Aerospace Cyber Physical Systems Challenges in Commercial Aviation

Transcription

1 Aerospace Cyber Physical Systems Challenges in Commercial Aviation Dr. Susan X. Ying, Dr. Steven Venema, Dr. David Corman, Dr. Ian Angus, and Dr. Radhakrishna Sampigethaya Boeing Research and Technology March 2012 BOEING is a trademark of Boeing Management Company. 1

2 Aerospace Cyber Physical Systems The Digital Airplane Airplane in Factory Airlines & Aircraft Operators Air Traffic Management Airframe Manufacturers Airports Flight Deck Crew Airplane in Operation Onboard Equipment Suppliers Cabin Crew & Ground Personnel MRO Passengers Federal Agencies Airplane in Air Traffic System Airport Gate-to-Gate Flight Airport 2

3 Cyber Physical Systems in Aerospace Manufacturing 42 Acres Factory: fit 75 NFL football fields 911 NBA basketball courts, or a few billion pop cans 3

4 Example: 777 Moving Assembly Line (8) Fwd/Aft S&I Crawlers (1) Mid-Mover for FBJ (2) Airplane Tugs (1) Data historian and visualization system 4

5 Typical IT SCADA Isolation Scheme Users Datacenters Network & Security Management IT Intranet Global Internet Plant Worker SCADA Network Complexity Duplicate wiring VLAN Mgmt Config Mgmt ICS Domain 1 ICS Domain 2 Cost Errors 5

6 Ideal ICS IT Shared Network Users Datacenters Network & Security Management Global Interne t Plant Worker IT Intranet Backhaul IT/ICS Network Incompatibility Poor Security ICS Domain 1 ICS Domain 2 Cost Risk 6

7 SCADAnet Architecture Untrusted IT Intranet Backhaul Backhaul Connectivity Any link type: Ethernet, Cell, WiFi, WiMax, SatCom, etc. Authentication if needed IP over Backhaul Field Worker Transparency Existing ICS protocols Layer 2 VPLS Ethernet ICS Ops Center Field DCS' 7

8 Enclave Architecture Untrusted IT Intranet IP over Backhaul Field Worker Ethernet ICS Ops Center Field DCS' 8

9 Airplane in Factory Challenges How do we Utilize commodity IT networks for SCADA connectivity? Protect our manufacturing controls equipment? Create a clear division of responsibility? Create a solution that scales well? Cross industry commonality Not unique to Boeing, nor to manufacturing in general Equally applicable to Oil/Gas industry (platforms, pipelines, refineries) Energy sector (generation, transmission, distribution) Automotive manufacturing Chemical sector Interoperability: combining forces with vendor and user communities to standardize solutions in this space 9

11 Airplane in Operations AIRCRAFT CONTROL AIRLINE INFORMATION SERVICES (AIS) PASSENGER INFORMATION & ENTERTAINMENT SERVICES (PIES) Architectural view of in-aircraft network Trusted Pilot Flight & Embedded Control Systems Closed Network Cabin Services Systems Crew Devices Authorized Personnel Aircraft Data Network Maintenance Systems Internal Wireless Access Point Traceable Passengers In-Flight Entertainment (IFE) Systems Internal Wireless Access Point External Wireless Access Point Transmitting Personal Electronic Device (T-PED) Data Link Aeronautical Data Link (HF, VHF, VDL Mode x, Mode S 1090 ES, ACARS) Satellite Data Link Satellite Data Link , Cellular Off-board Systems Air Traffic Control Ground Station Neighbor Aircraft Satellite Unmanned AP Cellular BS Stakeholders and End-Users on the Ground FAA DoD, DHS ATM System Airlines Airports Onboard Equipment Suppliers WWW Airframe Manufacturer Third Party Service Providers Tight integration within aircraft, and between aircraft and off-board systems 11

12 Smart Airplane Needs Wireless Sensor Technologies Flight Deck Printer EFB Avionics Data SatComm Avionics Open Networking Network Appliances Terminal Wireless Network Core Maintenance Software Loading Maintenance Access Cabin & Airline Services FOQA Data Flight Attendant Terminals Passenger Cell Phones In Flight Entertainment Current sensors impose extensive wiring and power requirements that limit their use Breakthrough technologies in wireless sensing and actuation required in order to realize major benefits Extremely low energy or energy harvesting sensors Highly efficient sensor communication and networking Highly reliable Cyber Security ACARS Avionics Interfaces Servers Crew Wireless Printer Passenger Wireless 12

13 Smart Airplane Onboard Software (OSW) Development and certification 787 Certified by FAA & EASA in 2011 Integration of SW from dozens of suppliers Up to O(20 million) source lines of OSW code Cost trend shifting away from traditional aero/ propulsion and structures to systems and OSW SW verification leading systems cost (supporting FAA flight certification) OSW critical for functions Flight control & navigation Passenger entertainment Passenger cabin lighting Dimmable window tint control Control of the bidet in passenger lavatory Flight control function Allows for optimizing wing camber in flight Fully augmented authority in all three axes 13

14 Software Distribution and Applications Airplane, Manufacturers, Airline, and Airport/Internet Interfaces ARINC 835 Boeing Approach 14

15 Data Analytics for Smart Airplane Operations Volume and variety of data collected on smart aircraft and by ground operations growing exponentially Maintenance messages / Fault codes Quick Access Recorder (QAR) of flight and system parameters Maintenance action logs / test results / shop data Real-time data and real-time information management for decision making Data analytics enables proactive response to improve aircraft operations Metrics / Evaluation Mining of Maintenance Text Reliability Analysis Maintenance data ARMS MMMS ACMS CMC QAR Airplane Health Management Fault & Msg Tracking Prognostics Monitoring AHM Tool Real-time Decision aid ARMS / ISDP In-Service Data Program MSG-3 Maintenance Steering Group CMMP Centrally Managed Maintenance Program Monitoring Prediction Analysis ACMS: Aircraft Condition Monitoring System CMC: Central Maintenance Computer QAR: Quick Access Recorder ARMS: Airworthiness, Reliability, Maintainability, Safety MMMS: Maintenance Messages Management System 15

16 Information Assurance & Cyber Security Challenges Cyber security requirements for e-enabled airplanes addressed during certification Anti-Tamper avionics hardware and software Prevent Industry/government collaboration will be essential in addressing the cyber threat to aviation Respond Detect 16

17 Airplane in Operations Challenges Communication and network: signal processing, wireless performance, worldwide interoperability for aeronautical networks, and aircraft interfaces to the Internet Onboard Software: efficient verification and validation, secure distribution for end-to-end processes, life-cycle cyberphysical scale Airplane health, control, and prognostics: sensor networks/ fusion, data analytics, information management, systems-ofsystems for sharing critical real-time data, assured timely endto-end information exchange, distributed cooperation and coordination for efficient and optimized decision making Human-automation interface: visualization, human-in-the-loop modeling and simulation, cyber security, close coupling of networking with aircraft controls and air traffic systems 17

19 NextGen is a Large-Scale CPSS Today s NAS (Loose Integration, Stovepiped ) NextGen (Tight Integration) Physical Transformation NextGen uses cyber, i.e., networking, software, computing, to tightly weave taxing, takeoffs, enroute flight paths, and landings 19

20 Cyber-Physical Interactions in NextGen Examples Aircraft Coordination for airborne sensing and action webs Airspace Control and coordination for flight safety and efficiency Control and coordination for separation assurance and hazard avoidance FOC In-flight coordination ANSP Flight Operations Centers Air Navigation Service Providers 20

21 Operations Enabled With ADS-B Reduced-Separation in Non-Radar Airspace Merging and Spacing, Surface Operations, and Closely-Spaced Parallel Approaches In-Trail Procedures FL360 FL360 Blocking Aircraft ITP Criteria FL360 ITP Aircraft Standard Longitudinal Separation Requirement 21 21

22 Continuous Descent Approaches Features Low power less noise, fewer emissions Timing predictability better flow management Punctuality, final savings lower overhead and fuel costs 22 22

23 A Near-Term Example Tailored Arrivals Top of Descent DANKS CHAPI ARBEY BUNKY Typical arrival 28,000 ft 300 kt 11,000 ft 300 kt 9,000 ft 190 kt Tailored arrivals are CDAs, or near-cdas, flown on 4D paths that are shaped for local constraints and timed for merging traffic. SFO AMS 23 MEL SYD 23

24 CPS Challenges in Air Traffic System NextGen systems must function with a variety of legacy aircraft and operational procedures Worldwide interoperability Advances in human-automation interfaces are needed to increase airport capacity, efficiency, and airplane/ airspace safety NextGen requirements (2012 Congressional Mandate) for Unmanned Systems operating in national airspace 24

25 Summary Manufacturing supervisory control and data acquisition networks enable automation and integration with IT systems Airplane operations employ CPS on a grand scale NextGen is a Cyber-Physical System-of-Systems (CPSS) challenge that requires tight integration to increase overall system capacity, efficiency, safety and security. CPS investments cross multiple technology domains/ industries, and require national-level critical mass to achieve required performance and affordability 25

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