Technology and Applications
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1 Technology and Applications Fernando Ramirez-Mireles, Ph.D. Senior Systems Engineer Ikanos Communications Invited talk at IEEE Communications Society meeting Oakland-East bay Chapter January 16, 2003 Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 1
2 Abstract VDSL is the most powerful member of the xdsl family, capable of providing up to 50 Mbps on a single telephone wire. It provides unmatched flexibility in rate, reach and symmetry to satisfy the increasing demand for high-speed services such as corporate communications, fast Internet access and high quality digital audio and video delivery. This presentation will provide an introduction to the VDSL technology and its applications. It will give an overview of a VDSL system, describing channel conditions, system architecture, and VDSL performance in terms of rate-reachsymmetry objectives. It will cover the basic principles of VDSL, explaining why VDSL is not just an upgrade of ADSL in terms of higher transmission speed, and summarizing the features in the current VDSL standard that allow customization and on-the-fly configuration of the modems. In the talk a general block diagram of a DMTbased VDSL modem will be presented, describing some of the signal processing techniques that enable this high performance operation and flexibility. Finally, some of the applications for VDSL such as ATM over DSL and Ethernet over DSL will also be described. Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 2
3 Disclaimer Information provided in this talk is of public nature and can be found in the references and the WWW For specific information about Ikanos VDSL products please contact the marketing department Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 3
4 Overview A definition for VDSL (What?) The need for VDSL (Why?) Anatomy of a VDSL system (How?) The VDSL standard Selection of line code Some VDSL-based applications (Where?) Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 4
5 What is VDSL? A dictionary definition ( VDSL: Very High Speed DSL, transmits data in the 13 Mbps - 55 Mbps range over short distances, usually between 1000 and 4500 feet ( meters), of twisted pair copper wire. The shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate. DSL: Digital Subscriber Line, technology using sophisticated modulation schemes to pack data onto copper wires. They are sometimes referred to as last-mile technologies because they are used only for connections from a telephone switching station to a home or office, not between switching stations. xdsl: Refers collectively to all types of DSL (VDSL, ADSL, SDSL, SHDSL, HDSL, ISDN) Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 5
6 The Need for VDSL Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 6
7 VDSL and FSAN Full Service Access Network: FSAN Telephone Data Voice Data Video Audio Radio Television A T M Today: 4 Services 4 Networks Tomorrow: 4 Services 1 Network Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 7
8 Technology DS/US Data Rate Reach (26 AWG) Applications VDSL ADSL+ ADSL2 52/30 Mbps 54/13 Mbps 26/26 Mbps 22/13 Mbps 13/13 Mbps 10/10 Mbps 6/6 Mbps 16/1 Mbps 20/0.8 Mbps 10/0.8 Mbps 10/0.8 Mbps 3.5/3.5 Mbps 1000 ft 3000 ft 4500 ft 6000 ft 7200 ft ft ft Asymmetric: simultaneous multiple HDTV s and/or DTVs, internet, audio, games, POTS Symmetric: EFM, LRE Other: Video- Conference, Tele- Commuting, Tele-Medicine, Distance- Learning, Home-shopping. Asymmetric: Two DTV, internet, audio, games, POTS Asymmetric: One DTV, internet, audio, games POTS VDSL and other xdsl SHDSL 2.3/2.3 Mbps ft Symmetric: One or morel T1/E1, Data, and POTS, Remote LAN HDSL /1.544 Mbps 2.044/2.044 Mbps 9600 ft Symmetric: T1/E1 over 1 pair with no repeaters ISDN 144/144 Kbps ft Symmetric: Digital voice plus data T1/E1 (not a DSL) 1.544/1.544 Mbps 2.044/2.044 Mbps ft or ft Symmetric: Data, no POTS (leased line), uses two pairs with repeaters every 4800 ft Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 8
9 Anatomy of a VDSL SYSTEM Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 9
10 Network topology for VDSL over POTS CO: Central Office CPE: Customer's Premises Equipment Internet WAN backbone packet or cell based DSLAM VDSL Splitter US: Upstream DS: Downstream VDSL + POTS VDSL MODEM VDSL Splitter POTS PSTN backbone circuit based Phone Switch Voice Twisted Pair "Last Mile" "First Mile" POTS: Analog Voice Voice POTS Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 10
11 Transmission environment FDD: Freq. Division Duplexing Channel: Insertion Loss FDD: Freq. Division Duplexing Signal PSD (dbm/hz) POTS DS1 US1 DS2 US2 Loss (db) Signal PSD (dbm/hz) POTS DS1 US1 DS2 US2 Frequency (MHZ) Frequency (MHZ) Frequency (MHZ) CO VDSL MODEM + Channel + CPE VDSL MODEM TX DS TX US Impairments: Noise and Interference RX PSD (dbm/hz) Frequency (MHZ) Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 11
12 Transmission environment Channel Impairments Insertion Loss Noise Impairments Crosstalk: Next (f 1.5 ) Fext ( H(f) 2 d f 2 ) Restrictions Spectrum compatibility. Legacy systems Bridge taps (BT) RFI Ingress: HAM Radio AM Radio RFI Egress. HAM Radio Impulse Noise. Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 12
13 Channel impairments Bridge Tap Attenuation a function of: Length Gauge Frequency Bridge taps Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 13
14 Transmission environment Channel Impairments Insertion Loss Noise Impairments Crosstalk: Next (f 1.5 ) Fext ( H(f) 2 d f 2 ) Restrictions Spectrum compatibility. Legacy systems Bridge taps (BT) RFI Ingress: HAM Radio AM Radio RFI Egress. HAM Radio Impulse Noise. Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 14
15 Crosstalk Cable with several Twisted pairs Transmitter CO Modem Receiver Transmitter CO Modem Receiver NEXT: Near End Xtalk FEXT: Far End Xtalk Receiver CPE/RT Modem Transmitter Noise Received from Near Transmitter Noise Received from Far Transmitter 10's, 100's, 1000's feets Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 15
16 Crosstalk CO Modem US DS US DS CPE/RT Modem STRONG FEXT into US CO Modem US DS NEXT into US FEXT into US US DS CPE/RT Modem FEXT into DS NEXT into DS CO Modem US DS US DS CPE/RT Modem Distance Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 16
17 Crosstalk Crosstalk a function of: Disturber s PSD (Self: VDSL, Alien: ADSL, SHDSL, etc) Frequency location and cable length Cable type (wrapping and insulation inside the bundle) Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 17
18 Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) RFI Ingress (from AM & HAM) RFI Egress (to HAM) AM Radio HAM Radio Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 18
19 Impulse Noise Sources of Impulse Noise Nature Domestic Industrial Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 19
20 Impulse Noise Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 20
21 Transmission environment Channel Impairments Insertion Loss Noise Impairments Crosstalk: Next (f 1.5 ) Fext ( H(f) 2 d f 2 ) Restrictions Spectrum compatibility. Legacy systems Bridge taps (BT) RFI Ingress: HAM Radio AM Radio RFI Egress. HAM Radio Impulse Noise. Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 21
22 Restrictions in transmission environment In-band Mask Limit PSD Mask Signal PSD (dbm/hz) In-Band Signal PSD dictated by band Plan RFI NOTCHES Agregate Power DS1 US1 DS2 US2 Frequency (MHZ) freq. 1 freq. 2 freq. 3 freq. 4 freq. 5 Out-of-band Mask Out-of-Band Signal PSD mandated by standard Signal PSD (dbm/hz) SIDELOBES PSDa PSDb US1 US2 Frequency (MHZ) Fa Fb Fc Fd Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 22
23 The VDSL standard Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 23
24 Standards bodies ANSI ETSI ITU IEEE Working groups and industry associations ANSI T1E1.4 ETSI TM6 ITU Study Group 15 IEEE EFM Task Force ah VDSL Alliance (DMT) VDSL Coalition (SCM) ADSL Forum ATM Forum Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 24
25 Current VDSL standards ANSI T1.424/Trial/Use ETSI TS &2 ITU G993.1 Two lines codes: DMT-VDSL( Discrete Multi Tone VDSL) SCM-VDSL: (Single Carrier Modulation VDSL) TWO TECHNOLOGIES COMPETING TO BE THE LINE CODE IN THE STANDARD DMT-VDSL VDSL Standard SCM-VDSL Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 25
26 DMT Processing Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 26
27 SCM Processing Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 27
28 System Architecture in the VDSL Standard Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 28
29 System Architecture Transmitter Receiver TPS-TC: Transport Protocol-Specific Transmission Convergence OAM: Operation And Maintenance PMS-TC: Physical Medium-Specific Transmission Convergence FEC: Forward Error Correction PMD: Physical Medium Dependant UPBO: Upstream Power Back-off Transport : Data flow, synchronization flow, control flow, OAM flow TPS-TC: OAM, Multiplexing asynchronous and synchrounous channels PMS-TC: Framing, Scarmbling FEC, Interleaving, PMD: Data Encoding, Modulation Duplexing Medium Interface: TX PSD UPBO Electrical requirements VDSL Standard Depends on Line Code DMT or SCM Transport : Data flow, synchronization flow, control flow, OAM flow TPS-TC: OAM, Demultiplexing asynchronous and synchronous channels PMS-TC: Frame synchronization De-Interleaving,FEC Decoder, De-Scrambling,De-Framing PMD: Synchronization,Equalization, Demodulation, Data Decoding De-Duplexing Medium Interface: AGC Electrical requirements Transmission Medium: Loop, Noise Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 29
30 Transmission Medium: (frequency, time and location dependant) Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 30
31 Medium interface: TX PSD: Conforms to a band plan: FSAN 997,998, ITU FX Proprietary Symmetric or asymmetric Upstream power back-off at CPE/RT: alleviates near-far problem Frequency dependant Bandplan, crosstalk composition, wire gauge and cable type of bundling. Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 31
32 TX PMD: PMD layer for DMT Data Encoding: Mapping bits to symbols Modulation: Multicarrier QAM with bit loading Duplexing: FDD RX PMD: Synchronization: Sampling frequency and symbol time Equalization: TDQ in time and FEQ in frequency Demodulation: QAM slicer Data decoding:de-mapping symbol to bits De-Duplexing: Digital duplexing using FFT Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 32
33 DSP in PMS-TC + PMD for DMT-VDSL slow Framing CRC Scrambling FEC Interleaving slow Near Transmitter fast Framing CRC Scrambling FEC fast Bit Extraction with Tone Ordering symbol mapper IFFT Cyclic Extension TX Windowing DAC LPF Line Driver Hybrid tip ring Slicer symbol demapper FEQ FFT Remove Cyclic Extension RX Windowing TEQ ADC LPF Hybrid tip ring slow de- Framing CRC checksum de- Scrambling FEC decoder de- Interleaving slow bit insertion with tone ordering fast de- Framing CRC checksum de- Scrambling FEC decoder fast Far Receiver Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 33
34 Training of the VDSL modem Flexibility during training Training signals allows training the modem Synchronization, Equalization, Bit Loading Training signals communicate parameters to allow configuration of modem during training What frequency bands to use for US and DS What PSD to use in each frequency band Some Parameters for system optimization (performance optimization, overhead reduction) Enable optional features Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 34
35 Training signals in DMT-VDSL Tone Amplitude Pilot tone Data carrier (N/2)-1 Tone Index q VDSL training signals and FSM allow configuration of features during training Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 35
36 Selection of line code Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 36
37 DMT-VDSL vs. SCM-VDSL DMT corner The Benefits of DMT for VDSL systems (Ikanos) Study of the Feasibility and Advisability of DSL operating at Rates Substantially in Excess of the Basic Access Rate, (Theoretical analysis by Author at Bellcore). SCM corner Why QAM is better for VDSL (Infineon) Comparisons of SCM and DMT for ADSL Applications (Theoretical analysis by Author at Bell Labs). The Winner in the ADSL Olympics. Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 37
38 DMT and SCM Mr. FEC DISCRETE MULTI TONE (Divide and Conquer) Signal PSD (dbm/hz) US1 DS1 US2 DS2 US3 SINGLE CARRIER MODULATION Signal PSD (dbm/hz) US1 DS1 US2 DS2 US3 freq. 1 freq. 2 freq. 3 freq. 4 freq. 5 Frequenc y (MHZ) freq. 1 freq. 2 freq. 3 freq. 4 freq. 5 Frequenc y (MHZ) Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 38
39 A basis for comparison Who can overcome the challenges in the transmission medium the best? Challenge Deleterious effects Receiver signal processing Channel Time Dispersion Signal Smearing Equalization Frequency dependent Noise and Interference Frequency dependent signalto-noise ratio (SNR) Bit loading FDD operation in multi-band spectrum plans Interference between Upstream and Downstream signals Signal separation Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 39
40 Comparison along 4 dimensions Spectrum utilization Frequency Division Duplexing Notches in in-band mask Sidelobes in out-of-band mask Bandwidth efficiency Bit loading (bits/hz) Reach and Rate Resistance to impairments Narrowband interference vs. wideband Interference Impulse Noise vs. RFI Practical implementation PAR, clipping and line driver Digital complexity vs. analog complexity Rate adaptation, Timing jitter Power consumption Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 40
41 Advantages of DMT over SCM Issues Channel Time D ispersion Frequency dependent Noise D eleterious effects Signal Smearing Frequency dependent signal-tonoise ratio (SN R ) DM T solution SCM solution Advantages of DM T over SCM Two simple equalizers, one in time domain and one in frequency domain T ransm it m ore bits in frequency bands where there is less noise and less bits in frequency bands w here there is m ore noise One complicated equalizer in time domain T ransm it the same average number of bits in every frequency band regardless of amount of noise in each frequency band Sim plicity in design and im plem entation Bandwidth efficiency and higher throughput Full duplex operation in m ulti-band spectrum plans Interference between upstream and downstream signals Use no filtering, utilize Fourier Transform orthogonality properties Use one com plicated filter per transm ission band Higher spectrum utilization, higher throughput and flexible im plem entation of different band plans For numerical results and references, please see The Benefits of Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) Modulation for VDSL Systems, White paper, Ikanos Communications Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 41
42 Some considerations: Vendors of SCM-VDSL are promoting their DMT-ADSL solutions. Beware of size when looking at cost. DMT offers all VDSL sizes : small (2 bands), medium (3 bands), large (4 bands) and super-size (5 bands). Spectral flexibility minimizes incompatibility between standards and legacy systems. Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 42
43 Some VDSL Applications Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 43
44 Deployment Scenarios 1) CO/RT: Central Office/Remote Terminal. FTTE: Fiber to the Exchange 2) FTTC: Fiber To The Cabinet. FTTN: Fiber to the Neighborhood 3) FTTB: Fiber To The Building MxUs: Multi-Tenant/Dwelling units Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 44
45 CO RT DSLAM 1000's ft VDSL MODEM CO/RT VDSL Splitter VDLS+POTS VDSL Splitter Voice Voice Phone Switch Bundle of Twisted Pairs POTS Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 45
46 FTTC CABINET RT Internet WAN backbone packet or cell based DSLAM VDSL Splitter 100's, 1000's ft VDSL + POTS VDSL MODEM VDSL Splitter Voice Voice phone switch Bundle of Twisted Pairs Bundle of Twisted Pairs POTS Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 46
47 FTTB Basement of Building CPE Internet WAN backbone packet or cell based DSLAM VDSL Splitter 10's, 100's, ft VDSL + POTS VDSL MODEM VDSL Splitter Voice Voice phone switch Bundle of Twisted Pairs Individual Twisted Pairs POTS Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 47
48 Applications VDSL-DMT: ATM/PTM over DSL (Symmetric/Asymmetric) EFM: Ethernet in the first mile (10BT) LRFE: Long reach fast Ethernet (100BT) Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 48
49 ATM/PTM over VDSL Transmitter Receiver Transport: ATM or PTM Transport: ATM or PTM TPS-TC: ATM-TC OR PTM-TC (fast and slow) TPS-TC: ATM-TC OR PTM-TC (fast and slow) PMS-TC PMS-TC PMD PMD Medium Interface Medium Interface Transmission Medium: For more details, please see Annex G: ATM-TC and Annex H: PTM-TC in the Draft Recommendation G , Very-high-speed Digital Subscriber Line Foundation, ITU-T. Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 49
50 Ethernet over VDSL CO CPE/RT Ethernet MAC Ethernet MAC MII MII MII MII PTM-TC PTM-TC Ethernet Core Network Ethernet Phy PMS-TC PMD Medium Interface VDSL PHY PMS-TC PMD Medium Interface Ethernet Phy Ethernet port Transmission Medium Transmission Medium (Twisted pair) Transmission Medium (LAN) For more details, please see Baseline Proposal EFM_PHY_rev 0.3, available at Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 50
51 References J. M. Cioffi et al., Very-High-Speed Digital Subscriber Lines, in IEEE Commun. Magazine, April Behrooz Rezvani et.al., Channel Capacity Analysis for VDSL as a function of frequency, ANSI contribution T1E1.4/ , 2000, Ikanos Communications. K. S. Jacobsen, xdsl Technology and Applications: Removing the Telephone Line Bottleneck, white paper, Texas Instruments, available at F. Ramirez-Mireles et. al., The Benefits of Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) Modulation for VDSL Systems, White paper, Ikanos Communications, available at Very-High_Data-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL), White paper, International Engineering Consortium, available at A VDSL Tutorial, F. Sjöberg, Luleå Tekniska Universitet., available at M Diaz nava et. al., A Short Overview of the VDSL System Requirements, in IEEE Commun. Magazine, December VDSL Standards, documents by ANSI, ETSI and ITU. ADSL2 and ADSL+, The New Standards, white paper, Aware Inc. S. Hass, Choose Wisely Between QAM and DMT for VDSL,in Communications System Design, September Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 51
52 Fernando Ramirez-Mireles; Ikanos Communications 52
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