Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet, and the Web. Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet, and the Web
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet, and the Web! " # $ % & ' ( ) * +, - - / ' : ; < = 9 > A B C D < = > E F G H < B I H J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W P X O W Y Z X N [ S R [ \ T W N R X ] ^ N O _ N O \ Q ` a Z X W R b c d e f g h i j k l m g k n o g n l p q r p p l s t u v m g k n o g n l p g k w x j n i y z { { } z ~ ~ { ƒ ˆ Š Œ Š Ž š œ œ ž Ÿ ª ª «± ² ³ µ ± ² ¹ ² º» ¼ ½» ² ¾ ³ ½ À ½ ³ ² Á  ³ à ³» Ä Ä µ ¼ Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë È Ì Ê È Ë Í Ê Î Ë Ç È Ï Ð Ì Ñ Î Ï Ò Î È Ï È Ó Ô Õ Ô Ö Ø Ù Ú Û Ù Ü Ý Ø Þ ß à Ú Û Ø á â Ø ã Ø ä å ã Ú æ Ü å ç è å é Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet, and the Web ê ë ê ì í î ï î ð ñ ò ó ô õ î ö ñ ô ø õ ù ñ ú ñ ñ ï û ü ý þ ö ÿ ô ô! "! # $ %! & ' & ( & ) * ) +,! - $ / 0! &, -! & $ (! $ ) * ) 4 5 $ ( 0 $ " 6 $ $ 7 ) * ) 8 9 : ; < = A B C D > E F > G < H I K I L < E M N >? : O P I Q < R : F = I? < I M S T U V W X Y V Z [ Z [ T \ ] ^ _ ` _ a b c d Z V e X f g h i j e k l e m Z [ T n o p q r s t u v p w x o u q p x w y z { { u v w q } ~ ƒ ˆ Š Œ Ž ˆ š œ ž Ÿ Java How to Program, Fourth Edition Java 2 Standard Edition Object-oriented programming Computer Performs computations and makes logical decisions Millions / billions times faster than human beings Computer programs Sets of instructions for which computer processes data Hardware Physical devices of computer system Software Programs that run on computers ª ««± ² ³ µ ¹ º» ¼ ½ ¾ À Á  º» ¼ Ã Ä Å Æ º À Ç Æ Six logical units of computer system Input unit Mouse, keyboard Output unit Printer, monitor, audio speakers Memory unit RAM Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) Performs calculations Central processing unit (CPU) Supervises operation of other devices Secondary storage unit Hard drives, floppy drives Batch processing One job (task) at a time Operating systems developed Programs to make computers more convenient to use Switch jobs easier Multiprogramming Simultaneous jobs Timesharing operating systems 1
2 È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Î Ö Í Õ Ø Ö Ì Ù Ñ Ð Ù Ú Ò Õ Ì Ð Ö Û Ü Ì Í Ý Ì Í Ú Ï Þ ß Ø Ö Õ Ð à Personal computing Computers for personal use Distributed computing Computing performed among several computers Client/server computing Servers offer common store of programs and data Clients access programs and data from server á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë å é ì í å ì ê î ï ð î î ê ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ö ø ú û ö ü ý þ ø ÿ Machine language Natural language of computer component Machine dependent Assembly language English-like abbreviations represent computer operations Translator programs convert to machine language High-level language Allows for writing more English-like instructions Contains commonly used mathematical operations Compiler convert to machine language Interpreter Execute high-level language programs without compilation! " # $ # C++ Evolved from C Evolved from BCPL and B Provides object-oriented programming capabilities Objects Reusable software components that model real-world items Java Originally for intelligent consumer-electronic devices Then used for creating Web pages with dynamic content Now also used for: Develop large-scale enterprise applications Enhance WWW server functionality Provide applications for consumer devices (cell phones, etc) % & ' ( ) * ) +, ) - - / 0 1 ) 1 / : ; < = 8 >? 9 A? B C = D B = 9 E Classes Contain methods that perform tasks Return information after task completion Used to build Java programs Java contains class libraries Known as Java APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) Fortran FORmula TRANslator COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language Pascal Basic 2
3 F G F F H I J K L I K J M N O J P Q J R S S T U Q V W V X Y Z [ \ ] ^ [ _ ] [ ^ ` ] a ^ Z [ b c _ d a b e a [ b [ f Structured Programming Structured programs Clearer than unstructured programs Easier to test, debug and modify Pascal designed for teaching structured programming ADA Multitasking C Internet Developed over three decades ago with DOD funding Originally for connecting few main computer systems Now accessible by hundreds of millions of computers World Wide Web (WWW) Allows for locating/viewing multimedia-based documents g h g i j k l m n l o p k q r s m n k t u k v k w x v m y o x z { x Java systems contain Environment Language APIs Class libraries g h g i j k l m n l o p k q r s m n k t u k v k w x v m y o x z { x } ~ ƒ Java programs normally undergo five phases Edit Programmer writes program (and stores program on disk) Compile Compiler creates bytecodes from program Load Class loader stores bytecodes in memory Verify Verifier ensures bytecodes do not violate security requirements Execute Interpreter translates bytecodes into machine language i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { } ~ ƒ ˆ ˆ Š Œ Ž Ž Ž Š» ¼ ½¾ À Ê Ë Ì Í ÎÏÐ Ñ Á ÂÃ Ä Ä ÅÆ Ã Ç È É ± ²³ µ ³ ³ ¹º¹³ ÒÓ Ô Õ Ö ÖÕ ÔÕ Ö ª «ª «š ž Ÿ œ åæ Ø ÙÚç Ûç ÙÜè Ýéå ê Þß ë ìà íùáè Ü îâåêá ãëç Þä ï ð ñ òó ô õ è ÿ ö ï ø òùú û ü ûú ý þú ó %! "& #$, + %*) &- ' $ # / ( 0 $ #)*+*$ 0 11 ) 20 ", #' $ %' && ', $ & # 0 ( )$ *& 10 ( 0#$ 1*' 3;8475=; 4 <9 67=<? 7 8@ 97 A: ;<=> E B@ > =8 = 8;C 9 ;8? D=8 8 ; 7 ; 4 DD 7 I 7: F4 4= I8 78 =G = G 84 H = = <@ G 8=? 4 9 J? K LH M C NO: PQ=8 K; L9 R4 S@ O PT NUK Y L Q P Q Z QT WJ OO MUV O WX [\ ] ^ _` a _b c ] d ] e f Q[ ] Og h ˆ Š Œ Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Œ š œ ž Geared for novice programmers We stress clarity 3
4 Ÿ Ÿ ª «± ² ³ ª µ «ª ¹ º» ¼ ½» ¼ ¾ À Á Â Ã Ä ¾» Å Æ Ç Æ» Ä È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Î Ï Ò Ñ Ï Ë Object orientation Unified Modeling Language (UML) Graphical language that uses common notation Allows developers to represent object-oriented designs Objects Reusable software components that model real-world items Look all around you People, animals, plants, cars, etc Attributes Size, shape, color, weight, etc Behaviors Babies cry, crawl, sleep, etc Object-oriented design (OOD) Models real-world objects Models communication among objects Encapsulates data (attributes) and functions (behaviors) Information hiding Communication through well-defined interfaces Object-oriented language Programming is called object-oriented programming (OOP) Java Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) Essential for large programs Analyze program requirements, then develop solution We begin OOAD in Chapter 2 Elevator-simulation case study History of the UML Need developed for process with which to approach OOAD Brainchild of Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobson Object Management Group (OMG) supervised Version 14 is current version Version 20 scheduled tentatively for release in 2002 UML Graphical representation scheme Enables developers to model object-oriented systems Flexible and extendible 4
5 è é è ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ì ó ô ë ñ í ì ô ó õ ö ñ ò ó í ø ù ó ò ï ú û î ì ï ó Effective design crucial for large programs Design patterns Proven architectures for developing object-oriented software Architectures created from accumulated industry experience Reduce design-process complexity Promotes design reuse in future systems Helps identify common design mistakes and pitfalls Helps design independently of implementation language Establishes common design vocabulary Shortens design phase in software-development process è é è ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ì ó ô ë ñ í ì ô ó õ ö ñ ò ó í ü î ï ó é ý Design patterns Similar to architectural elements arches and columns Used by developers to construct sets of classes and objects Developers Familiarity with patterns to understand how to use patterns è é è ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ì ó ô ë ñ í ì ô ó õ ö ñ ò ó í ü î ï ó é ý History of Design Patterns Gamma, Helm, Johnson and Vlissides Gang of Four Design Patterns, Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software (Addison Wesley: 1995) Established 23 design patterns Creational Instantiate objects Structural Organize classes and objects Behavioral Assign responsibilities to objects 5
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