Benefits of transformer online dissolved gas monitoring Introducing the ABB CoreSense intelligent Dissolved Gas Analyzer
|
|
- Ezra Norton
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 White Paper Benefits of transformer online dissolved Introducing the ABB CoreSense intelligent Dissolved Gas Analyzer Luiz Cheim, Principal R&D Engineer, ABB Transformer Technology Center Thomas Buijs, Product Manager, ABB Measurement and Analytics ABSTRACT Following ABB s strategic view on the ever growing demand for sensors and techniques for the online condition assessment of power transformers the company has recently launched a hydrogen and moisture sensor (CoreSense TM ) as an initial step in a much broader and consistent product development program to provide utilities and users alike with the best available technology to support their efforts in keeping transformers operating longer and reliably. The simplicity and at the same time robustness of the CoreSense is a proof that ABB is employing the best available know-how and technologies to help its customers to have a low-cost high-quality device that can operate as a first level diagnostic tool to flag issues and trigger more comprehensive transformer condition assessment techniques with the sole aim of detecting incipient faults and act as an early warning system. This white paper provides an insight into the most common faults that involve the paper-oil insulation and the importance of hydrogen and moisture detection as a powerful means of avoiding failure and deferring investments. It describes the chemical structure of the solid and liquid insulation as well as the result of the breakdown of that insulation under thermal, mechanical and electrical stresses. The paper also sheds light onto the complex issues of gas detection and measurement such as laboratory accuracy as well as sampling errors against the more consistent and less subject to variability sensor s readings. The author s intent is to provide the reader with the scientific and technical justification for a cost effective solution capable of detecting a large number of problems that sooner or later can take the transformer to a major failure.
2 Introduction Today s electrical grids are comprised of millions of transformers that interconnect power generation, transmission and distribution. These transformers are critical assets that require proper maintenance in order to provide long uninterrupted electrical service. In this white paper, we look at the typical structure of a large transformer and explain why it is important to monitor dissolved gases. We then look at the characteristics of sensors that can do this online and explain the ABB CoreSense online dissolved gas analyzer. Transformer Insulation Transformer insulation is fundamentally composed of oilimpregnated cellulose paper surrounding conductors and layers of multiple conductors that form the transformer windings. A large amount of cellulose is also present in pressboards, wood and mechanical supports utilized during the manufacturing process as illustrated below [1-2]. the oil or through forced air and oil circulation in the presence of fans and/or pumps. In normal operation of power transformers, there occurs natural aging of the insulating system due to temperature and load cycles. This aging produces some combustible and non-combustible gases that only become a matter of concern at higher rates of gas formation when compared to normal conditions. Formation of Gases in Oil Both mineral oil and cellulose have carbon based molecular structures rich in hydrogen as illustrated below. The decomposition of oil and cellulose forms a large number of byproducts, including combustible and non-combustible gases. Hydrogen is naturally present in most of those compounds. Figure 2. Naphthenic aromatic molecule of insulating mineral oil (there are several other aromatic rings present in mineral oil, all rich in Hydrogen) Figure 1. Transformer solid insulation windings, barriers and supports Figure 3. Molecular structure of cellulose The entire structure illustrated in Figure 1 is thoroughly impregnated by insulating oil that also serves as a cooling agent to extract heat from the windings during the operation of the transformer. Heat may be extracted through natural convection of Cellulose is highly sensitive to heat, oxygen and moisture. The higher the temperature the faster the aging process of the paper (thermal aging). In the presence of higher amounts of oxygen and moisture, the paper breaks down through oxidation and hydrolytic processes, which generate additional moisture, acids and other components that accelerate the aging process even further. The 2 Benefits of transformer online dissolved ABB white paper
3 molecular structure of the insulating fluid also breaks down in the presence of higher temperatures and electrical faults such as partial discharges and arcing of several degrees of intensity. Both cellulose and insulating oil may also degrade in presence of contaminants, such as, for example, the ingress of moisture through leaks, or maintenance activities, etc. The formation of gases is common to almost all types of insulation degradation. These gases then dissolve in the oil, allowing detection and analysis of the defect through an adequate monitoring of the amounts and evolution of these gases, the so-called Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) procedure. Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is among the most powerful tools for detecting faults in power transformers. DGA analytical techniques and interpretation methods are continuously being investigated and improved. Online monitors are particularly useful for applications where gas formation in remote electrical equipment must be followed at frequent time intervals (eg, in strategic or expensive equipment, or where significant faults have already been detected) which is typically not practical through off-line laboratory analysis. The results of years of experience by the power industry is well summarized in IEEE C and IEC DGA Theory as in the IEEE C57.104/2008 [3] 4: The two principal causes of gas formation within an operating transformer are thermal and electrical disturbances. 4.1 Cellulose Decomposition The thermal decomposition of oil-impregnated cellulose insulation produces carbon oxides (CO, CO2) and some hydrogen and methane (H2, CH4) due to the oil 4.2 Oil Decomposition Mineral transformer oils are mixtures of many different hydrocarbon molecules, and the decomposition processes for these hydrocarbons in thermal or electrical faults are complex. The fundamental steps are the breaking of carbon hydrogen and carbon carbon bonds. Active hydrogen atoms and hydrocarbon fragments are formed. These free radicals can combine with each other to form gases, molecular hydrogen, methane, ethane, etc., or they can recombine to form new, condensable molecules. Further decomposition and rearrangement processes lead to the formation of products such as ethylene and acetylene and, in the extreme, to modestly hydrogenated carbon in particulate form. 4.3 Application to Equipment Internal faults in oil produce the gaseous byproducts hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), and ethane (C2H6). When cellulose is involved, the faults produce methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Each of these types of faults produces certain gases that are generally combustible. DGA Theory as in the IEC60599:2007 [4] 4.1 Decomposition of oil Scission of some of the C-H and C-C bonds may occur as a result of electrical and thermal faults, with the formation of small unstable fragments, in radical or ionic form, such as H, CH3, CH2, CH or C (among many other more complex forms), which recombine rapidly, through complex reactions, into gas molecules such as hydrogen (H-H), methane (CH3-H), ethane (CH3-CH3), ethylene (CH2 = CH2) or acetylene (CH CH) Low-energy faults, such as partial discharges of the cold plasma type (corona discharges), favor the scission of the weakest C-H bonds (338 kj/ mole) through ionization reactions and the accumulation of hydrogen as the main recombination gas. Note: underlined text introduced by ABB authors in both texts From the texts above it is clear that hydrogen is a fundamental gas that occurs in the presence of thermal and electrical issues leading to oil and cellulose degradation and thus it plays a key role in the early detection of any abnormal conditions or failure modes inside the transformer. DGA Laboratory Issues The main issues associated with laboratory DGA are: a) The cost, resources and time to manually collect samples particularly in remote locations b) Sample contamination (during and/or after sampling on-site) c) Sample degradation between the time of sampling and the time of analysis d) Laboratory precision (or repeatability) and accuracy e) Laboratory reproducibility It is well known in the industry that many laboratories provide reasonably accurate DGA results to their customers but that many others provide quite inaccurate results. Even the best laboratories produce results with some inaccuracy, which, therefore, needs to be known to determine the reliability and accuracy of the diagnoses. It is strongly recommended that each laboratory evaluate and provide its own accuracy figures. When this is not possible, default accuracy values based on international surveys can be used. M. Duval, 2005 [5] ABB white paper Benefits of transformer online dissolved 3
4 A survey carried out by Cigre [5] SCD1 TF involving 25 experienced laboratories from 15 countries using gas-in-oil standards found an average repeatability of 7% at medium gas concentrations ( ppm) and 27% at low gas concentrations (1 10 ppm). The average accuracy found was 15% at medium gas concentrations and 30% at low gas concentrations. Figure 4. Illustration of the interplay between precision and accuracy a) Low precision, low accuracy b) High precision, low accuracy c) Low precision, high accuracy d) High precision, high accuracy Repeatability or precision [6]: related to observed differences when multiple samples of the same oil are analyzed by the same laboratory over a short period of time typically of less than one day. Accuracy is related to differences observed between values measured by a given laboratory and the nominal value contained in the gas-in-oil sample prepared according to standard procedures. In addition to the repeatability and accuracy limitations of laboratories, the insulating oil sample will degrade over time due to the mobility of the dissolved gases in general and the high mobility of hydrogen gas in particular which will slowly escape into the atmosphere even from a sealed container. Online Gas Monitors Online gas monitors are installed on a transformer at the factory or in service and provide frequent readings (typically several readings per day) of gas concentrations dissolved in the oil of the transformer without the need for a manual sample. A major advantage of online monitors, as compared to laboratory analysis, is the capability to detect abnormal gas formation and faults occurring in near real time between manual oil samplings. For regular maintenance with laboratory analysis, manual samplings are typically performed every year or every 6 months. With online gas monitors, gas analysis is performed much more frequently thus providing a powerful early detection system that avoids excessive site visits and manual samplings with the advantage of performing an almost continuous observation of gas levels and trends. A number of challenges must be addressed when installing, commissioning and operating systems to avoid missing fault conditions (false negatives) and also to avoid false alarms when no fault exists (false positives). 1 The oil sampled by the monitor must be representative. If the monitor is installed such that it is always sampling the same pocket of stagnant oil there is a high probability that developing fault conditions will go unnoticed giving a false sense of security. 2 The monitoring system oil sampling mechanism must be designed in a fail-safe manner to reduce the likelihood of any oil leaks. Even a small leak can lead over time to a drop in the oil level of the main transformer tank. If the oil drops below a critical threshold a safety shut down of the transformer will be initiated automatically or the transformer will fail catastrophically if there is no safety system. 3 The gas-sensing elements in the monitor must exhibit longterm stability under real world transformer conditions. Indeed the same conditions that lead to the aging of the transformer itself can age and/or deteriorate the electronics and sensors present in the monitoring system. Some of the conditions that must be accounted for are: a. Temperature cycling b. Presence of moisture and oxygen dissolved in the transformer oil c. Presence of reactive chemicals in the transformer oil generated by the aging and breakdown of the cellulose insulation and the oil itself; eg, carbon monoxide, organic acids, alcohols, furans 4 The gas-sensing elements should not exhibit cross interference; eg, react to other gases that may be present and provide an incorrect reading. 5 The monitoring system should not consume the gas in order to measure it as this can lead to a depletion in the oil sample the sensor is reading and lead to false trends in the gas levels. 6 The monitoring system needs to exhibit long term reliability and should self-diagnose itself to avoid having a dead sensor be interpreted as condition normal, no gas detected. There are three types of online gas monitors commonly used in the industry: one gas, gas combination and multi-gas monitors, each with its pros and cons. 4 Benefits of transformer online dissolved ABB white paper
5 One Gas Monitors These inexpensive sensors are widely deployed thanks to their low cost and high reliability. Most one gas monitors measure hydrogen gas in oil due to its central role in the detection of abnormal operation of transformers. Not only is hydrogen almost always present when a fault occurs but it typically is also the first gas formed because C-H bonds are relatively easier to break than C-C or C-O bonds present in the insulating oil and cellulose. Gas Combination Monitors Gas combination sensors, sometimes called Total Combustible (oxidizable) Gas sensors are another common type of online gas monitor commonly deployed to transformers for early fault warning purposes. These devices use sensors that give a single readout in response to a combination of all the oxidizable gases. Their typical response may look something like Readout = A x H 2 + B x CO + C x CH 4 + D x C 2 H 2 + E x C 2 H 4 + F x C 2 H 6 Figure 5. Approximate gas formation temperature in C The readout is dependent on the concentrations of all the gases with different relative sensitivities for each gas. The idea is that the readout will provide an early warning of gas formation regardless of what gas is actually being formed. The main issue with this type of sensor is that the interpretation of the readout can be very difficult because a perfectly normal transformer always has some background gas present in its oil. Table 1. Ranges of 90% typical gas concentration values observed in power transformers in μl/l (Source IEC60599:2007) C 2 H 2 H 2 CH 4 C 2 H 4 C 2 H 6 CO CO 2 All transformers , ,000 No OLTC Communicating OLTC These simple monitoring systems can be widely deployed even in remote locations where access for routine maintenance is slow, expensive and complicated. This leads to some important considerations when choosing one systems Long-term reliability is critical to keep maintenance requirements low. In practice, this means avoiding monitoring systems that make use of moving parts or complicated oil handling such as mechanical circulation pumps, cooling fans, valves, membranes, etc. The monitoring system should not require any regular calibration effort to stay within specifications. The monitoring system should not have any consumables that need replacing on a regular basis. The problem is that it is not possible to distinguish a high hydrogen condition from a high carbon monoxide condition for example. It can be seen from Table 1, that carbon monoxide may be responsible for a somewhat high reading of a gas combination monitor under normal conditions. This may mask the beginning of a rise in hydrogen which would otherwise indicate the development of a fault. This leads to an apparent decrease in sensitivity which reduces the overall usefulness and confidence in the monitoring system as shown in the images bellow. The one-gas hydrogen specific sensor does not suffer this apparent decrease in sensitivity (Figure 6). In addition, gas combination sensors typically use an oxidizing fuel cell as their sensor mechanism and this type of sensor functions by consuming oxidizable gases to produce an electrical current. If the rate of depletion by the sensor is greater than the rate of local replenishment, the gases will be depleted leading to incorrect readouts. ABB white paper Benefits of transformer online dissolved 5
6 Figure 6. Example of masking effect on hydrogen trend by carbon monoxide in gas combination monitors 6 Benefits of transformer online dissolved ABB white paper
7 Multi-gas Monitors Figure 7. Computer simulation showing stagnant oil when no thermal pump is used Multi-gas sensors provide individual readouts for up to 9 gases simultaneously. They significantly increase the usefulness of the monitoring system by providing complete information on dissolved gases in a very similar form to what is obtained from a laboratory DGA analysis, but in real time. This capability empowers the asset owner to do real time diagnostics on critical transformers semi-continuously. This advantage is somewhat mitigated by the significant cost and complexity of some of the multi-gas sensors on the market today. The result being that this type of monitor is often deployed for the most critical of assets or for assets known to be developing faults. Today many utilities use the approach of installing simple low cost one-gas monitors to provide a warning and then perform a laboratory DGA to get a further diagnostic. As multi-gas sensor technology matures, it is expected that adoption rates will increase. The ABB CoreSense Hydrogen and Moisture Sensor Figure 8. Computer simulation of CoreSense thermal pump showing oil inflow at bottom and outflow at top The ABB CoreSense hydrogen and moisture sensor is a new gas monitoring system that represents ABB s answer to the challenges of designing a good online gas in oil analyzer. The CoreSense utilizes two solid-state sensors to measure hydrogen and moisture directly in transformer insulating oil without the need for any complex sample handling to condition the oil or separate the dissolved gas from the oil. It addresses the question of stagnant oil and representative sampling with an innovative thermal pump that ensures fresh oil is always in contact with the sensors by forced convection. This approach is very simple and ultra-reliable since it has no membrane and no moving parts. The CoreSense can be mounted safely on any type of valve since this does not create any intrusion to the valve nor to the transformer. The CoreSense can easily be installed by customers and requires no special protective actions prior to oil treatment activities, a great plus over membrane based systems that can easily be damaged by pressure fluctuations. The solid-state hydrogen sensor used in the CoreSense has been extensively tested and characterized for long-term stability and reliability. It makes use of a patented protective coating to avoid aging and degradation effects from reactive gases, acids and other species that can be present in transformer oil. It is tempera- ABB white paper Benefits of transformer online dissolved 7
8 ture stabilized to avoid any thermal influence on hydrogen readings and makes use of a reversible hydrogen specific phase change in a palladium metal alloy to detect hydrogen levels. In addition, this sensor does not consume hydrogen, which eliminates the possibility that the hydrogen reading could be incorrect due to local depletion. Figure 10. The ABB CoreSense with solid metal enclosure The CoreSense has a built in embedded computer that continuously monitors all of its functions. It provides status at a glance capability with three super bright LEDs that report on the condition of the sensor and on hydrogen and moisture levels in the transformer oil. The CoreSense also has a built in web server that publishes a simple man machine interface to enable local and remote network access to the gas and moisture levels as well as the current status of the monitoring system. The interface is very intuitive, easy to read and efficient. Web pages are accessible through any internet browsers and do not require installation of specific software. Figure 9. Screenshot of the web HMI The CoreSense accurately measures hydrogen in oil down to a detection limit of 25 ppm with an error of ±10 ppm and a fast T90 time of under one minute. It is designed to provide accurate readings for 10 to 15 years with no calibration or routine maintenance requirements and no consumables. These characteristics make the CoreSense ideal for large-scale deployments even in flood areas or remote locations with potential weather extremes and access difficulties. The CoreSense is designed for durability and long life with no moving parts, solid state microelectronic gas in oil sensors that function directly in situ in transformer oil and a robust all metal IP67 rated submersible waterproof enclosure. This philosophy was applied to all aspects of the design, including the use of a super-capacitor to keep time in the event of a power interruption instead of a battery that would have a finite lifetime and need to be replaced at regular intervals. Bibliography [1] ABB Transformer Handbook [2] ABB Transformer Service Handbook [3] ANSI IEEEC57.104/2008 Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers [4] IEC60599:2007 Mineral oil-impregnated electrical equipment in service Guide to the interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysis [5] M. Duval, J. Dukarm, Improving the Reliability of Transformers Gas-in-Oil Diagnosis, IEEE Elect. Insul. Mag., Jul-Aug 2005, [6] IEC60567:2011, Oil-filled electrical equipment Sampling of gases and analysis of free and dissolved gases Guidance 8 Benefits of transformer online dissolved ABB white paper
9 ABB white paper Benefits of transformer online dissolved 9
10 Contact us ABB Ltd. Affolternstrasse, 44 P.O. Box Zurich, Switzerland We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice. With regard to purchase orders, the terms and conditions agreed shall apply. ABB Group does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors or possible lack of information in this document. We reserve all rights to this document and the subject matter and illustrations contained herein. Any reproduction, disclosure to third parties or utilisation of its contents in whole or in parts is forbidden without prior written consent of ABB Group. 1LAB Copyright 2016 ABB All rights reserved
Dissolved Gas Analysis Guide for Transformers Filled with Beta Fluid
DSI Ventures, Inc. PHONE: (903) 526-7577 FAX: (903) 526-0021 www.dsiventures.com Dissolved Gas Analysis Guide for Transformers Filled with Beta Fluid Introduction Analysis of dissolved gases in transformer
More informationDGA - Method in the Past and for the Future
DGA - Method in the Past and for the Future Page 2 May 2012 1970 1973 Doerenburg introduced the differentiation between electrical and thermal failure mode and introduced ratios for fault gases with similar
More informationGE Energy Transformer Monitoring: How Moving forward from Monitoring to Diagnostics can Positively Impact Indian Business and Industry
GE Energy Transformer Monitoring: How Moving forward from Monitoring to Diagnostics can Positively Impact Indian Business and Industry Brian Sparling, SMIEEE GridTech 2007, Delhi February 5-6, 2007 The
More informationSiemens TMDS transformer monitoring and diagnostic system. Solutions for transformer life-cycle management. Answers for energy.
Siemens TMDS transformer monitoring and diagnostic system Solutions for transformer life-cycle management Answers for energy. We strive to unlock value in your transformer monitoring and Smart Grid investments.
More informationElectrical Maintenance Workshop
Electrical Maintenance Workshop Transformer Maintenance & Testing Thursday, November 6, 2003 Transformer Maintenance & Testing Purpose This presentation provides an overview of the major considerations
More informationTMDS Smart Monitor. Solutions for transformer life-cycle management. Answers for energy.
TMDS Smart Monitor Solutions for transformer life-cycle management Answers for energy. TMDS Smart Monitor Selecting a transformer monitoring solution is a critical step in achieving your company s Smart
More informationDISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS OF MINERAL OIL INSULATING FLUIDS
DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS OF MINERAL OIL INSULATING FLUIDS Written by: Joseph B. DiGiorgio, Ph.D. Dr. DiGiorgio conducts seminars on request. 1996-2013 NTT Copyrighted material. Contact Dr. DiGiorgio Insulating
More informationPower transformers. Generator step-up and system intertie power transformers Securing high-quality AC transmission
Power transformers Generator step-up and system intertie power transformers Securing high-quality AC transmission Generator step-up transformers Built to withstand continuous full load Generator step-up
More informationON-LINE DIAGNOSTIC CASE STUDY INVOLVING A GENERAL ELECTRIC TYPE U BUSHING
ON-LINE DIAGNOSTIC CASE STUDY INVOLVING A GENERAL ELECTRIC TYPE U BUSHING Pamelyn Bahr and Jon Christensen Intermountain Power Service Corp. Robert C. Brusetti, P.E. Doble Engineering Company ABSTRACT
More informationOn-line Dissolved Gas Analysis
On-line Dissolved Gas Analysis accord. to IEC 567/ASTM 3612 Online-Monitoring of transformers Automatic on-line analysis of 11 gases The analysis is done in 2 steps with high selectivity and accuracy fully
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY TOPIC 3 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
SUPPLEMENTARY TOPIC 3 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS Rearranging atoms. In a chemical reaction, bonds between atoms in one or more molecules (reactants) break and new bonds are formed with other atoms to
More informationTHE VALUE OF POWER FACTOR TESTING
THE VALUE OF POWER FACTOR TESTING Nov 1, 2005 12:00 PM by John Bleyer and Phillip Prout, National Grid NATIONAL GRID DISCOVERED A HIGH POWER FACTOR DURING ACCEPTANCE TESTING of a new 40-MVA transformer
More informationComparison between Online and Laboratory Measurements of Fault Gases for Mineral Oil and Natural Ester
International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics - Volume 5, Number 2, June 2013 Comparison between Online and Laboratory Measurements of Fault Gases for Mineral Oil and Natural Ester Zhongdong
More informationProduct brochure. GMS600 monitoring system for generator circuit-breaker State-of-the-art monitoring
Product brochure GMS600 monitoring system for generator circuit-breaker State-of-the-art monitoring GMS600: One step ahead The ABB group is a leader in power and automation technologies. The company operates
More informationBalancing chemical reaction equations (stoichiometry)
Balancing chemical reaction equations (stoichiometry) This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit
More informationSIX REASONS TO DRY BIOGAS To A LOW DEWPOINT BEFORE COMBUSTION IN A CHP ENGINE STEVEN SCOTT MARKET DEVELOPMENT MANAGER ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES
SIX REASONS TO DRY BIOGAS To A LOW DEWPOINT BEFORE COMBUSTION IN A CHP ENGINE STEVEN SCOTT MARKET DEVELOPMENT MANAGER ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES Filippo Turra Product Manager Cooling Technology INTRODUCTION
More informationOutages Happen 24/7 So Should Monitoring / SAFEGUARD YOUR HIGH VOLTAGE ASSETS WITH VAISALA ONLINE MONITORING
Outages Happen 24/7 So Should Monitoring / SAFEGUARD YOUR HIGH VOLTAGE ASSETS WITH VAISALA ONLINE MONITORING A Small Investment to Generate Measurable Benefits Sometimes, solving challenges is surprisingly
More informationChapter 5 Student Reading
Chapter 5 Student Reading THE POLARITY OF THE WATER MOLECULE Wonderful water Water is an amazing substance. We drink it, cook and wash with it, swim and play in it, and use it for lots of other purposes.
More informationLecture 35: Atmosphere in Furnaces
Lecture 35: Atmosphere in Furnaces Contents: Selection of atmosphere: Gases and their behavior: Prepared atmospheres Protective atmospheres applications Atmosphere volume requirements Atmosphere sensors
More informationApplication Requirement
Hazardous Gas Monitors Sensor Selection Overview Safety Monitoring (LEL) Toxic Limit Detection (PEL) Leak Detection Personal Safety Application Requirement Exposure Assessment (TWA) Ambient Air Quality
More informationMolar Mass of Butane
Cautions Butane is toxic and flammable. No OPEN Flames should be used in this experiment. Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of butane using Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures
More informationTHE OLTC AS AN "OIL ISOLATED SYSTEM" IN THE TRANSFORMER & OIL ANALYSIS IN OLTC. I Hr. Dr. Hurm, Hr. Dr. Schübel I 26.06.2014 I
THE OLTC AS AN "OIL ISOLATED SYSTEM" IN THE TRANSFORMER & OIL ANALYSIS IN OLTC MR Hr. Dr. Hurm, MESSKO Hr. Dr. Schübel 26.06.2014 Seite 1 von 39 Table of contents Part 1: 1. Introduction: working principle
More informationDry-type transformers. Dry-type transformers from ABB The ideal solution for the oil and gas industry
Dry-type transformers Dry-type transformers from ABB The ideal solution for the oil and gas industry 2 Dry-type transformers for the oil and gas industry ABB s products and solutions for the oil and gas
More informationCOMBUSTION. In order to operate a heat engine we need a hot source together with a cold sink
COMBUSTION In order to operate a heat engine we need a hot source together with a cold sink Occasionally these occur together in nature eg:- geothermal sites or solar powered engines, but usually the heat
More informationThis chapter is devided into two sections:
This chapter is devided into two sections: Page Installation requirements........................................................................ 127 The installation process..........................................................................
More informationASSESSMENT OF OIL ANALYSIS DATA FOR MEDIUM VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
ASSESSMENT OF OIL ANALYSIS DATA FOR MEDIUM VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS A. Müller 1*, M. Jovalekic 1, S. Tenbohlen 1 1 Institute of Power Transmission and High Voltage Technology, University of Stuttgart,
More informationThe photoionization detector (PID) utilizes ultraviolet
Chapter 6 Photoionization Detectors The photoionization detector (PID) utilizes ultraviolet light to ionize gas molecules, and is commonly employed in the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
More informationThe Ambient Air Monitoring System
The Ambient Air Monitoring System 1.0 Introduction: The Ambient Air Monitoring System (AAMS) can measure a range of toxic and flammable gases, particulate matter, meteorological and environmental parameters
More informationTHE HUMIDITY/MOISTURE HANDBOOK
THE HUMIDITY/MOISTURE HANDBOOK Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Relative Humidity... 3 Partial Pressure... 4 Saturation Pressure (Ps)... 5 Other Absolute Moisture Scales... 8 % Moisture by Volume (%M
More informationAlstom Grid Services. Transformer lifecycle management GRID
Alstom Grid Services Transformer lifecycle management GRID Transformer services A COMPLETE RANGE OF SOLUTIONS As a critical component of networks, the power transformer is essential to high voltage electrical
More informationInvestigation on Sampling, Measurement and Interpretation of Gas-in-Oil Analysis for Power Transformers
21, rue d Artois, F-75008 PARIS D1-204 CIGRE 2008 http : //www.cigre.org Investigation on Sampling, Measurement and Interpretation of Gas-in-Oil Analysis for Power Transformers S. Tenbohlen, J. Aragon-Patil,
More informationEnhance Power Equipment Reliability with Predictive Maintenance Technologies
Enhance Power Equipment Reliability with Predictive Maintenance Technologies November 2012/1910DB1208 by S. Frank Waterer, Electrical Engineerinig, Fellow Schneider Electric USA, Inc. Make the most of
More informationEnergy Efficient Operations and Maintenance Strategies for Boilers
Energy Efficient Operations and Maintenance Strategies for Boilers Large, complex and widely used, industrial boilers are major consumers of fuel. Proper operations and maintenance (O&M) procedures must
More informationA GUIDE TO TRANSFORMER OIL ANALYSIS BY I.A.R. GRAY Transformer Chemistry Services
A GUIDE TO TRANSFORMER OIL ANALYSIS BY I.A.R. GRAY Transformer Chemistry Services INTRODUCTION The fault free operation of power transformers is a factor of major economic importance and safety in power
More informationTest Review # 9. Chemistry R: Form TR9.13A
Chemistry R: Form TR9.13A TEST 9 REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 9 Collision theory. In order for a reaction to occur, particles of the reactant must collide. Not all collisions cause reactions.
More informationA discussion of condensate removal systems for clarifier and thickener drives for water and wastewater facilities.
A discussion of condensate removal systems for clarifier and thickener drives for water and wastewater facilities. Richard L. Dornfeld, BSME, P.E. Staff Engineer September 25, 2014 Moisture can be a problem
More informationHow Sensors Work. How Oxygen, Electrochemical Toxic, and Metal Oxide Semiconductor Sensors Work *
How Oxygen, Electrochemical Toxic, and Metal Oxide Semiconductor Sensors Work * 1. Oxygen sensor detection principle Most portable or survey instruments used for workplace evaluation of oxygen concentrations
More informationChemical versus Physical Changes
Chemical versus Physical Changes Permission to Copy - This document may be reproduced for non-commercial educational purposes Copyright 2009 General Electric Company What are physical and chemical changes?
More informationChapter 3: Water and Life
Name Period Chapter 3: Water and Life Concept 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water result in hydrogen bonding 1. Study the water molecules at the right. On the central molecule, label oxygen (O) and hydrogen
More informationUNDERSTANDING CORROSIVE SULFUR PROBLEMS IN ELECTRIC APPARATUS. Paul J. Griffin and Lance R. Lewand Doble Engineering Company
UNDERSTANDING CORROSIVE SULFUR PROBLEMS IN ELECTRIC APPARATUS Paul J. Griffin and Lance R. Lewand Doble Engineering Company ABSTRACT Corrosive sulfur in oil has become a problem in electric apparatus.
More informationCHEMISTRY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING
CHEMISTRY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING Essential Standard: STUDENTS WILL UNDERSTAND THAT THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR INTERACTIONS ARE A CONSEQUENCE OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER,
More informationKS3 Science: Chemistry Contents
summary KS3 Science MyWorks Guide Chemistry KS3 Science: Chemistry Mini zes: 40 Super zes: 5 Extension zes: 4 Skills zes: 6 TOTAL 54 What are MyWorks zes? MyWorks zes are short individual learning tasks
More informationThe Empirical Formula of a Compound
The Empirical Formula of a Compound Lab #5 Introduction A look at the mass relationships in chemistry reveals little order or sense. The ratio of the masses of the elements in a compound, while constant,
More informationCHEM 105 HOUR EXAM III 28-OCT-99. = -163 kj/mole determine H f 0 for Ni(CO) 4 (g) = -260 kj/mole determine H f 0 for Cr(CO) 6 (g)
CHEM 15 HOUR EXAM III 28-OCT-99 NAME (please print) 1. a. given: Ni (s) + 4 CO (g) = Ni(CO) 4 (g) H Rxn = -163 k/mole determine H f for Ni(CO) 4 (g) b. given: Cr (s) + 6 CO (g) = Cr(CO) 6 (g) H Rxn = -26
More informationelectrical services WWW.AU.SGS.COM/INDUSTRIAL
electrical services WWW.AU.SGS.COM/INDUSTRIAL OUR PROFILE SGS offers a full range of electrical engineering services covering the commissioning test of new plant as well as the maintenance and continual
More informationRaising the Bar in FT-IR: Getting the Most Out of On-site Oil Condition Monitoring
Technical Note Raising the Bar in FT-IR: Getting the Most Out of On-site Oil Condition Monitoring FT-IR Spectroscopy Introduction Lubrication is a vital component of machinery and, as with any component,
More informationPOINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION: LOCAL EFFECTS AND IT S CONTROL Vol. I - Air Pollution Caused by Industries - Jiming HAO and Guowen LI
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY INDUSTRIES Department of Evironmental Sciences and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R.China Keywords: Emission sources, emission inventory, emission factors,
More informationSection 10.0: Electrode Erosion
Section 10.0: Electrode Erosion The primary reason for failure of plasma torches usually involves the inability of the electrodes to operate as they were designed, or operation under adverse conditions.
More informationContinuous flow direct water heating for potable hot water
Continuous flow direct water heating for potable hot water An independently produced White Paper for Rinnai UK 2013 www.rinnaiuk.com In the 35 years since direct hot water systems entered the UK commercial
More informationThermodynamics Worksheet I also highly recommend Worksheets 13 and 14 in the Lab Manual
Thermodynamics Worksheet I also highly recommend Worksheets 13 and 14 in the Lab Manual 1. Predict the sign of entropy change in the following processes a) The process of carbonating water to make a soda
More informationLEAD CRYSTAL. User Manual. Valve-regulated lead-crystal batteries Energy storage Cells
Engineering Production Sales LEAD CRYSTAL Valve-regulated lead-crystal batteries Energy storage Cells User Manual www.axcom-battery-technology.de info@.axcom-battery-technology.de Chapter 1: 1. Introduction
More informationLecture 11. Etching Techniques Reading: Chapter 11. ECE 6450 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Lecture 11 Etching Techniques Reading: Chapter 11 Etching Techniques Characterized by: 1.) Etch rate (A/minute) 2.) Selectivity: S=etch rate material 1 / etch rate material 2 is said to have a selectivity
More informationSAMPLE CHAPTERS UNESCO EOLSS
STEAM TURBINE OPERATIONAL ASPECTS R.A. Chaplin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Canada Keywords: Steam Turbines, Operation, Supersaturation, Moisture, Back Pressure, Governing
More informationOn-line PD Monitoring Makes Good Business Sense
On-line PD Monitoring Makes Good Business Sense An essential tool for asset managers to ensure reliable operation, improve maintenance efficiency and to extend the life of their electrical assets. Executive
More informationHonors Chemistry: Unit 6 Test Stoichiometry PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Page 1. A chemical equation. (C-4.4)
Honors Chemistry: Unit 6 Test Stoichiometry PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Page 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Question What is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction? What 3 things (values) is a mole of a chemical
More informationGETTING TO THE CORE: THE LINK BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND CARBON DIOXIDE
DESCRIPTION This lesson plan gives students first-hand experience in analyzing the link between atmospheric temperatures and carbon dioxide ( ) s by looking at ice core data spanning hundreds of thousands
More informationAutomotive Air Quality Sensors: industrial innovations to protect people s health
Pioneering sensor and detector technology Automotive Air Quality Sensors: industrial innovations to protect people s health COST Action TD1105 3 rd Management Committee Meeting Barcelona, Spain, 21st June
More informationclimate science A SHORT GUIDE TO This is a short summary of a detailed discussion of climate change science.
A SHORT GUIDE TO climate science This is a short summary of a detailed discussion of climate change science. For more information and to view the full report, visit royalsociety.org/policy/climate-change
More informationProperties and Classifications of Matter
PS-3.1 Distinguish chemical properties of matter (including reactivity) from physical properties of matter (including boiling point, freezing/melting point, density [with density calculations], solubility,
More informationChapter 8 - Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chapter 8 - Chemical Equations and Reactions 8-1 Describing Chemical Reactions I. Introduction A. Reactants 1. Original substances entering into a chemical rxn B. Products 1. The resulting substances from
More informationBalance of Fuel Cell Power Plant (BOP)
Balance of Fuel Cell Power Plant (BOP) Docent Jinliang Yuan December, 2008 Department of Energy Sciences Lund Institute of Technology (LTH), Sweden Balance of Fuel Cell Power Plant In addition to stack,
More informationGeneral Chemistry I (FC, 09-10) Lab #3: The Empirical Formula of a Compound. Introduction
General Chemistry I (FC, 09-10) Introduction A look at the mass relationships in chemistry reveals little order or sense. The ratio of the masses of the elements in a compound, while constant, does not
More informationPhase diagram of water. Note: for H 2 O melting point decreases with increasing pressure, for CO 2 melting point increases with increasing pressure.
Phase diagram of water Note: for H 2 O melting point decreases with increasing pressure, for CO 2 melting point increases with increasing pressure. WATER Covers ~ 70% of the earth s surface Life on earth
More informationSeparation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography
Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography Chromatography is a common technique for separating chemical substances. The prefix chroma, which suggests color, comes from the fact that some of the
More informationDistribution transformers. Green distribution transformer program Partnership for a sustainable environment
Distribution transformers Green distribution transformer program Partnership for a sustainable environment Introduction Did you know ABB s line of distribution transformers can reduce operating costs,
More informationWhite Paper. Detecting Hydrogen Sulfide Gas and Understanding its Danger in the Field. Introduction
White Paper PN FGD_TWP_H2S_Hydrogen_Sulfide_Gas_Understand_Danger January 2015 Detecting Hydrogen Sulfide Gas and Understanding its Danger in the Field Introduction Many oil fields, especially mature ones,
More informationVincenzo Esposito. Università di Roma Tor Vergata
Vincenzo Esposito Università di Roma Tor Vergata What is a fuel cell? It is an electrochemical device with a high energetic conversion yield. It convert indirectly the chemical energy of a fuel into electric
More informationHSE information sheet. Fire and explosion hazards in offshore gas turbines. Offshore Information Sheet No. 10/2008
HSE information sheet Fire and explosion hazards in offshore gas turbines Offshore Information Sheet No. 10/2008 Contents Introduction.. 2 Background of gas turbine incidents in the UK offshore sector...2
More informationStates of Matter CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SECTION 1. Name Date Class. Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW States of Matter SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Identify whether the descriptions below describe an ideal gas or a real gas. ideal gas
More informationActivity Two. Getting to Know the Water Molecule
Activity Overview: Activity Two Getting to Know the Water Molecule Key concepts: Water molecules are small and highly polar. Their polar nature gives water its unusual, macroscopic properties. On a microscopic
More informationmoehwald Bosch Group
moehwald Bosch Group Division Testing Technology for Fuel Cells Moehwald GmbH Michelinstraße 21 Postfach 14 56 66424 Homburg, Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 68 41 / 707-0 Fax: +49 (0) 68 41 / 707-183 www.moehwald.de
More informationThe soot and scale problems
Dr. Albrecht Kaupp Page 1 The soot and scale problems Issue Soot and scale do not only increase energy consumption but are as well a major cause of tube failure. Learning Objectives Understanding the implications
More informationEthanol-Water Phase Separation White Paper
Ethanol-Water Phase Separation White Paper Samir Jain Background The use of ethanol as a fuel in the United States has significantly increased over the past decade. Today, greater than 80% of all retail
More informationAssignment 8: Comparison of gasification, pyrolysis and combustion
AALTO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY KE-40.4120 Introduction to biorefineries and biofuels Assignment 8: Comparison of gasification, pyrolysis and combustion Aino Siirala 309141 Assignment submitted
More informationModule 5: Combustion Technology. Lecture 33: Combustion air calculation
1 P age Module 5: Combustion Technology Lecture 33: Combustion air calculation 2 P age Keywords: Heat of combustion, stoichiometric air, excess air, natural gas combustion Combustion air calculation The
More informationPOWER TRANSFORMER INCIPIENT FAULTS MONITORING
POWER TRANSFORMER INCIPIENT FAULTS MONITORING Cristina CIULAVU, Elena HELEREA Transilvania University of Brasov cristina.ciulavu@gmail.com, helerea@unitbv.ro Abstract: Power transformers are important
More informationTransformer Oil Gas Analysis
Get on the Analyzer FAST TRACK Transformer Oil Gas Analysis Helping customers protect the environment! 1 Why Analyzers Value to Customers Alleviates Resource Pressure Facilitates Configuration Use Advanced
More information1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion
Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic
More informationChemistry 13: States of Matter
Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties
More informationEnthalpy of Reaction and Calorimetry worksheet
Enthalpy of Reaction and Calorimetry worksheet 1. Calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperature to form carbon dioxide and calcium oxide, calculate the enthalpy of reaction. CaCO 3 CO 2 + CaO 2. Carbon
More informationInferred ph in Steam Plant Water Chemistry Monitoring
Application Data Sheet ADS 4900-87/rev.B January 2009 Power Industry Inferred ph in Steam Plant Water Chemistry Monitoring INTRODUCTION Inferred ph means ph calculated from straight and cation conductivity.
More informationStudy the following diagrams of the States of Matter. Label the names of the Changes of State between the different states.
Describe the strength of attractive forces between particles. Describe the amount of space between particles. Can the particles in this state be compressed? Do the particles in this state have a definite
More informationSession Five: Modern XLPE Materials for Extruded Energy Cable Systems
Session Five: Modern XLPE Materials for Extruded Energy Cable Systems Abstract Hakan Lennartsson Senior Technical Service Manager, Borouge Hong Kong Pte. Ltd. The first medium voltage cables using extruded
More informationFault codes DM1. Industrial engines DC09, DC13, DC16. Marine engines DI09, DI13, DI16 INSTALLATION MANUAL. 03:10 Issue 5.0 en-gb 1
Fault codes DM1 Industrial engines DC09, DC13, DC16 Marine engines DI09, DI13, DI16 03:10 Issue 5.0 en-gb 1 DM1...3 Abbreviations...3 Fault type identifier...3...4 03:10 Issue 5.0 en-gb 2 DM1 DM1 Fault
More informationScience Standard Articulated by Grade Level Strand 5: Physical Science
Concept 1: Properties of Objects and Materials Classify objects and materials by their observable properties. Kindergarten Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 PO 1. Identify the following observable properties
More informationChapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Name Period This chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. Whether your teacher goes over this chapter, or assigns it for you
More informationCONTENTS. ZVU Engineering a.s., Member of ZVU Group, WASTE HEAT BOILERS Page 2
WASTE HEAT BOILERS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION... 3 2 CONCEPTION OF WASTE HEAT BOILERS... 4 2.1 Complex Solution...4 2.2 Kind of Heat Exchange...5 2.3 Heat Recovery Units and Their Usage...5 2.4 Materials
More informationChemical Building Blocks: Chapter 3: Elements and Periodic Table
Name: Class: Date: Chemical Building Blocks: Chapter 3: Elements and Periodic Table Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
More informationICA732 Digital Restrain Sensor Accumulator Operators Handbook
ICA732 Digital Restrain Sensor Accumulator Operators Handbook Edition 1.0 10 Sept 2013 I The Restrain Company Ltd Unit 7 The Forum, Minerva Business Park Lynch Wood, Peterborough PE2 6FT UNITED KINGDOM
More informationOn-line monitoring of substation condition a Romanian experience. V. ZAHARESCU, Vl. ROSCA Nova Industrial SA. CN Transelectrica SA Romania
21, rue d Artois, F-75008 PARIS http : //www.cigre.org B3_201 CIGRE 2012 On-line monitoring of substation condition a Romanian experience C. MOLDOVEANU*, V. BREZOIANU, S. GAL, V. METIU, A. VASILE, V. URSIANU,
More informationName Date Class STOICHIOMETRY. SECTION 12.1 THE ARITHMETIC OF EQUATIONS (pages 353 358)
Name Date Class 1 STOICHIOMETRY SECTION 1.1 THE ARITHMETIC OF EQUATIONS (pages 353 358) This section explains how to calculate the amount of reactants required or product formed in a nonchemical process.
More informationVALIDATION, MODELING, AND SCALE-UP OF CHEMICAL LOOPING COMBUSTION WITH OXYGEN UNCOUPLING
VALIDATION, MODELING, AND SCALE-UP OF CHEMICAL LOOPING COMBUSTION WITH OXYGEN UNCOUPLING A research program funded by the University of Wyoming School of Energy Resources Executive Summary Principal Investigator:
More informationDescription of Thermal Oxidizers
Description of Thermal Oxidizers NESTEC, Inc. is a full service equipment supplier specializing in solutions for plant emission problems. The benefit in working with NESTEC, Inc. is we bring 25+ years
More informationName Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
Assessment Chapter Test A Chapter: States of Matter In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1. The kinetic-molecular
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY
TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY In general, when an object performs work on another object, it does not transfer all of its energy to that object. Some of the energy is lost as heat due to
More informationCHAPTER 7 THE DEHYDRATION AND SWEETENING OF NATURAL GAS
CHAPTER 7 THE DEHYDRATION AND SWEETENING OF NATURAL GAS Natural gases either from natural production or storage reservoirs contain water, which condense and form solid gas hydrates to block pipeline flow
More informationChapter 4. Chemical Energy
hapter 4 hemical Energy Perhaps the most convenient form in which to store energy is chemical energy. The foods we eat, combined with the oxygen we breathe, store energy that our bodies extract and convert
More informationValidation of process gas systems
Validation of Process Gas Systems By Jeff Hargroves Alza Corporation Validation of process gas systems involve documenting the expected system behavior, and verifying that the system performs as expected.
More informationControl Device Requirements Charts For Oil and Gas Handling and Production Facilities
Device Charts For Oil and Gas Handling and Production Facilities Purpose/Scope: The purpose of this document is to provide standardized guidance for use by the regulated community and air permit reviewers,
More informationAccurate Air Flow Measurement in Electronics Cooling
Accurate Air Flow Measurement in Electronics Cooling Joachim Preiss, Raouf Ismail Cambridge AccuSense, Inc. E-mail: info@degreec.com Air is the most commonly used medium to remove heat from electronics
More information