D/d Ratio the diameter of curvature around which a sling is bent affects its capacity.

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1 CANADA No part of this presentation may be reproduced or distributed without the written permission of Rigging Institute, LLC D/d Ratios D/d Ratio the diameter of curvature around which a sling is bent affects its capacity. The upper case D refers to the diameter of the object to which the sling hitch is applied. The lower case d represents the diameter of the sling. D d 2 1

2 Wire Rope Slings To determine the D/d ratio, divide the diameter of the wire rope sling into the diameter of the load. A good rule to follow with wire rope slings, is to keep at least a 6:1 ratio which results in an 80% efficiency of the sling. A 1:1 ratio results in only 50% efficiency of the wire rope sling. 3 Wire Rope Slings D/d RATIO FOR WIRE ROPE ON SHEAVES & DRUMS 4 2

3 Wire Rope Slings 1 wire rope sling 1 6 D/d ratio = 6 1 = 6 6: ratio = Approx. 80% efficiency D/d Ratio Wire Rope Sling Strength Efficiencies 25:1 100% 20:1 92% 15:1 88% 10:1 86% 8:1 84% 6:1 80% 4:1 75% 2:1 65% 1:1 50% 5 Wire Rope Slings Softeners are often used to help create better D/d ratios. Radius of contact should at least be equal to one rope lay. 6 3

4 Wire Rope Slings The diameter of the pin or hook in the eye of the sling should be no greater than 1/2 the eye length. D L It is recommended that the pin in the eye be no less than 2 times the sling diameter. 7 Multi-Part Wire Rope Slings When using multi-part slings follow the manufacturer s requirements for D/d ratio reductions. Basket capacity on this multi-part wire rope sling is based on the D/d ratio of the component wire diameter. The pin diameter in the eye is based on the slings finished diameter. 8 4

5 Multi-Part Wire Rope Slings When using multi-part slings follow the manufacturer s requirements for D/d ratio reductions. Basket capacity on this multi-part wire rope sling is based on the D/d ratio of the sling s finished diameter. The pin diameter in the eye is also based on the slings finished diameter. 9 Multi-Part Wire Rope Slings Slingmax Gator 9-Part D/d Ratio Slingmax (9-prt) Sling Strength Efficiencies 5:1 100% d 4:1 92% 3:1 84% D 2:1 73% 1:1 65% 0.5:1 50% 10 5

6 Alloy Chain Slings D/d Ratio the diameter of curvature around which a sling is bent affects its capacity. The upper case D refers to the diameter of the object to which the sling hitch is applied. d The lower case d represents the diameter of the chain link of the sling. D 11 Alloy Chain Slings Chain is different than wire rope. Flexible inter-link. Rigid intra-link. Based on link length also. However, inside length to wire diameter is relatively constant for alloy chains. therefore D/d works. 12 6

7 10/5/2011 Alloy Chain Slings Deformation at Proof Test load Odd # of links. D/d = 4 D/d = 3 D/d = 2 Odd # Links. 13 Alloy Chain Slings Deformation at Proof Test load, even # of links. D/d = 4 D/d = 3 D/d = 2 Even # Links. 14 7

8 10/5/2011 Alloy Chain Slings NACM D/d De-rating Recommendations of Basket Hitch Alloy Chain D/d Ratio Efficiency 15 D/d Ratio % of Rated Capacity Less than 2 Not Recommended and greater 100 d D Synthetic Web Slings D/d ratios are NOT a concern for synthetic web slings. Is this a diameter issue? NO 16 8

9 Synthetic Web Slings Bunching Spatial issues of web slings reduce its efficiency. BUNCHING FOLDED SLING 17 Roundsling Bearing Stress Sling Load Value (Lbs.) Load Bearing Area = BEARING STRESS 5/8 IN RS lbs. Vertical 2 IN 6000 lbs. Force RS90 Roundsling with a vertical work load limit of 8400 lbs. is connected to the rounded bow end of a 5/8in. Shackle. The shackle has an inside opening of 2 inches and a stock diameter of A force of only 6000 lbs. is applied, noticeably less than the work load limit. Is the shackle suitable? 18 9

10 Hardware Thickness or Diameter Roundsling Bearing Stress Effective Contact Width Curved 75% of Actual Inside Width.75 x 2 inches = 1.5 inch Load Bearing Area X Effective Contact Width = Load Bearing Area.62 X 1.5 =.93 IN Sling Load Value Load Bearing Area IN = = BEARING STRESS (Not to exceed 7000 PSI) 6451 Lbs. / IN 19 CANADA No part of this presentation may be reproduced or distributed without the written permission of Rigging Institute, LLC 10

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