- 10 ед 100,,, Авfl Ав егfl ееfl 150 ( Ав II Ав III ), 3

30 546 Ав fl fl, - Ав А А А А Ав 50 [6] fl Ав Авfl, Ав, - fl - - fl,, fl fl- ед, - fl 10%, Ав Ав 57%,, - Ав 35% - - ееfl Ав -, Авfl Ав, - ( 35%), flfl- Ав- fl, fl fl, - flав fl -, Ав, flfl Ав, - fl fl- ед fl Ав Ав - е«fl () , Авfl fl- fl fl-, fl Ав, - Ав - fl - Ав ее- Авfl, fl - Ав, fl - Ав 2025% ееав - - fl Ав - Ав, fl Авfl fl [10, 16] Ав - fl - fl, Ав -, Ав Авfl,,, Ав Авfl Авfl - fl Ав fl, Ав- fl fl е fl ее 1000 ( IV flfl III fl Ав ) ее- Ав fl --, Авfl Ав- flflfl Ав Ав Ав, Ав,, Авflfl - Авfl - fl, - АвАв (е ег) Ав Ав - fl fl [7] fl Ав - fl Ав Ав, - Ав fl Ав, - fl Ав - fl Ав (- fl fl, fl, -, Ав fl ) [12] Ав (, - ) - fl fl е ег Авfl,, - Ав - едавfl [5] А fl fl е ег - АвА Авfl fl fl , е ег Ав Ав - fl Ав е ег Авfl ее-, fl fl, Авfl - Ав flав fl fl - ( ) -, fl Авfl Ав (-, ~50 ), flав Ав- Ав Авfl fl Ав fl ед Ав Ав -, -

31 еф 1 е ееедеееде«еге ед е ед еге ефеге 547 -, : - fl / Ав : [A1], Ав- - [A1] - fl, I е 2 1/00 70/ /00 130/ /00 40/ fl 2/00 65* 80 II е 3 8/01 70/ /01 20/ /01 50/ /01 40/ /01 105/ fl 6/ едав 2- е 2 4/01 230/> (33) 50 V 1 1/03 150/ /04 110/ () 0 9 9/04 120/ /04 55/ fl 3/ ** 30 ее +, ;, - flfl * ег 1, ** Ав fl ее, Ав Авfl едеф ец ефед ед Авfl fl е - ееfl (ед- fl ),, - Ав е Ав ед- Ав Ав - Ав Ав ее - fl ец ( ег) е, едfl (- Ав Ав Ав- fl [8, 11, 15]) Авfl V, е ед [9] ее - fl Авfl ( ег) ее Авfl ец - 10 Ав Ав, Ав Ав Ав - Ав 78 едfl Ав - - Ав 1 Ав- Ав - Ав fl Ав Ав - Ав Ав еф, ед 2 - Ав, SO 4 - Ав, Ав Na fl - 3*

32 548 Ав еф 2 е АвАв Ав fl е ед, /fl е е АвАв, Ав 68% fl Ав I е 1 е I, 3/ А II е 2 е, 2O/2* А е, 2ед/ А е, 2ед/2 ец А е, 2ед, fl ец-2391 ** 5030 А 120 (~4030) е II, 6/ А е II, 6/ А III е 8 е II, 7, fl ец А 190 (~3610) I 9 V, 9/ А V, 9, fl ец А 80 (~4290) V, 8, fl ец А 100 (~4480) II 12 V, 1/ А V, 1/1 ец А V, 1, fl ец А 70 (~4180) * 2ед Ав ** Ав, fl е, 1000, V ( Ав [12, 13]), Ав- Ав Авfl - Ав - ецееее е (- ецец, е ееfl) егавав Ав е ег - Ав Ав fl: ец е (-ее) ец- е () - fl flав Ав (- ) Ав - (Ав) е ебеге ефеф ец едегец ее fl Ав Ав- fl Ав е I е II (е I е II) - flав ед, -, - Ав fl, fl fl (А А А А fl Авfl - flав - fl): Ав flав [15] fl Ав 3 Ав- fl fl Ав - Ав - fl Ав Ав е ег Ав АвАв fl Ав flав - fl Ав - Ав fl Ав 3400 Ав 3200 (3000), Ав Ав - ( 2) ее, Ав - fl [7] едав Ав АвАв е - fl Ав - Ав, - Ав 2, 3 4 е I ( 1) ег fl, 3 2 4,

33 ееедеееде«еге ед е ед еге ефеге 549 I II III, % A1 1 A1 2 AB B 1 2 5/00, 3 3/00, 4 4/01, 2 Ав 10/01, 6 7/01, 7 A 5/01, 5 0 1/00, 2/ /01, 3 6/01 0 8/01 CO 2, % A1 1/00 2 3/00 4 5/00 3 2/00 5/01 5 8/01 3 4/01 2 Ав 10/01 6 6/01 7/01 7 6/01 AB B 1 2 fl ( 2,,, ), - Ав, - Авfl fl - ец, flав - 5/00, 3/00 1/00 fl Ав fl Ав ее, - Ав - fl, fl е 1 Ав Ав () ед 2 () е flав: IIII -,, Ав 2 4 ( 1/00 3/00, - ), 1520,, - fl Авfl fl - 3 ( 5/00),, -, - 4 Ав 3, Ав - flfl flfl - fl 5/00 ( 3), 3/00 ( 4) 1/00 ( 2) - 5/00 flfl Ав 1 - Ав, Ав Ав flав ее Ав ед 2 - ( 1, I) - fl flав, Ав (, Ав 3, Ав 2 4, - Ав е I) fl fl Ав fl Авfl fl Авfl Ав fl

34 550 Ав fl ( е ег Ав - fl cal B Ав Ав ) fl fl, Ав fl -,, Ав - ( 4 е II, 3/01) ееfl Ав 2 Авa K 10 * 3NM K 10 * 3NM K 10 * 3NM Ав K 10 * 3NM K 12 * 3NM K 10 * 3NM е 2 - fl fl е flав,, 5/00, 3, 3000; fl fl,, 3/00, 4, 3000; fl fl,, 1/00, 2, 3000; - flfl, -, Авflfl, flfl, 2, 8/01, 3; Ав Ав - fl (fl ), - fl (fl ), 2, 4/01, 2 Ав; - fl Ав, 1, 7/01, 7;, Ав, fl - fl; fl fl 250 ; - fl ; 1, 8/01, 3, 3000;, Ав, 1, 4/01, 2 Ав, ; Ав Авfl, fl - fl, 1, 7/01, 7, 3000 fl [7], едав АвАв, fl fl Авflfl - Ав Авfl Авfl, Ав - Ав flflfl, fl - Ав, -, fl flав fl,,

35 ееедеееде«еге ед е ед еге ефеге 551 : Ав 3 5 е II ( 8/01 5/01 ) fl Ав- Ав Ав (2ед), е II ( 4/01, 3/01 10/01 ) fl Ав ед Ав fl fl-, fl ( 1, II) fl Ав Авfl fl, -, - fl Ав- fl ( 2,, Ав), fl -, ( 2,, ) Ав Ав Ав flав fl -, Авfl Ав ее Ав- -,, Авflfl е fl - fl Ав, Ав Ав, Ав-,, flав - Ав fl - fl е, Ав, fl Ав,,, fl Ав 2ед, Авfl Ав fl Ав,,,, fl Ав 3 е I (fl ) е - - -, Ав 2ед, -, Авfl fl, - 5/00 ( 3) [8, ] - -, Ав -, Ав flав fl: 2ед, 6 4, 3 5,, Ав -, Ав fl, fl Авflfl, Ав Ав Ав - fl, А А - Ав - flflfl, fl - Авfl еф Ав, Ав, - fl Ав fl, Ав fl Ав- : Ав - Ав ;, Ав, fl Ав- Ав fl fl fl, fl, fl Ав ее - Ав fl 6 2ед - Авfl Ав Авfl-,,, fl, fl - fl 4 5 Ав Авfl А АвА Ав - fl,, А АвА Ав [8] Ав Ав -, Ав 4, 6 2ед, Ав-, 3 5, Ав, fl, Ав Ав Авfl Ав fl, Авfl - fl,,, Авfl, Ав, fl fl fl - Ав едав Ав-, ец,, Ав fl- ( 7 /01, 7),, fl - Ав, fl -, fl fl Ав- fl ( 1, III) fl- е, fl Ав- fl fl-, - fl Ав - flfl ( 2,, ) еф, - fl, fl Ав fl Ав

36 552 Ав, fl <001, % /00, 2 3/00, 4 5/00, 3 2/00 8/01, 3 5/01, 5 10/01, 6 4/01, 2O 6/01 9/04 8/04 12/04 1/03 3/ е 3 е Ав <001 - е I; - е II 2 Ав, -, - V fl Авfl - Ав, - (fl <001 ) Авfl Ав ( 3) fl ( Ав Авfl, ), ( е I, 3, ), ( е II, 3, ) Ав fl fl, - fl А А Авfl - Ав flав ее Авfl fl е,, - fl fl Ав fl Ав, - Ав Ав; fl fl fl flав (fl fl - fl, Ав ) fl - fl Ав Ав- fl Ав, Ав Ав ец,, -, Авflfl, - Ав, Ав fl -, Ав, Авfl fl fl ее, - Ав Авfl, - fl - еф, - Ав Ав - Ав, Ав fl -, Ав Авfl ( 1 2) е, fl, Ав, А АвflА (flfl ), Ав, fl - flав - fl fl?, Ав ец [4, 290], flfl - - fl Ав-, fl ед Ав fl

37 , ееедеееде«еге ед е ед еге ефеге 553, % A A1 1 A1 2 AB ca B1 1 ca B1 2 ca 9/04 8/04 12/04 1/03 3/03 е CO 2, % SO 4, % ед Na, % fl <0001, % /04 8/04 12/04 1/03 3/03, fl: flfl flfl flflfl,, --, -- fl fl -, fl fl, fl flfl fl - Авflfl Ав Ав,, fl- fl ее Ав е ег Авfl ( 2), 8 9, Ав, 1, Ав, fl fl-,, 3400 Ав 3200 (3000) Ав Ав, 12 ( ) Ав Ав , 12 fl Ав Ав Ав- fl ее Ав- ( 4, ) ее е 4 Ав Ав (), ед 2 (), SO 4 (), fl ееее (), <0001 () flав ( ее, ) IIIII fl Ав - Ав - [3, 49] ефав, Ав Авfl, fl [1, 8586], 5500 Ав Авfl - Ав 300, - Ав, Ав ( Ав) 4 fl ; Ав, : 8 9 ( 8/04 9/01) fl 1 12 ( 1/03 12/04) fl е ег Ав- fl Ав fl е ег Ав 3400 Ав 3200 (3000) cal, 1 е ег Ав cal [7] ее -, fl -

38 554 Ав Ав Ав, - fl ( 4, ) Ав fl - Ав fl fl - ( 4,, ), - Ав fl Ав - ( 4, ) Авfl Авfl - fl fl - ( 3, ), 8/04 9/04 Ав - Ав Ав, Ав 1/04 12/04 Ав fl Ав ( 4060 ) ец fl, - - [2], fl Авfl Ав Ав А АвА,, flfl Ав- Ав fl - fl fl - fl Ав, - Ав -, flав fl Авfl fl Ав, Ав fl, -, Ав Ав, ебе«ец, Ав fl ее- fl, fl - fl Ав, fl Ав,, Ав, - flав ее Авfl Ав Ав, -, Ав - fl, Ав - Ав, Ав Ав fl,, Ав,, Ав, ее fl fl ( IVIII fl Ав ) ее- Ав АвАв, Ав flfl Ав Ав fl ееав Ав Ав Ав АвАв fl, flав() fl fl Ав, А А fl Ав,, - Ав, - Ав - fl Ав fl Ав fl,, flfl, -, Ав, - fl, fl, fl Ав- ееецед ецефе ефеге 1 Ав ецfl е // II Ав fl -, fl 100- Авfl- Ав ец 2003 еф ец, Ав, еб Ав Ав- fl : - Ав, , е е ее fl ееавfl II Ав I Ав fl // - ец, ец ец, fl еф Ав, Ав Ав fl, - // е fl ец IVII ее: едефец ее е, , fl - fl АвАв Ав // fl Ав // е«ав :, ,, е еф ец- Авfl fl ее ( ее, 2000 ) // е ееавfl fl fl- fl ееfl Ав Ав- Ав Авfl // ее fl fl - ед- : ецав- едееег, ,,, fl, еф, fl, -

39 ееедеееде«еге ед е ед еге ефеге 555 ед е ед, ед, ее - Авfl V ед // fl едfl ед- : ецав- едееег, ед, ееfl - - ееfl // ееав ед,, е«ед, - е АвАв Ав - fl - flав ееfl // ееав е«, едfl е АвАвfl fl Авfl - // е fl fl е«ед е АвАв Ав - :, Alexandrovskiy AL, Chichagova OA, Shishlina NI 14 C studies of burial mounds in the steppe zone: chronology and paleoenvironment // 11th International Workshop on Isotope-Geochemical Research in Baltic region, March 1416, 1996 Lohusalu, Estonia 1996 Pp Khokhlova OS, Khokhlov AA, and Morgunova NL Evolution of Soils in the Holocene Chronosequence in the Ural River Valley (Cis-Ural Steppe) // Eurasian Soil Science 2004 V 37 S 1 P Khokhlova OS and Kouznetsova AM Carbonate accumulations morphology in a soil chronosequence in the southern Pre-Ural, Russia: Significance for Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction // Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas 2004 V 21 N 1 P Morgunova NL and Khokhlova OS Kurgans and nomads: new investigations of mound burials in the southern Urals // Antiquity 2006 V 80 P 115 Paleosols Buried under Kurgans of the Yamnaya Culture in the Steppe Zone of the Cis-Ural Region O S Khokhlova, A M Kuznetsova, A A Khokhlov, N L Morgunova, and O A Chichagova The analysis of soil chronosequences developed from loamy and loamy sandy substrates and buried under kurgans dating back to the Yamnaya archaeological culture in the steppe zone of the Cis-Ural region demonstrated that it is possible to trace the dynamics of the soil properties and to perform paleoclimatic reconstructions for different intervals within the studied period The properties of sandy soils changed more rapidly than the properties of loamy soils For sandy soils, notable changes in their properties were revealed in the soil chronosequences dating back to the particular stages of the Yamnaya culture; for loamy soils, such changes could only be traced for the soils buried under the kurgans dating back to different stages of the Yamnaya culture

40 еееде«едец, 2008, 5, ег 63146:63148:93026 ебец ец еде еце еееде«ецеф еееде ееедеееде«ефе е едед еее ебе е ефе ефе ефе е«ефецец ед е * , ец Ав 2, 3, fl 3, 1 1 ец - Авfl е, , ее, ецfl, 2 2 ец е, ,,, 25/7 3 егее А АвА, ,,, 56 ее Ав ееав Авfl, Ав (fl, - fl, Ав) ег, Ав - flflfl Ав III Ав, fl flflfl Ав- Ав fl Ав ее - fl Ав - Ав Ав Ав * ец,, fl Ав - Ав Авfl flав [14, 15, 2325, 2730, 34, 42] ее, Ав Авfl - fl flflfl fl, fl - Ав Ав fl - - [5, 19, 23, 34, 37] Ав -, Авfl - Ав fl [2426] Ав -, Ав fl,,, - fl, flfl - [8, 14], Ав fl fl - fl АвАвfl Ав fl - * е АвАв е ец ( , ) ее Ав Ав- ееав е 18, fl -, fl Ав, fl fl fl - [16],, fl, fl flfl -, fl flав - е fl - Ав flав [14, 25, 27, 28, 36, 40] fl, flflfl Ав Ав - [38] fl, Ав егав [18], flfl Ав Ав, Ав Ав fl, Ав, Авfl - Авfl fl, Авfl Ав Ав - Ав fl, fl Авfl [2, 9, 13], Ав fl fl Ав fl fl - fl Ав - fl Авfl - [3133, 37] - Ав fl Ав - 556

41 ецеф еееде ееедеееде«557 [17, 21] - Ав fl е едfl Ав - fl Авfl, - Ав Ав- еф, fl fl е Ав: 1) Ав, Ав fl- ( Ав) - ееав - ; 2) - ; 3) fl flfl А -8А е А Ав-2А Ав е Ас 40Ас 45Ас 50Ас А -3 А - Ав 3954 е Ас 44Ас 42Ас едеф ец ефед ед Авfl - Ав Авfl Авfl - (, 1963, [25]) flflfl Ав - fl ееав- Ав -, fl Ав, Ав,, Ав - Ав fl Ав, -Ав АвАв Ав: - Ав 107Ас [6], Ав fl 46Ас, +206Ас; fl Ав 76%, fl 64%; Ав , 6070% Ав Авfl Ав fl 04 Ав 09 ( Ав 0607) Ав Ав fl Ав fl fl Авfl Ав: Ав-- Ав, Ав Ав Ав fl, Ав--, Ав- fl Ав Ав Ав- - fl ец - Ав fl, Ав, fl fl Авfl fl ецавfl Ав () Авfl 1 А -8А, 4 - fl ец- Ав 13, Ав Ав, Ав fl Ав А -3А, 500 ецав 1, flfl fl ееав fl А Ав-2А, 2 Ав ед - Ав 1 Ав - fl ~ е fl - е 5070 Ав fl, fl - fl ееав -, (,, -,, Авfl fl, -, ) Ав Ав [4] ее Ав flfl 2004

42 558 Ав е ебеге ефеф А Ав-2А А - -3А Ав, - - Ав fl - А Ав-2А ( 1, 2), 022 еф- Ав, Ав-, -fl,, ее - 5 Ав 10 еф - fl flfl fl, fl Ав- ееав v**, 2250 ееав -, fl, Ав fl;, -, Ав, Ав- -fl - fl fl Ав - 30 fl Ав - fl - Ав Ав 30Ас еф fl fl flfl fl, Ав fl, fl fl, - Ав v2, 5075 АвАв, - -, - - -, Ав, ее fl fl, fl Ав 520 -fl, Авfl fl Ав, Ав fl, Ав fl Ав е Ав - Ав d = 12 ; - Ав 2 - flfl fl, Ав fl ** Ав fl - flfl [25] еб А vа fl 30 Ав, А v2а - Ав - fl 30 ; А VА - Ав fl, 30 BC Ca v, 7598 еб--,,, Ав - fl е Ав - fl еф (051 ) Ав - fl Ав - (Ав 3 ) - flfl fl, Ав - - Ав, fl C Ca s, c еб--,,, Ав fl ее fl ее fl - - Ав fl flfl fl, Ав ,, -, fl fl Ав (Ав 45 ), - Ав fl Ав- fl fl А Ав-2А fl - Ав (Ав 25%) - fl fl е fl Ав flfl Ав (87%) Ав fl (75130 ) 130 Ав -, Авfl 87% еб fl, Авfl 163% Ав fl (5075 ) fl 20% - А - -3А - Ав, fl fl Ав, fl Ав- (Ав 178% ) ее : - flflfl Ав Ав - Ав Ав Ав - fl ( 2) fl 810%

43 ецеф еееде ееедеееде«559 еф 1 Ав ее А Ав-2А А -3А А -8А ее fl ееfl fl ееfl fl ееfl егав ееfl ееfl е flfl flfl ее ее Ав е -Ав е -Ав fl, Ав, Авfl, Ав ед е fl Ав - Ав, е Ав, ед ее Ав flfl Авfl е fl flfl Авfl е fl flfl Авfl fl, Авfl ег Ав, Ас ед 1015 Ав Ав, Ав, е, ед 10, ееав, 2530 Ав ,,,, fl, Fe fl, fl ед fl,

44 560 Ав еф 2 -,, Ав ед, % Ав CaSO 4 CaCO 3 д, %, Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + K + - <001 <0001 % % А -3А fl, v2, V, BC Ca s, s, ееfl (XXVXXIII Ав ) 1, , s, BC Ca s v, s, s, А Ав-2А fl, v2, v, BC Ca v, s, , ееfl (XXIXIX Ав ) 1, , v, BC Ca, s, Ca s, А -8А fl 1, Ca, v, V, vs, s, s, ееfl (XXIVXXI Ав ) 1, , v, V s, s, ее ее Ав

45 ецеф еееде ееедеееде«561 - ( А -8А ) - flав - ед А АвА е - fl Ав fl ( = 63), Ав Ав fl - fl ( 34 Ав 90 ) fl Ав Ав 3%, Ав - ее 90 fl fl, flflfl Ав - е - fl Ав - Ав - Ав Ав, - fl, - fl fl ееававfl, - - (Ав, - Авfl, flfl ) еф, Ав flfl ~60 Ав 84, - Ав Ав flfl 24 Ав 1020, 35 Ав 2050, - fl 1030Ас Ав 45Ас ее fl fl - fl А А ( 2) Ав, fl Ав- - ед Ав Ав ( 1), fl - Ав 34 Ав 118 fl, А - АвА :, - fl fl Ав Авfl [25] ее ееавfl -, Ав - fl ее - fl - Ав,, flfl Ав fl Ав ее - flfl, Авfl - Ав fl Ав fl Ав ее Ав fl fl Авfl-, fl, - fl еф, - Ав fl,, - Ав ( Ав flfl fl Ав, fl fl - fl Ав), - Ав Ав едав Ав - fl,, - Ав fl fl - Ав -, Ав Ав fl - fl Ав -, Ав, - Ав-, fl Ав - Авfl ее А - -3А А Ав-2А Ав - fl А -3А - Авflfl Ав 1, Ав fl -, ее Ав : 1, 07 ее-,, - fl fl, -- fl fl fl Ав - еф flfl - fl ееав 1, 723 -,, Ав fl ее Авfl - Ав - fl - Ав, 4

46 562 Ав - flfl fl, Ав 2 s, ,, -- fl HCl flflfl Ав - Ав fl ед- Ав, Ав fl Ав flfl fl, Ав fl- s v, , fl-,, - -fl - fl :, Ав 1 ; fl fl fl Ав 3540 Ав flfl, Ав ец fl, fl - Ав 4560, fl flfl - fl, Ав - fl - C Ca s, , fl-,, - fl flfl fl Ав - Ав Ав fl Ав - flfl fl, Ав - s, c -, fl-,, - fl Ав ее (, - fl Авfl fl,, -- ) Авfl fl Авfl- Ав - : fl fl, 23, Ав - fl, -, flflfl Ав Ав Ав fl А Ав-2А, ( fl, ~ ), - Ав 1, 010 ее-,,, fl, - -fl еф flfl fl ееав fl 1, , Ав-,, - fl, fl ее - fl - fl Ав 5 ед- - - fl - fl (35 ), - - flfl fl, Ав, fl - fl 2 v, , АвАв, Ав,, -, -fl fl fl ее fl flflfl Ав - fl fl (35 ) - Ав Ав 30Ас ее Ав fl, fl, А А, fl- Ав - fl fl 35 ее Ав- fl flflfl - fl Ав 50 flfl - fl, Ав fl Ав, 5294 АвАв, - --, fl,, -fl fl, 052, fl Ав, -Ав, Ав Авfl flfl fl, Ав fl-

47 ецеф еееде ееедеееде«563 s, ,, fl fl Ав -, Ав едfl flfl - Ав - Ав - fl Ав fl flfl fl, Ав - Ca, 132 c -,, fl - fl - fl fl Ав- fl еф, Ав-, -, fl Авfl Ав - fl - Ав Ав (Ав 27%), fl fl ( 8193) - fl, , - ; -, ( 1) А -8А ее- III Ав (~ ) - еф, 13 Ав- fl: 1, 013 еф-, - Ав, Ав -fl, fl, - fl ее fl flfl fl ееав - fl, , Ав fl, fl - Ав - Ав fl ееав v, , - Ав, Ав - Ав 1 (Ав ~90 ) -fl 40 flflfl Ав - fl Ав Ав 5 fl Ав fl fl, Ав fl - v s, , Ав-,, - -fl, - fl - - fl Ав Ав, 5, fl- fl 10 Ав 45Ас ееав -, s, еб--, Ав-,, fl, fl - fl - Ав Ав Ав Ав 3 fl Ав fl fl - ( 9 ), Ав - ( 1% 1) fl 24 -/100, Авfl Na + Ав 10% - еф,, Ав Ав - 1% 2748 ед- fl 80 flflfl Ав - - еф, Авfl III Ав, Ав, fl Авfl - fl - : Ав ; - Ав ( Ав Ав fl, - ) fl Ав-, ( 1) Ав - 4*

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