Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East

Transcription

1 Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East

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3 Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria Edited by David Romano and Mehmet Gurses

4 CONFLICT, DEMOCRATIZATION, AND THE KURDS IN THE MIDDLE EAST Copyright David Romano and Mehmet Gurses, All rights reserved. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 ISBN First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Conflict, democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East / edited by David Romano and Mehmet Gurses. pages cm. ISBN (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Kurds Politics and government 21st century. 2. Kurds Iraq Politics and government 21st century. 3. Kurds Iran Politics and government 21st century. 4. Kurds Turkey Politics and government 21st century. 5. Kurds Syria Politics and government 21st century. 6. Democratization Middle East. 7. Political participation Middle East. 8. Middle East Politics and government 21st century. I. Romano, David, 1969 author, editor of compilation. II. Gurses, Mehmet, author, editor of compilation. DS59.K86C dc A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: August

5 Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments vii ix Introduction: The Kurds as Barrier or Key to Democratization 1 David Romano and Mehmet Gurses Section I Authoritarianism and the Kurds Chapter 1 Turkey, Kemalism, and the Deep State 17 Michael M. Gunter Chapter 2 Iraq, Arab Nationalism, and Obstacles to Democratic Transition 41 Ozum Yesiltas Chapter 3 Kurds, Persian Nationalism, and Shi i Rule: Surviving Dominant Nationhood in Iran 59 Gareth Stansfield Chapter 4 The Syrian-Kurdish Movements: Obstacles Rather Than Driving Forces for Democratization 85 Eva Savelsberg Section II Democracy in Divided Societies Chapter 5 Democracy, Civil War, and the Kurdish People Divided between Them 111 T. David Mason

6 vi Contents Chapter 6 Communal Groups, Civil Conflict, and Democratization in Latin America 129 John A. Booth Chapter 7 Democracy and Self-Determination in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq 141 Nicole F. Watts Section III The Kurds and Democratization Chapter 8 The Ebb and Flow of Armed Conflict in Turkey: An Elusive Peace 171 Güneş Murat Tezcür Chapter 9 The Iraqi Kurdish View on Federalism: Not Just for the Kurds 189 David Romano Chapter 10 Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Kurdish Dilemma in Iran 211 Nader Entessar Chapter 11 The Emergence of Western Kurdistan and the Future of Syria 225 Robert Lowe Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Section IV Regional Issues From War to Democracy: Transborder Kurdish Conflict and Democratization 249 Mehmet Gurses Ankara, Erbil, Baghdad: Relations Fraught with Dilemmas 267 Ofra Bengio Bibliography 283 List of Contributors 311 Index 317

7 Illustrations Figure 8.1 Total fatalities (security forces, militants, and civilians) 175 Tables 8.1 Legal and administrative reforms Civil war, transborder ethnic kin, and democratization,

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9 Acknowledgments The editors would like to thank all the contributors for agreeing to address the themes we wanted to focus on in this volume. We truly enjoyed the coming together of ideas. We would also like to thank Hemin Hosseini, James Gilmore, and Rikar Hussein for assistance in preparing the manuscript.