Urban Geography. Chapter 11

Transcription

1 Urban Geography Chapter 11

2 Overview The Functions of Urban Areas The Location of Urban Settlements Systems of Urban Settlements Inside the City Suburbanization in the U.S. Central City Change World Urban Diversity

3 Cairo, Egypt

4 Trends in World Urbanization

5 Metropolitan Areas 3 Million or More

6 Average Annual Urban Population Growth Rates

7 The Functions of Urban Areas Retailing Wholesaling Manufacturing Business Services Entertainment Political & Official Administration Military Defense Needs Social & Religious Service Public Services Education Transportation & Communications Meeting Places Recreation Visitor Services Residential Areas

8 Los Angeles Freeway System

9 The Differences in Size, Density, and Land Use Complex Immediately apparent between New York City and Amityville, NY

10 The Location of Urban Settlements Site Physical aspects of the location of where the settlement begins. Includes landscape, atmospheric conditions, natural vegetation and habitation. Situation Relates to the reasons why the people want to have the settlement in this particular place. Relates more to the cultural aspects.

11 The Economic Base Basic sector Workers engaged in export activities Nonbasic sector Support the urban area, but do not bring in outside money Basic/nonbasic ratio Multiplier effect

12 Systems of Urban Settlements The Urban Hierarchy Rank-Size Rule Primate cities World cities Urban influence zones Towns in Agricultural Areas Central Place Theory Network cities

13 Central Place Theory Walter Christaller A model for helping to explain town interdependence Threshold & range A hierarchy exists of numerous small towns offering basic goods and services and fewer large towns offering a wider range of goods

14 Models of Urban Land Structure Concentric Zone Model Sector Model Multiple-Nuclei Model

15 Social Areas of Cities City residents, especially in larger, more complex cities, will often segregate themselves based on: Social status Family status Ethnicity

16 Institutional Controls Local & national governments pass laws to control urban life Zoning and other nonmarket controls

17 Inside the City Competitive bidding for land determines much of the land use within the city In general, population density & land values decrease as distance from the CBD increases Peak-value intersections Population densities tend to show a hollow center

18 Suburbanization in the U.S. Metropolitanization & suburbanization after WWII Housing developments served as a pull factor to the suburbs Industries followed the trend Suburbs began to rival the power of the central city Edge Cities

19 Central City Change Constricted central cities Suburbanization reduced the economic base of the central city and isolated its residents Immigration & gentrification have revived many urban areas Expanding central cities Cities have expanded automobile linkages to keep the suburbs within the sphere of the central city

20 Gated Communities

21 A Derelict Slum in Philadelphia, PA

22 Homeless Washington, D.C.

23 Faulty Towers

24 Revitalized Central Cities New York City Shows vitality of central cities Washington, D.C. Gentrified housing in the Georgetown section

25 World Urban Diversity U.S. & Canadian cities West European cities East European cities Cities in the Developing World Latin America Asia Africa

26 Urban Sprawl in Las Vegas, NV

27 The Central and Outlying Business Districts of Toronto, Canada

28 Low Profiles of European Cities Paris, France

29 A Diagrammatic Representation of the Western European City

30 Important Recurring Characteristics Bucharest, Romania

31 Developing World Cities a) Brasilia, Brazil b) Guanajuato, Mexico

32 High-Rise Buildings Sao Paulo, Brazil

33 Favela Rio de Janeiro

34 Focus on Two Urban Areas in the United States 1) Boston, MA founded in ) New Orleans, LA founded in 1718

35 What are the advantages and the disadvantages of the site and location of Boston? Pikora, Theodore S. and Young, Stephen S., Editors. Boston and New England: Advancing the Revolution in Geogrpahic Education in a Region of Change. Pathways in Geography Series Title Number 21, National Council for Geogrpahic Education, 1972.

36 Boston, MA 1640s Advantages Disadvantages 1) Fresh Water 1) No room for expansion 2) Protection 2) Not enough land for 3) Food source agriculture and pastures 4) Maritime trade 3) Cold winters

37 How has Boston expanded in commercial activities? Where do most of the people live? What area has the least development? Pikora, Theodore S. and Young, Stephen S., Editors. Boston and New England: Advancing the Revolution in Geogrpahic Education in a Region of Change. Pathways in Geography Series Title Number 21, National Council for Geogrpahic Education, 1972.

38 Boston, MA ) New docks extending into water on eastern side of peninsula 2) North End and by harbor area 3) Near Back Bay shallow tidal waters

39 Where is the largest piece of new land? How have street patterns, neighborhoods, or other features changed? Pikora, Theodore S. and Young, Stephen S., Editors. Boston and New England: Advancing the Revolution in Geogrpahic Education in a Region of Change. Pathways in Geography Series Title Number 21, National Council for Geogrpahic Education, 1972.

40 Boston ) Mill Pond and along the commercial waterfront. 2) Beacon Hill is built for the wealthy classes, grid streets patterns in landfill areas, large buildings for warehousing, and commercial activities in the harbor.

41 Where are the most obvious areas of new landfill? Describe the street pattern in the new residential neighborhoods of Back Bay. Pikora, Theodore S. and Young, Stephen S., Editors. Boston and New England: Advancing the Revolution in Geogrpahic Education in a Region of Change. Pathways in Geography Series Title Number 21, National Council for Geogrpahic Education, 1972.

42 Boston ) Back Bay, east of Washington Street in South Bay, around Long Wharf, and toward Charlestown. 2) Grid pattern with wide boulevards such as Commonwealth Avenue.

43 What are the major changes in the street pattern? Where are they located and why? Pikora, Theodore S. and Young, Stephen S., Editors. Boston and New England: Advancing the Revolution in Geogrpahic Education in a Region of Change. Pathways in Geography Series Title Number 21, National Council for Geogrpahic Education, 1972.

44 Boston ) Automobile routes such as the Interstates and Storrow Drive. 2) Near the waterfront and along rivers because of the linear patterns that provide for access in and out of the city.

45 What significant feature remains in the location throughout the development of Boston? How much of the peninsula is reclaimed land from the surrounding waters? Pikora, Theodore S. and Young, Stephen S., Editors. Boston and New England: Advancing the Revolution in Geogrpahic Education in a Region of Change. Pathways in Geography Series Title Number 21, National Council for Geogrpahic Education, 1972.

46 Boston Evolution of the Shoreline 1) The Boston Commons remains in the original position throughout the development of Boston. This was once the farmland of the original occupant of the peninsula Rev. William Blaxton. 2) About 75% of the Shawmut Peninsula is now re-claimed from the surrounding waters.

47 New Orleans, LA Important Dates for New Orleans and Louisiana Territory Under French rule 1714 Natchitoches first permanent settlement 1718 New Orleans founded Under Spanish rule Back to French rule 12/20/1803 Louisiana Purchase beginning of USA rule 1812 Statehood for Louisiana

48 New Orleans Population , , , , ,000

49 Urban Expansion of New Orleans Expansion occurs when the original area the French Quarter, the Medieval Bastide begins to overflow. This happens when the city is under American rule. First areas of expansion are called Faubourgs settlement beyond the fortifications or settlement outside of the wall.

50 Faubourgs First faubourg is called Faubourg Ste. Marie by the Creoles. The same area is also called Faubourg St. Mary by the Catholic Americans, but also the American Sector by most of the other Americans. This faubourg is located immediately upriver from the French Quarter.

51 Second and Third Faubourgs Second faubourg is called Faubourg Marigny and is located right below or downriver from the French Quarter. The third faubourg is called Faubourg Treme and is located right behind or towards the lake from the French Quarter.

52 Annexations The city expands along the river by annexing communities near the city. There are three annexations on the east bank of the river and one on the west bank. The three on the east bank are Lafayette, Jefferson City, and the community of Carrollton. The annexation on the west bank is Algiers.

53 Expansion Toward the Lake The city does not expand towards the lake until the back swamps are pumped out and filled in. This does not occur until Baldwin Wood s pump is utilized in But, the Orleans Levee Board is given the duty of developing the lakefront of New Orleans. This starts with the re-claiming of land from Lake Pontchartrain. The seawall is built and the land is filled in to an elevation above sea level.

54 The Lakefront of New Orleans The Orleans Levee Board develops the lakefront by bringing in the following: The Lakefront Airport The Naval Air Station The West End Marina Pontchartrain Amusement Park Five residential areas all with names that start with the term Lake.

55 Lake Vista Lake Vista is the most unique residential area developed by the Orleans Levee Board. It is modeled after the Garden City Concept which was developed in Radburn, NJ. This concept incorporated all of the homes facing each other, not facing any street. All of the streets run in the rear of the homes and become the service areas from parking to deliveries.

56 Development from the River to the Lake It takes New Orleans over two hundred plus years to development from the river to the lake even though it is a distance of only five to seven miles.

57 New Orleans East The last area for urban development occurs in the eastern part of Orleans Parish. This area is developed by the New Orleans East Corporation. It is successful at first, but due to the departure of population from the city in the 1970s, New Orleans East and the city goes into a tail spin. Unfortunately, the city was just recovering from this when hurricane Katrina hit.