Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris & P. linensis)

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1 Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris & P. linensis) Family Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) Native to Central America Records of use as food date back to 5000 B.C. Self-pollinated Warm season

2 Bean Culture Bush or pole types Soak seed for an hour before planting to enhance germination Low humidity and high temperatures cause blossom drop Use bush beans for fall garden -Short growing season (50-60 days) allows time for a crop prior to the first freeze

3 Bean Cultivars Bush Erect plant, usually short season Blue Lake Contender Tendercrop Topcrop Pole require staking or trellising Blue Lake Kentucky Blue Kentucky Wonder

4 Cucurbits Family Cucurbitaceae Warm season, herbaceous annuals Direct seeding is preferred May be bush-type (determinate) or vining (indeterminate) plants Includes squash, pumpkins, gourds, cucumbers, melons

5 Cucurbit flowers: Cucurbit Pollination Perfect - male and female parts Imperfect have one or the other Male flowers produced early Female flowers later Flower type determined by: -Genetics, day length, temps Bees essential for good fruit set

6 Male Flower Female Flower RqOsumEW4vM/s400/Squash%2B %2B007.jpg

7 Pumpkins, Squash and Gourds Cucurbita Species Pumpkins C. pepo Pie, Miniatures C. maxima Jack O Lantern C. moschata Crookneck pumpkins Summer Squash Crookneck, Zucchini Winter Squash Acorn, Fordhook Hubbard, Banana Butternut C. mixta Cushaw Cushaw Ornamental squash Gourds Turban

8 Squash:Cucurbita pepo C. pepo: Includes most of the summer squash, some winter squash, gourds, and small to medium-sized ornamental pumpkins -Winter C. pepo types require 1-2 week curing -Most do not keep well after curing C. pepo varieties: Zucchini, Spaghetti, Acorn, Delicata

9 Squash:Cucurbita maxima C. maxima: Includes many of the winter squash, large pumpkin types -Many require a month storage indoors to cure -Some will keep for several months and may develop improved flavor Varieties include Kabocha, Buttercup, Hubbard Turk s Turban

10 Squash:Cucurbita moschata C. moschata: Includes the butternut ( Waltham Butternut ) and cheese pumpkins ( Long Island Cheese ) -Require 1-2 week curing -Some varieties will hold even longer than C. maxima -Some are highly disease and borer resistant

11 Squash:Cucurbita mixta C. mixta: Includes Cushaw, many of the best tasting pumpkins, summer squash -Requires a long, warm growing season -Many are grown for their edible seeds -Many are resistant to squash borers Varieties include Tennessee Sweet Potato, Hopi Cushaw Tricolor Cushaw

12 Summer Squash Cultivars Zucchini Gold Rush Hybrid Jackpot Black Magic Straightneck Early Prolific Crookneck Dixie Scallop or Patty Pan Sunburst Hybrid Peter Pan owtocook/seasonal/cooknow_summersquash.jpg

13 Winter Squash Cultivars Acorn (C. pepo) Green or gold & deeply ribbed. Cream of the Crop Ebony Sweet Acorn Table Ace Table Queen Buttercup (C. maxima) Medium-dark green splotched with grey. Autumn Cup Butternut (C. moschata) Orange flesh, tan skin, bulbous base. Autumn Glow Early Butternut Waltham Delicata (C. pepo) Cornell s Bush Delicata Hubbard (C. maxima) Medium, blue-gray with bumpy skin. Blue Hubbard Kabocha (C. maxima) Ambercup Sweet Mama Spaghetti (C. maxima) Oval with golden yellow skin. Pasta Hybrid Vegetable Spaghetti Turk s Turban (C. maxima) Green, turban-shaped, striped with red, white, & orange.

14 Pests-Squash Bugs Attack all cucurbits, squash preferred Eggs laid on underside leaf in characteristic V-shape Adults overwinter in crop debris Management difficult: -destroying eggs best -adults will gather under boards -vacuum up adults -resistant squash varieties

15 Melon (Cucumis melo & Citrullus lanatus) Warm season, herbaceous annual May be determinate or indeterminate Melons can only cross pollinate with members of the same species Plants are monoecious May self- or cross- pollinate

16 Melon Culture Warm temps & sunny weather produces sweet fruit Best grown on mulch Bees essential for good fruit set Only allow 1-2 fruits to develop per watermelon plant for best quality

17 Diseases-Powdery Mildew Major disease of cucurbits Caused by wind borne fungus Spreads quickly in conducive conditions Scout plants frequently, treat immediately (sulfur, Kocide) Plant resistant varieties

18 Harvesting Melons Harvest muskmelons at full-slip days after pollination Observe the ground patch (couche) on watermelon to determine when to harvest it will become white to creamy yellow

19 or look at the tendril opposite the watermelon fruit

20 Melon Cultivars Melons (other) Casaba, Golden Beauty Crenshaw, Early Hybrid Honey Dew, Venus Watermelon Black Diamond Crimson Sweet Bush Sugar Baby Moon & Stars

21 Cool Season Vegetables: Family Ties Allium Family (Alliacae): Onions, Garlic, Leeks Sunflower Family (Asteraceae): Lettuce Parsley Family (Umbelliferae): Carrots, Celery Goosefoot Family (Chenopodiaceae): Spinach, Beets, Chard Mustard Family (Cruciferae): Broccoli, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Turnips, Collards, Kale

22 Cool Season Vegetables Planting Guide for NM Area 2 (Albuquerque, Santa Fe) Vegetable Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Beets Broccoli Carrots Chard, Swiss Lettuce, Leaf Onions Spinach

23 Cool-Season Vegetables Highly or somewhat frost tolerant Seeds germinate at cool soil temperatures Tend to have shallow root systems Greater response to N and P application Bolting (seed stalk development) may be a concern

24 Cool-season Vegetables Many develop superior flavor and quality when they mature in cooler weather (example: broccoli) Flavor is improved with frost: cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, carrots, chard, turnip Lettuce and spinach tend to bolt and develop bitter flavor when maturing in hot weather Lettuce and spinach seed will not germinate if soil temp is >85 o F

25 Bolting Development of a seed stalk, or premature production of seed in a vegetable crop Many vegetable crops become unusable after bolting Triggered by: -a cold spell (vernalization), or -changes in day length (photoperiod)

26 Bolting Annual crops sensitive to photoperiod: lettuce, radish, and spinach -May bolt when day length increases Biennial crops sensitive to vernalization: onions, leeks, carrots, beets -Produce large storage organ during 1 st year in preparation for seed the 2 nd year -May bolt with uneven temps early in season

27 Bolting Prevention Once triggered, the bolting process can t be stopped Delay planting until temperatures are more stable for cold-sensitive crops (ie. turnips, Swiss chard) Plant in optimum window for your area Plant bolting resistant varieties

28 Allium Family (Alliacae) Onions Garlic Leeks Monocots

29 Onion Culture Tolerant to frost or light freeze Shallow roots; water frequently Control weeds; Alliums don t compete well

30 Onions (Allium cepa) Valued for their pungent, distinctive flavor Native to southern Asia Fleshy, basal plate main portion consumed Biennial grown as an annual crop

31 Onion Culture Day length critical to bulb formation: Short-day: require hour days Intermediate-day: require hour days Long-day: require more than 12 hour days Usually started as seed for fall planting Fall planting window, Area 1: Oct 1-15

32 Harvest May through August Depends on variety Seed vs. transplants Onion Culture Harvest when leaves begin to turn yellow and lodge Bolting may occur with cool spring temps -Plant resistant varieties

33 Onion Disorders in the Southwest Pink Root Fusarium Basal Rot Botrytis Neck Rot

34 Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV) Viral Disease Vectored by Onion Thrips