NAMMON LERTCHITCHARAT
|
|
- Britton Shepherd
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 NAMMON LERTCHITCHARAT 47 Soi Nawamin 86 Kannayao Ramintra Bangkok Thailand Phone number: Professional Summary Responsible Electrical Engineer level 6 proficient in negotiation power purchase agreement and electricity cross border trading between Thailand and neighboring countries. Passionate and motivated with a drive for excellence. Skills English Language Presentation Coordination Judgment and Decision Making Negotiation Engineering and Technology Experience Engineer level 6 Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand Nontaburi Bangkok Course Attend CEPSI 2014 as a speaker in topic of Policy and Process of Electricity Importing from Foreign Independent Power Project to Thailand : a Case Study in Laos PDR Attend CIGRE 2015 as a speaker in topic of Overview of Cross Border Trading between Thailand and Neighboring Countries Advanced writing and style editing in English at SASIN Institute Education Master of Science: Economics Mar 2012 Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand Bachelor of Science: Electrical Engineer Mar 2008 Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand High School: Math-Science Mar 2004 Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School Bangkok, Thailand
2 DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS BORDER ELECTRICITY TRADE IN THAILAND Nammon Lertchitcharat, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, , Nitus Voraphonpiput, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, , Abstract Nowadays Southeast Asia region has higher demand in electricity. This issue raises concerns related to energy resource and security of supply while resources within Southeast Asia region are diversified in each country. Therefore the cross border trade plays an important role to enhance security of supply, reduce cost of electricity and serve demand of electricity in each country. Thailand, represented by the government of Thailand, as the potential and experienced country in trading electricity with neighboring countries, has cooperation with the government of Lao PDR, Myanmar, Cambodia and China. The government of Thailand and neighboring countries started their cross border trading cooperation by setting framework in the agreement executed by the representative of each country. This agreement is called government-to-government Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). And after that Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) will be negotiate by Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), the utility of Thailand. In the event that two countries decide to make cooperation for cross border trading, they have to enter into an agreement to be as framework called Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). This MoU specify amount of energy allowed to trade between two countries and the effective period for such cooperation. Besides MoU contains terms and conditions for such cooperation that the two countries and the Power Purchase Agreement has to follow. By collecting information from documents and experts, details in MoU will be shared. History of MoU execution between Thailand and neighboring countries (Lao PDR, Myanmar, Cambodia and China) along with amount of energy allowed to trade, effective period and terms and conditions specified in MoU will be stated in this paper. Besides, this paper will provide the information of the existing projects and potential projects under each MoU under the Power Development Plan (PDP) (PDP2010: Revision 3). But cross border trading under MoU with some countries still has some difficulties that obstruct the investment, so barriers and recommendations related to this issue and successful rate of power project under each MoU will be discussed in this paper. The cooperation between the government of Thailand and the government of neighboring countries will benefit each country in the form of economic benefit from purchasing and selling electricity and security of supply. Moreover, this cooperation will enhance a good relation between both countries. Key Word FOREIGN INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCER, CROSS BORDER TRADING IN ASEAN, MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING, ELECTRICITY MARKET
3 1.Introduction Nowadays Southeast Asia region has higher demand in electricity. This raises concerns related to energy resource and security of supply. Energy security means adequate, affordable and reliable supplies of energy. While resources within Southeast Asia region are diversified in each country, the cross border trade plays an important role to enhance security of supply, reduce cost of electricity and serve demand of electricity in each country. Thailand with limited resource concerns this problem as well. Electricity demand in Thailand growing approximately 7 percent annually and becoming more dependent on gas imported from neighboring country. To relieve the problem, Government of Thailand has cooperated with the government of neighboring countries such as Lao PDR, Myanmar, Cambodia and China. The cross border trading cooperation was started by setting framework in the agreement executed by the representative of each country. This agreement is called government-to-government Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) which firstly executed in In order to achieve the cooperation, Government of Thailand assigned the task to the relevant authority. Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), the utility of Thailand, plays the important role in negotiation for the agreement of Tariff MoU and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and as the buyer of the cross border project. This paper will show you the details of each MoU between Thailand and neighboring countries along with the projects under each MoU. The conclusion process of negotiation MoU and PPA will be provided. In addition, the analysis and discussion about the cross border trading between Thailand and neighboring countries are included. 2. Memorandum of Understanding A memorandum of understanding or MoU is a bilateral or multilateral agreement between two or more parties. It expresses the same understanding or agreement between these parties whether in formal or informal form. For the investment in electricity cross border trading, government of Thailand supports the investor looking for the resource in the neighboring countries such as Lao People s Democratic Republic (Laos PDR), the People s Republic of China (China), Union of Myanmar (Myanmar) and Cambodia by creating the MoU stated the cooperation each country has to provide. The details of each MoU are described as follows: MOU Thai-Lao PDR Cooperation between Thailand and Laos PDR occurred from the agreement of the Lower Meking Subcommittee to develop the first hydro power project on Nam Ngum river. The project is successfully constructed and operated in Later, Laos PDR request for the cooperation from Thai side to deliver the electricity to sell to the province at the boundary of Laos PDR (Suwannaket and Thakek) and Thailand agreed to deliver and started the operation in Two decades later, the first MoU between Government of Thailand and Government of Laos PDR were executed in 4 June In the government-to-government MoU, both parties has obligation to support and cooperate to develop the power project within Laos PDR through the Sub-committee on Electric Power Cooperation between Thailand and Neighboring Countries or S-ECTN (authority from Thailand) and Coordinating Committee for Development of Electric Power or CDEP (authority from Lao PDR). Government of Lao PDR has to support the financial institute, the investor and the operator from Thai side to invest in power project in Lao PDR as appropriate. In the end, the long term agreement (called Power Purchase Agreement or PPA) will be entered into by EGAT and the investor to set the terms and conditions for the sell and the operation of the project. The first MoU (MoU1993), the framework is to develop the potential power project in Lao PDR for approximately 1,500 Megawatts by the year There are two projects successfully developed which is Theun Hinboun with capacity of 220 Megawatts operated since 1998 and Houay Ho project with capacity of 126 Megawatts operated since In 18 December 1996, the government-to-government MoU was extended to support the development of power projects in Lao PDR for approximately 3,000 Megawatts (including the existing capacity of the first MoU of 1,500 Megawatts) by the year The other two projects successfully developed are Nam Thuen 2 and Nam Ngum 2 in 2010 and 2011 with capacity of 948 Megawatts and 597 Megawatts respectively. From the
4 accumulated capacity of success projects of 1,891 Megawatts and the potential projects in Lao PDR, another extension of MoU is required. The second extension of MoU (MoU2006) was executed in 19 June 2006 to develop the power projects up to 5,000 Megawatts (including the existing capacity of the first MoU of 3,000 Megawatts) by the year Under MoU 2006 (second extension), there is no project successfully developed. Only one year after the execution of MoU2006, the third extension of MoU was signed in 22 December 2007 for the capacity of 7,000 Megawatts (including the existing capacity of the first MoU of 5,000 Megawatts). The extension of the capacity 2,000 Megawatts after the year 2015 has no expiration period. Six projects are successfully developed: Theun-hinbound Expansion Project, Hongsa Project, Xe-pian Xe-namnoy project, Xayaburi project and Nam Ngiep 1 project. Nam Theun 1 project is under negotiation process for PPA, and Pakbeng project is under the negotiation process for Tariff MoU. The accumulated of the capacity of the existing projects are 5,947 Megawatts which nearly reaches the ceiling of the MoU2007 (7,000 Megawatts) and these leads to the negotiation of MoU fourth extension for MoU2016. The MoU 2016 extends the limited capacity to 10,000 Megawatts until the year 2030 and, in addition, this MoU introduces the platform for the grid-to-grid system. Besides the existing project mentioned above, Xekong thermal project with capacity of 990 MW was proposed to the S-ECTN by Lao PDR in April Figure 1 Comparison of capacity specified in MoU and existing power project between Thailand and Lao PDR MOU Thai-Myanmar Myanmar acknowledges the increasing needs of electrical power in Thailand and desires to cooperate in its fulfillment by developing power projects in Myanmar to utilize its indigenous energy resources, particularly hydropower and natural gas. The first MoU between Thailand and Myanmar was signed in 4 July Thailand agreed to purchase of electricity up to 1,500 Megawatts by the year After the expiration in 2010, two countries have entered into the second MoU in 15 June 2015 with no specific amount of limited capacity stated. This MoU remains in effect for a period of 5 years and will be automatically terminated in 2020 unless any party notified the intention to renew in advance. Under the MoU, each country has to designate their respective competent authority to jointly determine details of the power project. The developer will be selected by the Government of Myanmar. Thereafter, the power purchase agreement will be negotiated between EGAT and the developer. In facilitating the implement of power purchase, EGAT will incorporate to include such project into power development plan of Thailand. Until now, there is no project successfully developed between Thailand and Myanmar. The potential project under development is Mai Ton hydropower project with the capacity of 7,000 Megawatts which is under the feasibility study in Myanmar.
5 2.2.2 MOU Thai-China From the increasing demands of electricity power in Thailand and the desire of the People s Republic of China ( China ) to develop power projects to utilize indigenous energy resources especially hydro for sale to Thailand, the cooperation between two countries started in 12 November 1998 in order to encourage the purchase of electricity up to 3,000 Megawatts by the year The content under MoU between Thailand and China is the same as in the MoU between Thailand and Myanmar as mentioned above. There is one project under the development between EGAT and China Southern Grid Company Limited (CSG). This project will provide energy from the power project in China through the transmission system in Lao PDR to sell to Thailand. The joint working group and joint technical working group were settled to enhance the cooperation among countries MOU Thai-Cambodia Under the wish of Thailand to promote power trade and to provide training and technical assistance to Cambodia and under the desire of Cambodia to develop its power projects with indigenous energy resources, both countries entered into MoU in 3 February 2000 with no limited trading capacity and no expiry date. The government of Cambodian agrees to cooperate with Thai party to implement the policy to sell electricity in Cambodia. Two countries agree to cooperate in planning and construction of the interconnection of its transmission systems to set up an open access policy for future trade with other countries. There are three potential projects under Government-to-Government MoU with Cambodia. First one is Koh Kong project with capacity of 2,000 Megawatts. Koh Kong project is under MoU negotiation process with EGAT since June The second project is Koh Kong Utility project with capacity of 2,660 Megawatts. The name of the developer was submitted to S-ECTN in May The last project is Stung Mnam with capacity of 94 Megawatts. This project is under process of submission developer s name by Cambodia to S-ECTN. In the summary, Thailand has Government-to-Government MoU with 4 countries that is Lao PDR, Myanmar, China and Cambodia as listed below in figure 2. Figure 2 Summary of All Existing Government-to-Government MoU Though there are only successful power projects for cross border trade situated in Lao PDR, the related authority of Thailand has diligently cooperated with other countries in order to support the cross border trade with other countries too. The details of related authorities will be described in the next paragraph. 3. Relating Authorities relating to the cross border trade in Thailand 3.1 S-ECTN (the Sub-committee on Electric Power Cooperation between Thailand and Neighboring Countries) Under the cooperation between Thailand and Lao PDR under the first and second MoU, Committee on Energy Policy Administration had decided to set up the committee to enhance the partnership in cross border trade. S-ECTN or the Sub-committee on Electric Power Cooperation between Thailand and Neighboring Countries was then established in 13 August 2003 by the authority of Committee on Energy Policy
6 Administration. S-ECTN has the core duty to make power development plan according to the power purchase policy and demand in Thailand by supporting EGAT to purchase energy from such neighboring countries under the Government-to-Government MoU and to consider the appropriate purchasing price along with terms and conditions in the agreement. Moreover, S-ECTN has to cooperate with the neighboring countries in planning and construction the interconnection transmission system and in delivering to and from the third country. For the technical aspect, S-ECTN has to support by training or providing the technical knowledge with such neighboring countries as may be required. S-ECTN has to support Thailand investor and financial institution to be a part of the project in the neighboring countries also. S-ECTN has authority to appoint the working group to help its work as necessary. This committee consists of the representative from the relating authorities of Thailand as follows: 1. Representative from the Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Energy 2. Representative from the Energy Policy and Planning Office 3. Representative from the International Energy Cooperation Office 4. Representative from the Department of International Economic Affairs 5. Representative from the Office of the National Economics and Social Development Board 6. Representative from the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency 7. Representative from the Attorney General Office 8. Representative from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) and 9. Representative from the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) 3.2 EGAT (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand) Established in 1 May 1969, EGAT is the state enterprise under control of Ministry of Energy responsible for electric power generation and transmission and cross border trade. EGAT was authorized to cooperate for the cross border trade both by purchasing energy from the Foreign Power Purchase Project under Government-to-Government MoU and by exchanging energy under the cooperation between each government. For the Foreign Power Purchase Project, the government of the neighboring countries will propose the feasible project to S-ECTN of Thailand and S-ECTN will consider and assign EGAT to negotiate Tariff MoU as shown in figure 3 [1]. Figure 3 Process of the Tariff MoU Execution
7 After the execution of the Tariff MoU, EGAT and the investor will negotiate terms and conditions of the agreement called Power Purchase Agreement or PPA. PPA will be executed after pass for the approval of all relevant authorities of Thailand. The process of Tariff MoU and Power Purchase Agreement execution is as shown in figure 4 [1] below. Figure 4 Process of the Power Purchase Agreement Execution 4. Key Issues and recommendations to the Cross Border From the good cooperation between countries, there still have some barriers and limitations behind the cross border trading that blocks the development of the power projects as described below: 1. Financial issues: Since most of power projects are financial projects, the bankable business model is required for both the investor and the lender. The barrier in the field of financial is as follows: Risk in Income: Lenders require fixed or committed income so that the investor can pay the debt back to the lenders consistently. This risk can occur if the off taker as the buyer does not buy enough energy from the project. Moreover, the factor that affects income is electricity price and foreign exchange rate which may vary. Recommendation: The investor needs to make an agreement with commitment structure. The off taker commits to buy the specified amount of energy as in the agreement while the producer guarantee the quality of energy delivered. The energy price should be fixed to cover the cost of operation, debt repayment and return on equity of the project. The currency of energy payment should match with the currency of the debt payment in order to mitigate the risk from the foreign exchange. It is important that the funds should be able to transfer to the offshore account of the lenders also. Risk in cost: The risk can occurred from many factors. The fuel price for the power project may vary and affect the cost. Even if the hydropower project, the lack of water may affected the project as well. The operation cost and liquidated damages is one of the factors which the investor has to concern. If the project machine has problem, not only the lack of income but also the higher operation cost occurred. Recommendation: the long term agreement with the provider and the contractor is required. For the fuel price, the investor should enter into the long term agreement with the provider to fix the fuel price or in the estimated price that can be acceptable. The other solution for the risk of fuel price is hedging. For the operation of the power plant, the investor may create the agreement with the contractor to operate and maintenance with the fixed cost and the liquidated damages will be the responsible of such contractor.
8 2. Technical issues: For the technical aspect, the stability of the system is the most important issue. The cross border trade requires the connection between two systems of the two countries that have different stability level. The weak system may cause the trouble to the stronger system. Recommendation: the technical support is required to enhance the performance of the operation of the system. The voltage stability, the transient stability and the dynamic stability should be concerned. By the way, different countries have different approached to handle the security issues of the system, two countries must be cooperate in this. Moreover, the investor has to concern the limitation each country can purchase from other countries which may vary. In Thailand, for example, the limitation of purchasing power from other countries is limited to 13% of installed capacity for purchasing from one country, 25% from two countries, 33% from three countries and 38% for four countries as shown in figure 5(a). This limitation can be presented in the pattern of ratio between purchasing power from other countries and installed capacity in Thailand as shown in figure 5(b). Figure 5(a): Percentage of limited external purchase of Thailand Figure 5(b): Comparison between limited external purchase and installed capacity in Thailand 3. Political and Legal issues: Legal risk is the risk which the investment's returns may suffer as a result of change in government, legislative bodies and policy. The change-in-law which may relate to the change of the approval and licenses process or the expropriation, is one of the main barriers since the investor has to follows the laws and legislation in the country where the project is situated. Another barrier is the legal process when the dispute occurred. Recommendations: The political risk can be resolve by the undertaking issued by the Government or by the authority on the behalf of such country to guarantee that the project invested by the foreign investors will not be affected by the change or the instability of the country. Another way to resolve this problem is the political risk insurance. One thing that the investor has to concern when taking the option of the insurance is the additional cost to the project.
9 Conclusion The development of the cross border trading needs cooperation between countries. Government-togovernment MoU was created to set the framework for such cooperation. The investor has to negotiate the Tariff MoU with the off taker, EGAT. The Tariff MoU sets out the energy price and tentative terms and conditions to follow. However, the success of the projects depends on three key issues. Firstly, financial issue, the investor should concern the factors affected income and cost of the project to sustain the return in the satisfaction level. Secondly, technical issue, the investor should study the risk of voltage stability, transient stability and dynamic stability to ensure the security and reliability of the system. The cooperation between two countries related to the technical standards is important. There is the limitation of the external purchase in Thailand which limits the purchase from one, two, three and four country(s) at 13%, 25%, 33% and 38% of Thailand installed capacity respectively. Finally, political and legal issue, the investor should negotiate with host country to reduce the risk. The successful of the project demands the support especially from the host country. Reference 1. Policy and Process of Electricity Importing from Foreign Independent Power Project to Thailand : a Case Study in Lao PDR, Nammon Lertchitcharat, CEPSI Development International Power Markets in East Asia, Note No. 143, The World Bank Group 3. Key Project Agreements and Structures Required to Ensure a Bankable Power Project in Tanzania, Peter Kasanda, February Security Issues of Power System Interconnection, Mo-Shing Chen, Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas
Glossary of Energy Terms. Know Your Power. Towards a Participatory Approach for Sustainable Power Development in the Mekong Region
Glossary of Energy Terms Know Your Power 2012 Towards a Participatory Approach for Sustainable Power Development in the Mekong Region List of terms Terms Page Terms Page Avoided cost 10 Installed capacity
More informationGreater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Market Coordination
Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Market Coordination Anthony Jude Regional & Sustainable Development Department 27 November 2013 Sustainable Energy Training, Bangkok, Thailand Overview Participating Countries:
More informationGreater Mekong Sub-region Power Trade and Interconnection, Mongolia Grid Interconnection Perspectives
Greater Mekong Sub-region Power Trade and Interconnection, Mongolia Grid Interconnection Perspectives Shigeru Yamamura( 山 村 繁 ), Energy Specialist, East Asia Department, Asian Development Bank GMS Power
More informationLao PDR Development Report 2010 Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Development
Lao PDR Development Report 2010 Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Development BACKGROUND NOTE Hydro Power Background Summary Note and Sector Assessment This note was prepared by Julia Fraser,
More informationASEAN POWER GRID : ROAD TO MULTILATERAL POWER TRADING. Presented By: Bambang Hermawanto Chairman, ASEAN Power Grid Consultative Committee (APGCC)
ASEAN POWER GRID : ROAD TO MULTILATERAL POWER TRADING Presented By: Bambang Hermawanto Chairman, ASEAN Power Grid Consultative Committee (APGCC) ERC Forum 2015, Bangkok 01 October 2015 Overview of ASEAN
More information1. Energy. 2. Power. 3. Regional cooperation. 4. Greater Mekong Subregion. I. Asian Development Bank.
September 2012 2012 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published 2012. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9092-836-2 (Print), 978-92-9092-837-9 (PDF) Publication Stock No. RPT124977-2 Cataloging-In-Publication
More informationProject Finance Structuring: Case Study - Nam Theun 2
Project Finance Structuring: Case Study - Nam Theun 2 Session on Finance Sidharth Sinha Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad Project History 1970s - Mekong secretariat identified the hydropower potential
More informationCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1 Introduction In general, micro-hydropower systems operate as Run-of-River type which means that neither a large dam or water storage reservoir is built nor is land flooded.
More information3.0 OVERVIEW OF LAO POWER SECTOR
3.0 OVERVIEW OF LAO POWER SECTOR 3.1 Setting 3.1.1 Development of the Power Sector In Lao PDR, the power sector serves two vital national priorities: (i) (ii) It provides a reliable and affordable power
More informationDiscussion on Institutional Arrangements for the FG and Next Steps
Summary of Discussions 1 st Meeting of the Focal Group (FG-1) of the Regional Power Trade Coordination Committee (RPTCC) Hanoi, Viet Nam, 12-13 January 2006 I. Background 1. The establishment of the Focal
More informationGMS Economic Cooperation Program
GMS Economic Cooperation Program In 1992, six countries bordering the Mekong River Cambodia, People s Republic of China (specifically, Yunnan province and later, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Lao
More informationDAWEI Sea PROJECT Port Project DAWEI AND THE REGION
February 2012 DAWEI Sea PROJECT Port Project DAWEI AND THE REGION PROJECT LOCATION Kunming India Middle East / Europe Dawei Africa Asia Regional Hub DAWEI Sea PROJECT Port Project DAWEI PROJECT OVERVIEW
More informationElectricity Business in the Asia-Pacific Region
Electricity Business in the Asia-Pacific Region Business Environment and Challenges (Regional) The opportunities in coming years for CLP to increase its presence in the power industry in the Asia-Pacific
More informationXayaburi Dam: Timeline of Events (Last updated: July 2013)
Xayaburi Dam: Timeline of Events (Last updated: July 2013) 4 May 2007 Lao government signed memorandum of understanding with Thai company Ch. Karnchang to develop the Xayaburi Dam. 25-27 Sept. 2008 MRC
More informationThe Kingdom of Thailand: Capacity Building for the Neighbouring Countries Economic Development Cooperation Agency
Technical Assistance Report Project Number: 40137 December 2006 The Kingdom of Thailand: Capacity Building for the Neighbouring Countries Economic Development Cooperation Agency The views expressed herein
More informationHow KASIKORNBANK Plans to Support Green Projects
How KASIKORNBANK Plans to Support Green Projects Clean Power Asia 29-30 April 2013, Bangkok Thongchai Kangvanchai KASIKORNBANK Pcl. 1 Content Government s Policy of Promoting Green Energy KBank s Green
More informationSECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): ENERGY 1
Country Partnership Strategy: Kazakhstan 2012 2016 SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): ENERGY 1 Sector Road Map 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities 1. Overview. Oil accounts for about a quarter
More informationMINISTRY OF ENERGY FEED-IN-TARIFFS POLICY ON WIND, BIOMASS, SMALL-HYDRO, GEOTHERMAL, BIOGAS AND SOLAR RESOURCE GENERATED ELECTRICITY
MINISTRY OF ENERGY FEED-IN-TARIFFS POLICY ON WIND, BIOMASS, SMALL-HYDRO, GEOTHERMAL, BIOGAS AND SOLAR RESOURCE GENERATED ELECTRICITY Initial Issue: March 2008 1 st Revision: January 2010 2 nd Revision:
More informationFinancing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Thailand s ENCON Fund
International Energy Efficiency Forum, ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN, 27-30 September 2010 Financing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Thailand s ENCON Fund Prasert Sinsukprasert Director of Planning Division
More informationLAO PEOPLE S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROPERITY ************************** Law on Electricity.
LAO PEOPLE S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROPERITY ************************** National Assembly No. 03/NA Vientiane Capital City, date 8 December 2008 Law on Electricity Chapter
More informationThailand and ASEAN. 1. ASEAN: Forty Five Years of Achievements
Thailand and ASEAN 1. ASEAN: Forty Five Years of Achievements Since its inception in 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has made a number of achievements towards regional peace, stability,
More informationASEAN Capital Market Integration and Lessons from the European Union
ASEAN Capital Market Integration and Lessons from the European Union 44 th IAFEI World Congress: Global Recovery Amidst Reforms Makati Shangri-la 16 October 2014 Thiam Hee Ng, Senior Economist Asian Development
More informationHydropower Development in the Mekong Region Cycling through from Policy to Implementation
Hydropower Development in the Mekong Region Cycling through from Policy to Implementation 12-13 September 2013, Bangkok, Thailand Workshop Documentation The Workshop Hydropower Development in the Mekong
More informationOverseas Private Investment Corporation: The U.S. Government s Development Finance Institution
Overseas Private Investment Corporation: The U.S. Government s Development Finance Institution Renewable Resources in Emerging Markets ASIA LEDS FORUM Bangkok 20 September 2012 OPIC Snapshot Established
More informationPPI 1 in IDA Countries, 2009 to 2014
PPI 1 in IDA Countries, 2009 to 2014 This note is a product of the Public-Private Partnership Group of the World Bank, and the Private Participation in Infrastructure Database (PPI Database), written by
More informationUIA- INVESTMENT IN ENERGY PROJECTS IN LATIN AMERICA B Y: L I S A D O M I N G U E Z PA N A M A - F E B R U A R Y 2 8, 2 01 5
UIA- INVESTMENT IN ENERGY PROJECTS IN LATIN AMERICA B Y: L I S A D O M I N G U E Z PA N A M A - F E B R U A R Y 2 8, 2 01 5 A. PANAMA: LATEST INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC BIDS ORGANIZED BY THE REGULATOR 2015 No.
More informationSTATEMENT. H.E Mr. Hassan Younes Minister of Electricity and Energy. Egypt. Session of the Commission. on Sustainable Development
EGYPT The Permanent Mission of Egypt to the United Nations New York 11,J1,y-.e,, ' t' e.h 1 l r.5/ 1 (S.J1 STATEMENT By H.E Mr. Hassan Younes Minister of Electricity and Energy Egypt The 14`h Session of
More informationBenjamin Mugisha Resident Underwriter African Trade Insurance Agency (ATI) Central, East & Southern Africa
Benjamin Mugisha Resident Underwriter African Trade Insurance Agency (ATI) Central, East & Southern Africa Place your company logo here (i.e. replace the Spintelligent logo with your company s logo). NB:
More informationAN OVERVIEW OF INDIA S ENERGY SECTOR
AN OVERVIEW OF INDIA S ENERGY SECTOR India is the world s eleventh largest economy by nominal GDP and fourth largest by Purchasing Power Parity. The eleventh five year plan of India s Planning Commission
More information(Incorporated in the Cayman Islands with limited liability) (Stock Code: 01250)
Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness
More informationDRAFT KERALA STATE ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION, NOTICE. No. 442/CT/2014/KSERC Dated, Thiruvananthapuram 31 st March, 2015
DRAFT 31.3.2015 KERALA STATE ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION, NOTICE 442/CT/2014/KSERC Dated, Thiruvananthapuram 31 st March, 2015 The Kerala State Electricity Regulatory Commission hereby publishes
More informationC5 :106. The Alleviation of Prices Impact on Electricity Tariff caused by Renewable Energy Adders in Thailand
2012 Paris Session http : //www.cigre.org C5 :106 The Alleviation of Prices Impact on Electricity Tariff caused by Renewable Energy Adders in Thailand SIRIWAN WORADEJ Metropolitan Electricity Authority
More informationCredit: Nasa, Visible Earth MYANMAR
Credit: Nasa, Visible Earth MYANMAR We are pioneers in the frontier markets of Asia. A market leader - they ve got a very strong presence here. - They are knowledgeable about the market and give sensible
More informationREQUEST FOR QUOTATION (RFQ) Translation Services
REQUEST FOR QUOTATION (RFQ) Translation Services Dear Sir / Madam: 18 December 2014 RFQ-ROAP-2014-013 We are seeking the translation service provider to translate documents from local languages to English
More informationElectricity Generation from Renewable Energy in Sri Lanka: Future Directions
Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy in Sri Lanka: Future Directions Presented by M.M.C. Ferdinando, Secretary, Ministry of Power and Energy R.J. Gunawardana, Additional General Manager (Transmission),
More informationLAW ON ELECTRICITY (Amended)
Unofficial Translate LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPEOPLE PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY National Assembly No. 03/NA Vientiane Capital, 20 December 2011 LAW ON ELECTRICITY (Amended) Chapter
More informationA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GMS-CBTA AND ASEAN AGREEMENTS ON TRANSPORT FACILITATION
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GMS-CBTA AND ASEAN AGREEMENTS ON TRANSPORT FACILITATION Nguyen Van Thach International Cooperation Department Ministry of Transport of Vietnam nvthach@mt.gov.vn Bangkok, Phuket,
More informationDECISION APPROVAL OF THE NATIONAL MASTER PLAN FOR POWER DEVELOPMENT FOR THE 2011-2020 PERIOD WITH THE VISION TO 2030
THE PRIME MINISTER ------- THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence - Freedom - Happiness No. 1208/QD-TTg --------------- Hanoi, 21 July 2011 DECISION APPROVAL OF THE NATIONAL MASTER PLAN FOR POWER
More information"Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency" Innovative policies and financing instruments for the EU's Southern and Eastern Neighbors
"Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency" Innovative policies and financing instruments for the EU's Southern and Eastern Neighbors Speech of H.E. Dr. Hassan Younes Minister of Electricity & Energy, Egypt
More informationRepublic of Turkey. Date of acceptance: 9 November 2007 PART 1. Goal, scope, definitions and abbreviations. Goal and scope.
Republic of Turkey Unofficial Translation 1 of the Turkish Law No. 5710 2 Concerning the Construction and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and the Sale of Energy Generated from Those Plants Date of acceptance:
More informationLogistics and Transport System along Asian Highway and Tran Asian Railway in Lao PDR
Seminar on The Development of Integrated Transport and Logistics System in ASEAN and Pacific Sub-Region Logistics and Transport System along Asian Highway and Tran Asian Railway in Lao PDR UNESCAP, Bangkok
More informationClean Development Mechanism Project Opportunities in Indonesia
Clean Development Mechanism Project Opportunities in Indonesia Pre-feasibility Report on a Micro Hydro Power CDM Project Center for Research on Material and Energy Institut Teknologi Bandung October 2002
More informationClean Energy Project Financing. March 5, 2012
Clean Energy Project Financing March 5, 2012 Disclaimer This presentation is solely for discussion purposes. In preparing this presentation, we, KASIKORNBANK PLC. ( KBank ) have made crucial assumptions
More informationThe Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Government of the. hereinafter referred to as the "Contracting Parties",
International Investment Instruments: A Compendium IN THE NAME OF GOD AGREEMENT ON RECIPROCAL PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN AND THE GOVERNMENT
More informationNegotiation of a Free Trade Agreement between Hong Kong and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Consultation Document
Negotiation of a Free Trade Agreement between Hong Kong and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Consultation Document INTRODUCTION The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will
More informationWorld Cities Summit 2012
Kingdom of Cambodia Nation Religion King Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction World Cities Summit 2012 Cities and urban infrastructure development trends and prospects in Cambodia
More informationWORKING TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY SERVICES:
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) National Area Based Development Program (NABDP) WORKING TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY SERVICES: POLICY
More information-Translation- 2. Related Parties Vintage Engineering Public Company Limited ( Company or VTE ) Green Earth Power (Thailand) Company Limited ( GEP )
Information Memorandum of Vintage Engineering Public Limited Company Regarding Related Transaction on the Rendering of Construction Service for The 220MW Solar Power Plant Project located in Minbu, Myanmar
More informationDeveloping a Public-Private Partnership Framework: Policies and PPP Units
Note 4 May 2012 Developing a Public-Private Partnership Framework: Policies and PPP Units This note is the fourth in a series of notes on developing a comprehensive policy, legal, and institution framework
More informationPrivate Financing Advisory Network (PFAN) Asia Program The Business Case For: Solar PV in Cambodia
Private Financing Advisory Network (PFAN) Asia Program The Business Case For: Solar PV in Cambodia June 2015 This document was prepared for the United States Agency for International Development Regional
More informationEXPLORING AND UNLOCKING AFRICA S ENERGY POTENTIAL. www.africaenergyindaba.com. 16-17 February 2016 Sandton Convention Centre Johannesburg
EXPLORING AND UNLOCKING AFRICA S ENERGY POTENTIAL 16-17 February 2016 Sandton Convention Centre Johannesburg For sustainable energy. www.africaenergyindaba.com Africa Energy Indaba 16-17 February 2016
More informationBELIZE ELECTRICITY LIMITED
BELIZE ELECTRICITY LIMITED INFORMATION CIRCULAR ORDINARY SHARE OFFERING MAY 19, 2006 BELIZE ELECTRICITY LIMITED Registered Office, 2 ½ Miles Northern Highway, Belize City, Belize May 19, 2006 34,377,623
More informationEmployment Record: DFDL, Vientiane, Lao PDR (Feb 2008 - Present )
ADVISER PROFILE NAME: POSITION: LOCATION: EXPERIENCE: NATIONALITY: WALTER HEISER Senior Counsel Vientiane, Lao PDR 30 years USA CURRICULUM VITAE Membership in Professional Societies: American Bar Association
More informationFull Scale Program for Renewable Energy in Egypt
Full Scale Program for Renewable Energy in Egypt Contents Evolution of Egypt Needs of Electricity and its supply mix Renewable Energy Policy and Targets Renewable Energy Program Components Conclusions
More informationTanzania s Experience in Establishing a Regulatory System for Promoting Grid and Off-Grid Small Power Producers (SPPs)
Tanzania s Experience in Establishing a Regulatory System for Promoting Grid and Off-Grid Small Power Producers (SPPs) AFTEG and the African Electrification Initiative (AEI) AEI Practitioner Workshop -
More informationUNITED NATIONS Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 53 member States 9 associate members
UNITED NATIONS Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 53 member States 9 associate members South and South-West Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Iran Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri
More informationNational Electric Power Regulatory Authority
National Electric Power Regulatory Authority MECHANISM FOR DETERMINATION OF TARIFF FOR HYDROPOWER PROJECTS Preamble Conservative estimates show total hydroelectric potential in the country to be 45000
More informationChallenges for Capital Market Development in Asia
Challenges for Capital Market Development in Asia Osaka, 30 October 2014 Masamichi Kono Vice Minister for International Affairs President, Asian Financial Partnership Center Financial Services Agency,
More informationPower Tariff Structure in Thailand 23 October 2012, Singapore Dr. Pallapa Ruangrong Energy Regulatory Commission of Thailand
Power Tariff Structure in Thailand 23 October 2012, Singapore Dr. Pallapa Ruangrong Energy Regulatory Commission of Thailand Singapore EAS ABOUT THAILAND Population 67 Million Customers (at end-2011) 19
More informationFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN CAMBODIA
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN CAMBODIA PHNOM PENH SECURITIES PLC. No. 32, Monivong Bld, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: +855-23-426-999 Fax: +855-23-426-495 Website: http://www.pps.com.kh In this Paper: Executive
More informationPublic-Private Partnerships
Public-Private Partnerships Closing Critical Issues Washington, Background In limited recourse finance, the primary source of debt service is the cash flow generated by the Project will evaluate all factors
More informationTRAFCORD. Anti-Trafficking Coordination Unit Northern Thailand
TRAFCORD Anti-Trafficking Coordination Unit Northern Thailand Area of Operations: Northern Thailand 9 Provinces along the Thai-Burmese and Thai-Laotian Borders Trafficking Routes Into Northern Thailand
More informationTHE CONTRACT FOR SINO-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VENTURE
THE CONTRACT FOR SINO-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VENTURE Chapter 1 General Provisions In accordance with the Law of the People s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment (the
More informationInvesco Funds Series 1-5 Consolidated Prospectus
Invesco Funds Series 1-5 Consolidated Prospectus 26 November 2010 Invesco Funds Series 1 Invesco Funds Series 2 Invesco Funds Series 3 Invesco Funds Series 4 Invesco Funds Series 5 Each an open-ended umbrella
More informationCross-border migration in Thailand. Jidapa Meepien 5537744 PRDE/D Busakorn Sangkaew 5537778 PRDE/D
Cross-border migration in Thailand Jidapa Meepien 5537744 PRDE/D Busakorn Sangkaew 5537778 PRDE/D Outline Introduction Situation of migrant workers in Thailand Situation of migrants fleeing from the unrest
More informationDEVELOPING COUNTRIES. How the WTO deals with the special needs of an increasingly important group. 1. Overview. Chapter 6
Chapter 6 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES How the WTO deals with the special needs of an increasingly important group 1. Overview About two thirds of the WTO s around 150 members are developing countries. They play
More informationBusiness Policy of CEZ Group and ČEZ, a. s.
Business Policy of CEZ Group and ČEZ, a. s. Contents: Introduction 1. CEZ Group mission and vision 2. Scope of business of CEZ Group 3. Business concept Guiding principles Trade Generation Electricity
More informationAsian Journal on Energy and Environment
As. J. Energy Env. 2005, 6(02), 139-144 Asian Journal on Energy and Environment ISSN 1513-4121 Available online at www.asian-energy-journal.info The Small Hydropower Project as the Important Renewable
More informationExpanded Programme on Immunization
Expanded Programme on Immunization Expanded Programme on Immunization has been delivered the immunization services to the targeted children of under one year old child and pregnant women. Currently total
More informationINSTITUTIONAL, REGULATORY AND COOPERATIVE FRAMEWORK MODEL FOR THE NILE BASIN POWER TRADE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INFORMATION GATHERING AND MANUAL
INSTITUTIONAL, REGULATORY AND COOPERATIVE FRAMEWORK MODEL FOR THE NILE BASIN POWER TRADE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INFORMATION GATHERING AND MANUAL Prepared for: Prepared by: MERCADOS ENERGY MARKETS INTERNATIONAL
More informationOvercoming financing challenges for Hydro Power Projects Francois Viljoen, Director, Cresco Project Finance, South Africa
Overcoming financing challenges for Hydro Power Projects Francois Viljoen, Director, Cresco Project Finance, South Africa Contents Features of Project Finance Challenges posed by Project Finance Risk assessment
More informationMEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING IN RELATION TO THE POSSIBLE ACQUISITION OF JOYUNITED INVESTMENTS LIMITED
Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness
More informationAppendix B. Australian Property Institute Valuers Limited (APIV) Insurance Standards (for the APIV Professional Standards Scheme)
Standard 1 - Application of the APIV Insurance Standards 1. All members of the APIV must maintain a Professional Indemnity Insurance Policy which at a minimum is compliant with these Insurance Standards
More informationInternational Gas Sale Agreements and Security of Supply 4 th Annual International Forum on Inter-connectivity and Cross-Border Trade 2013, Bangkok,
International Gas Sale Agreements and Security of Supply 4 th Annual International Forum on Inter-connectivity and Cross-Border Trade 2013, Bangkok, Thailand Neil Semple Agenda / Content Source of Gas
More informationPayment Systems Roadmap 2012-2016
November 2011 Table of Contents Executive Summary... 3 Background... 4 Summary of Thailand s payment systems assessment... 5 1) Needs of Key Stakeholders... 6 2) Assessment of payment systems environment...
More informationCurriculum Vitae. Name: Mr. DECHARUT SUKKUMNOED Date of birth: 2 January 1968 Place of birth: Bangkok, Thailand Nationality: Thai Address Office:
Curriculum Vitae Name: Mr. DECHARUT SUKKUMNOED Date of birth: 2 January 1968 Place of birth: Bangkok, Thailand Nationality: Thai Address Office: Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty
More informationTax Issues in Employment and Remuneration. BDO Richfield Advisory Ltd Tax & Legal Services
Tax Issues in Employment and Remuneration Andrew Jackomos Senior Partner BDO Richfield Advisory Limited 13 February 2009 Taxes are what we pay for civilised society. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr, Compania
More informationSOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND
18 December 2014 SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND 1. Energy Regulatory Commission The Energy Industry Act B.E. 2550 (A.D. 2007) was published and became effective in December 2007. It established a
More informationKey Findings (preliminary): Asia Pacific Visitor Forecasts 2014-2018 Report
Key Findings (preliminary): Asia Pacific Visitor Forecasts 2014-2018 Report Please Note The findings presented here are preliminary and as delivered at the ASEAN Tourism Forum, January 2014. Final checks
More informationSIZING UP THE GRID: How the Mekong Power Grid Compares Against the Policies of the Asian Development Bank. International Rivers Network January 2004
SIZING UP THE GRID: How the Mekong Power Grid Compares Against the Policies of the Asian Development Bank International Rivers Network January 2004 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is promoting the development
More informationThe ASEAN Comprehensive on Investment Agreement (ACIA): possible lesson learned
The ASEAN Comprehensive on Investment Agreement (ACIA): possible lesson learned MENA-OECD Conferences: WG-1 on Investment Policies and Promotion, 15-16 December 2010, Paris, France Rizar Indomo Nazaroedin
More informationIntroductory Guide to RMB Currency Futures
Introductory Guide to RMB Currency Futures RMB Internationalisation The opening up of Mainland China now is creating more and more business opportunities. China is the second largest economy and a major
More informationCambodia Tax Profile. Produced in conjunction with the KPMG Asia Pacific Tax Centre. Updated: August 2013
Cambodia Tax Profile Produced in conjunction with the KPMG Asia Pacific Tax Centre Updated: August 2013 Contents 1 Corporate Income Tax 1 2 Income Tax Treaties for the Avoidance of Double Taxation 5 3
More informationSUMMARY PROGRAM IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Third Financial Sector Program, Subprogram 2 (RRP VIE 37577) SUMMARY PROGRAM IMPACT ASSESSMENT I. Introduction 1. This program impact analysis (PIA) documents the formulation of the Financial Sector Program
More informationA REGIONAL GATEWAY FOR RMB. Singapore
A REGIONAL GATEWAY FOR RMB Singapore GROWING INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ROLE OF THE RMB Rising Potential for International use of RMB China accounts for more than 10% of global trade and investment flows
More informationSolar Purchase Power Agreements Brief Sheet
Solar Purchase Power Agreements Brief Sheet The Essentials A Power Purchase Agreement is a contract between multiple parties, one who generates electricity for the purpose of sale (the seller) and one
More informationWind & Mini-hydro Projects in Tanzania
Godfrey H. Chibulunje Principal Technical Engineer Electricity Division chibulunje@ewura.go.tz Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) Tanzania Wind & Mini-hydro Projects in Tanzania Presentation
More informationElectricity Exchanges in South Asia The Indian Energy Exchange Model
Electricity Exchanges in South Asia The Indian Energy Exchange Model 18 Mar 14 Rajesh K Mediratta Director (BD) rajesh.mediratta@iexindia.com www.iexindia.com In this presentation Overview - Indian Market
More informationENERGY MARKET REFORM
C A S E S T U D Y O F A S U C C E S S F U L A U S T R A L I A N N A T I O N A L E N E R G Y P R O G R A M M E / S T R A T E G Y ENERGY MARKET REFORM 1. The problem or issue addressed: Efficient and effective
More informationTopic One: Discussion on - How to Build the Financing Cooperation Mechanism for the Construction of BCIM Free Trade Zone; and
BCIM Exchanges Forum China-South Asia International Financial Opening Cooperation and Formation of Pan Asia Stock Exchange 9 th - 10 th June 2014, Kunming, China Brief Background / Introduction The Kunming
More informationMAJOR TRANSACTION RELATING TO THE ACQUISITION OF THE ENTIRE ISSUED SHARE CAPITAL OF JOYUNITED INVESTMENTS LIMITED
Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness
More informationLevel One Disclosure Policy
Level One Disclosure Policy Fund Partners (FP) operates as an independent Authorised Corporate Director (ACD) for UK Regulated funds. FP s business is focused on ensuring good customer outcomes through
More informationPAYMENT SERVICES AND SYSTEMS ACT (ZPlaSS) CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS SUBCHAPTER 1 CONTENT OF THE ACT. Article 1. (scope)
Legal notice All effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this translation, which is based on the original Slovenian text. All translations of this kind may, nevertheless, be subject to a certain
More informationRenewable Energy Feed-in Tariff Projects Regulations
for Consumer Protection and Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff Projects Regulations Oct. 2014 EgyptERA s crew has prepared this document so as to answer all the questions related to the renewbales supporting
More informationCambodia Tax Profile. kpmg.com.kh
Cambodia Tax Profile kpmg.com.kh Content 1 2 Tax Profile Income Tax Treaties for the Avoidance of Double Taxation 6 Indirect Tax (e.g. VAT/GST) 7 8 Personal Taxation Other Taxes 9 11 Free Trade Agreements
More informationASEAN Cooperation Initiative in Quality Assurance Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nantana Gajaseni Deputy Executive Director, ASEAN University Network
ASEAN Cooperation Initiative in Quality Assurance Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nantana Gajaseni Deputy Executive Director, ASEAN University Network At the Workshop on Enhancing Quality Across Borders Regional Cooperation
More informationComments of the Edison Electric Institute Net Benefits and Costs of Distributed Solar Energy and Innovative Solar Deployment Models, DOE-EERE
Comments of the Edison Electric Institute Net Benefits and Costs of Distributed Solar Energy and Innovative Solar Deployment Models, DOE-EERE Category 2 - Innovative Solar Deployment Models Edward H. Comer,
More informationELECTRICITY MARKET ACT
1 NB: Unofficial translation Ministry of Trade and Industry, Finland ELECTRICITY MARKET ACT (386/1995; amendments up to 1172/2004 included) In accordance with a decision by Parliament, the following is
More informationEXPERT MEETING on. Geneva, 24-25 September 2007. Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam. Ms. Le Hai Van
EXPERT MEETING on COMPARING BEST PRACTICES FOR CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT CONDUCIVE TO MAXIMIZING DEVELOPMENT BENEFITS, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND COUNTRIES WITH ECONOMIES
More informationNuclear Knowledge Management in Thailand
Nuclear Knowledge Management in Thailand By Kanokrat Tiyapun Office of Atoms for Peace, Thailand Presented in the workshop on managing nuclear knowledge, 22-26 August 2005, Trieste, Italy Alternative Energy
More information