DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES

Transcription

1 FACULTY Obey, J. - Chairperson Choge, J. Ogot, A. Panulo, B. hod_mls@ueab.ac.ke DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES PHILOSOPHY Graduates of this program will be individuals who will value human life and will use the clinical laboratory science knowledge to maintain and save life. They will be part of the health care teams whose members will work collectively to find solutions to the health problems of individuals. They will be expected to discharge their duties with diligence in the fear of God, and with a sense of commitment to the healing ministry of our Lord Jesus Christ. MISSION To train technically competent and scientifically innovative clinical laboratory scientists who will serve the people of Kenya and Africa with Christian devotion whether at hospital clinical laboratories, in rural clinics, in government service or private settings. VISION To raise the standard and quality of Clinical Laboratory Science training and implementation in Kenya, and in the African continent as a whole. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES A graduate from the Department of Medical laboratory Science, should be able to: 1. Define medical terms that relate to human anatomy, physiology, human diseases, drugs and disorders. 2. Discuss rules, regulations and ethical behaviour governing medical laboratory practitioners. 3. Explain the production, maturation, functions and disorders of blood cells; 4. Collect, transport and analyse specimen from patients for diagnosis and treatment; 5. Describe the classification, taxonomy, pathogenesis, treatment, epidemiology, control and diagnosis of viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminthes, 6. Discuss immune mechanisms of disease and immunodiagnostic procedures based on antigen and antibody reactions; 7. Set up and manage a medical laboratory with manual, electric and electronic equipments to facilitate identification, analysis and diagnosis of micro-organisms that cause diseases to human beings; 8. Recognise abnormal pathological laboratory results and their causes; 9. Detect laboratory results which may be unreasonable or in error; 10. Identify, select, use and maintain clinical laboratory equipments; 11. Set up safety and quality control measures in a clinical laboratory; 12. Demonstrate laboratory procedures, supervisory and managerial skills relevant to running a clinical unit; 13. Apply Christian ethical norms and professional ethics in relation to physicians, colleagues, and patients; 14. Carry out a scientific research project to solve a clinical problem; 15. Continue with graduate studies in specialised areas of laboratory science. DEGREE OFFERED BY THE DEPARTMENT Bachelor of science in medical laboratory sciences CAREER OPPORTUNITIES There is a vast market with a wide variety of options including: 1. Hospitals (private or government) 2. Research Institutions - NGO s, Governmental, university, pharmaceutical, industrial 3. Privately Owned Laboratory Business 4. Privately Owned Medical Laboratory School 5. Teaching/Lecturing 6. Government Public Health Departments, Environmental laboratories 7. In vitro fertilization labs 8. Blood Banks, Red Cross 9. Crime labs, forensics 10. Inspectors - accreditation agencies 88

2 11. Infection control officer, epidemiology 12. Quality assurance director 13. Advance to Medicine/Pre-Med Degree 14. Master s Degree in Immunochemistry, Medical Education, Blood Transfusion, Immunology, Parasitology, Immunohematology, Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Administration, Clinical Chemistry, Virology, Cyto- Histology, etc. ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS 1. A minimum grade of C+ or better in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), with a grade of C+ or better in Biology or Chemistry and Mathematics or Physics and English or Kiswahili. 2. Candidates holding baccalaureate degrees in the sciences must show evidence of having relevant transferable credits or evidence of having completed all pre-clinical courses including cognates and general education requirements. The science courses must have been completed within the past eight years (or updated to the satisfaction of relevant department instructors). 3. Candidates holding a Medical Laboratory Technology diploma and qualifying as upgraders will be accepted into the program. The conditions for consideration as an upgrader are: a. Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology from a recognized institution. b. Have a current registration with KMLTTB or any other recognized registering body. c. Present a transcript, diploma, and KMLTTB registration certificate or certificate from another recognized registering body d. Present a course syllabus from previous training e. Have an updated CV f. Upgraders will be exempted from taking some courses approved by the department. 4. The prospective entrants into the MLS program should be able to hear safety alarms, timers, instrument alarms and beepers, and telephone/intercom communications, and possess visual acuity and ability to discriminate colour distinctively. INTER-DEPARTMENTAL TRANSFER Regulations concerning inter-departmental transfer found in the relevant UEAB Bulletin will be adhered to. In addition, the following will also apply: a GPA of 2.5 or better in MATH 101, CHEM 111, and BIOL 155. An overall GPA of 2.5 is required for all general education requirements, science cognates and mathematics at the time of transfer. No grade should be less than a C (plain) in science cognates. CONDITIONS FOR ADVANCEMENT TO CLINICAL YEAR 1. The student should have successfully completed all general education requirements. 2. The student should have successfully completed all science cognates and pre-clinical courses, with a minimum grade of C (plain). 3. The student should have clearance from the Clinical Year Admissions Committee. 4. The student should have attained an overall GPA of 2.5 or above. REPEAT POLICY 1. Students should not repeat more than three times, per course or different courses. If there are more than three repeat courses, the student will be advised to change his/ her major from MLS. 2. No student will be allowed to take subsequent courses in series if they fail the prerequisite course with a D (plain) or F, and has to repeat the course. A student will be allowed to continue to the next course with a C- (minus). REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADUATION In addition to the requirements for graduation printed in the relevant UEAB Bulletin the following will also be applicable for prospective graduands in the MLS program: 1. An overall minimum cumulative GPA of 2.25 at completion of prescribed courses in the curriculum. 2. A minimum grade of C in all science cognates, including each class in a series. 3. A minimum grade of C in all MLS courses, pre-clinical and clinical. 4. A minimum GPA of 2.33 in cognates and 2.5 in all major courses. SHS-Medical Laboratory Sciences 89

3 LICENSING AND REGISTRATION Each student will be registered with a specified fee by the Kenya Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists Board (KMLTTB) upon entry into the Medical Laboratory Sciences program. The board is also responsible for licensing students after completion of the degree program. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES SUMMARY General Education Courses 35 Core Courses 67 Cognates 41 Clinical 15 Total 158 Credits COURSE LISTING GENERAL EDUCATION COURSE 34 Credits (Refer to the page on general education requirements indicated in the table of contents. The courses not required are covered in cognates and major courses). General education requirements to be exempted for Medical Laboratory Sciences are: COURSE CREDITS FOR EXEMPTION FOR UPGRADERS 17 Credits Vocational Skills 1 HLED 110 Health Principles 1 ENVI 227 Environment and Society 2 BIOL 105 Human Biology 2 PHYS 105 Concepts of Physical Science I 2 AGRI 106 Principles of Agricultural Technology 2 HIST 119 Issues in Development Studies 2 PEAC 107 Physical and Recreational Activites 1 OFTE 120 Keyboarding 0 ENGL 151 Intro to Lit Appreciation 2 FCSC 207 Family Issues 2 COURSE CREDITS FOR EXEMPTION FOR REGULAR STUDENTS 13 Credits Vocational Skills 1 HLED 110 Health Principles 1 ENVI 227 Environment and Society 2 BIOL 105 Human Biology 2 PHYS 105 Concepts of Physical Science I 2 PHSY 106 Concepts of Physical Science II 2 PEAC 107 Physical and Recreational Activites 1 AGRI 105 Principles of Agricultural Technology 2 CORE COURSES 67 Credits CLSC 100 Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Science 2 CLSC 105 Medical Terminology 1 CLSC 150 Fundamentals of Clinical Microbiology 3 CLSC 170 Principles of Immunology 3 CLSC 205 Principles of Nuclear Medicine 2 CLSC 206 Principles of Forensic Medicine 2 CLSC 221 Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry 3 CLSC 231 Fundamentals of Hematology 3 CLSC 235 Introduction to Pharmacology CLSC 252 and Pharmacognosy 2 Principles of Food and Water Microbiology 3 CLSC 260 Histologic Techniques 2 CLSC 308 Systemic Pathology 2 CLSC 352 Clinical Virology and Vaccines 3 CLSC 361 Medical Parasitology I 3 CLSC 362 Medical Parasitology II 2 CLSC 358 Clinical Mycology 3 CLSC 390 Introduction to Research Methodology 2 CLSC 393 Laboratory Management and Administration 2 CLSC 395 Seminar 1 CLSC 412 Specimen Procurement and Body Fluid Analysis 3 CLSC 421 Clinical Chemistry I 3 CLSC 422 Clinical Chemistry II 3 CLSC 441 Hematology 3 90

4 CLSC 442 Hemostasis 2 CLSC 451 Clinical Microbiology 3 CLSC 471 Clinical Immunology 2 CLSC 484 Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine 4 CLINICAL PRACTICUM 15 Credits CLSC 413 Specimen Procurement, Handling and Processing 1 CLSC 423 Clinical Chemistry 2 CLSC 443 Clinical Hematology and Hemostasis 2 CLSC 455 Clinical Microbiology and Mycology 2 CLSC 456 Clinical Parasitology 2 CLSC 463 Histopathology/Cytopathology 1 CLSC 475 Clinical Immunology and Virology 2 CLSC 483 Clinical Immunohematology 2 CLSC 493 Laboratory Management and Administration 1 COGNATES 41 Credits PHNL 202 Statistics in the Health Sciences 3 BIOL 111 Human Anatomy and Physiology I 4 BIOL 112 Human Anatomy and Physiology II 4 BIOL 155 Foundations of Biology I 4 BIOL 447 Molecular Biology 3 BIOL 448 Genetics 3 CHEM 111 Introductory General Chemistry 4 CHEM 113 Principles of Organic and Biochemistry 4 MATH 101 Precalculus I 3 NUTR 234 Nutrition 3 PHHC 390 Community Health and Diagnosis 3 PHYS 200 Applied Physics and Bioinstrumentation 3 EXEMPTION COURSES FOR UP-GRADERS 11 Credits CLSC 100 Introductions to Clinical Laboratory Science 2 CLSC 105 Medical Terminologies 1 CLSC 231 Fundamentals of Hematology 3 CLSC 250 Fundamentals of Clinical Microbiology 3 CLSC 320 Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry 2 CLSC 360 Histologic Techniques 2 PRACTICUM COURSES FOR UPGRADERS 10 Credits CLSC 413 Specimen Procurement, Handling and Processing 1 CLSC 424 Clinical Chemistry 1 CLSC 444 Clinical Hematology and Hemostasis 1 CLSC 458 Clinical Microbiology and Mycology 1 CLSC 459 Clinical Parasitology 1 CLSC 463 Histopathology/Cytopathology 1 CLSC 474 Clinical Immunology and Virology 1 CLSC 485 Clinical Immunohem 2 CLSC 493 Laboratory Management 1 SHS-Medical Laboratory Sciences 91

5 CORE COURSES CLSC 100 Introduction to Clinical Laboratory 2 Credits This is an introduction to the major Clinical Laboratory Science disciplines. A general introduction to laboratory rules and regulations, professional relations and medical ethics are covered. First aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) principles and applications are also covered - clinical conditions/ states requiring first aid such as breathing emergencies, injuries to soft tissue, muscles, bones, joints and sudden illness. CLSC 105 Medical Terminology 1 Credit This course provides a detailed study of medical terms and abbreviations that relate to human body parts, human diseases, drugs, and disorders; it also covers different health disciplines and the medical terms involved in the respective disciplines. CLSC 141 Principles of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine 3 Credits This course is designed for students taking health- related majors. It introduces the production, maturation, and function of normal blood cells, the morphology of blood cells, anemia and leukemia. Normal hemostasis is introduced. Introduction of blood group antigen systems, some basic blood bank testing, donor selection, donor unit testing, and possible transfusion reactions, routine laboratory testing in hematology, hemostasis, and blood bank are also dealt with. Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and BIOL 112. CLSC 150 Fundamentals of Clinical Microbiology 3 credits This course provides an introduction to selection, collection and transportation of patient specimen. Cultural characteristics are studied. It covers classification, taxonomy, host-parasite relationship, normal flora, immunity, pathogenicity, antimicrobial agents, resistance; susceptibility testing, disinfection procedures, and common staining procedures. Morphological features, microscopy, cultivation, isolation, staining, metabolic biochemical, serological and DNA identification methods are also covered. Prerequisite: BIOL 155. COURSE DESCRIPTIONS CLSC 151 Basic Medical Microbiology 3 Credits This covers classification and characteristics of micro-organisms, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminthes, Microbial infection, transmission, pathogenesis and diagnosis, Microbial resistance, synergism and sensitivity testing, Immunity to microbial infections, Infection prevention and control and vaccination. CLSC 170 Principles of Immunology 3 Credits Topics will cover innate and acquired immunity in humans, immunoglobulin production, structure, function, diversity; antigen characteristics, tolerance and memory; complement structure and function; cell-mediated immunity function and regulation; autoimmune disorders; transplantation and tumor immunology; immunodeficiency disorders, hypersensitivity. Principles of laboratory and test quality assurance antigen/ antibody reactions. CLSC 171 Basic Clinical Immunology 3 Credits This course is designed for students taking health-related majors. The course covers non-specific and specific immunity. complement systems; proteins activation and biological properties, cells of immunity, Immunoglobulins, receptors. Antigenantibody interactions, major histocompatibility complex, Antigens; auto immunity, immune deficiencies, transplantation and rejection. CLSC 205 Principles of Nuclear Medicine 2 Credits This is an introduction to radioactive decay mechanisms. It includes radiation spectra, detectors, gas filled solid state scintillations and detectors. Bone marrow and intestinal studies of iron metabolism, thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine and other radioisotope tests of renal function, vitamin B12 absorption, fat scintigraphy, autoradiographic theory and decay will be studied. All aspects of exposure and disease will be covered. Prerequisite: Sophomore standing. 92

6 CLSC 206 Principles of Forensic Medicine 2 Credits This covers application of laboratory tests to the legal system, collection and processing of blood, hair, semen, saliva, sweat, vomitus, nail clipping, bone teeth and other specimens for forensic diagnostic DNA tests in different cases like identifying paternity, detection of sexual offenses and illegal abortion. Other tests will assist in establishing injuries caused by foreign inanimate objects, like guns. Prerequisite: Sophomore standing. CLSC 220 Basic Clinical Chemistry 3 Credits Biochemical reference values and factors affecting them: principles of sample collection, preservation, and storage, precautions to be taken and possible hazards involved. Acidbase balance; water and electrolyte balance, physiology and chemical pathology of renal functions. Clinical chemistry of normal liver function, alterations seen in disease states. Function tests; pulmonary, cardiac, hematologic, hepatic, biliary, pancreatic, splenic, endocrine, renal and urinary tract. Drugs and their clinical and laboratory effects on biochemical values will be covered. Prerequisite: CHEM 111. CLSC 221 Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry 3 Credits The course gives an introduction to clinical laboratory techniques and procedures, lab safety and application of quality control. It covers spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrophoresis, electrochemistry, immunoassays, and nucleic acid probe techniques. It covers organ system functions like renal, cardiac and liver function, carbohydrates, lipids, electrolytes and amino acids and proteins. Prerequisite: CHEM 102. CLSC 231 Fundamentals of Hematology 3 Credits Introduces the production, maturation, and function of normal blood cells; covers the morphology of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, both for the immature and mature Cells. Anemia and Leukemia are also introduced. Hemostasis is introduced, covering normal hemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. The course also introduces bloodgroup antigen systems, and some basic blood bank testing. Prerequisites: BIOL 111, BIOL 112 and BIOL 155. CLSC 235 Introduction to Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy 2 Credits The course will cover an introduction to pharmacology and pharmacognosy. A brief study of pharmacological procedures and principles of drug administration is covered. The importance and role of medicinal plants and natural products in the health care sector is covered. The presence and identification of active ingredients like flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, hormones and vitamins present in various medicinal plants is discussed. Prerequisite: CHEM 111 and CHEM 113. CLSC 252 Principles of Food and Water Microbiology 3 Credits Topics to be covered will include surface counts and total counts in enumeration of bacteria; food examination for pathogens; Analysis of milk by Methylene Blue test turbidity test, phosphatase test. Coliform and colony count tests. Examination for tubercle bacilli, water analysis indicator organisms, faecal coliforms and other pathogenic organisms found in water is done. Prerequisite: CLSC 150. CLSC 253 Basic Clinical Parasitology 3 Credits This course is designed for students taking health-related majors. It will cover the morphology, biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control of mostly parasites of clinical and public health importance. Special emphasis will be placed on the treatment of parasitic infection, patient care and control of parasitic infection. An introduction to laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infection will be covered. Prerequisite: CLSC 170. CLSC 260 Histologic Techniques 2 Credits The course introduces students to histologic preparatory techniques including: microtome use, mounting, staining techniques, preparation and decalcification of bone sections. The student gains insight into the complex technologies involved in producing the results which today s pathologists are required to interpret. If possible, the course should be taken concurrently with histology. SHS-Medical Laboratory Sciences 93

7 CLSC 308 Systemic Pathology 2 Credits The course deals with definition of methods used in pathology. It covers disturbances in metabolism of the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and minerals with development of different degenerative changes. Causes and morphological types of necrosis, tumours, disturbances of circulation and disorders of the body fluid (edema, dehydration) are also dealt with. Prerequisite: Junior standing. CLSC 352 Clinical Virology and Vaccines 3 Credits Lectures will cover pathogenesis and identification of major pathogenic viruses. Organisms covered will be: Respiratory Viruses, Exanthemas, Immunodeficiency Viruses, and Central Nervous System viruses, Viral Agents of gastrointestinal Rabies, Human Papiloma Viruses, Hepatitis Viruses and Herpesviruses. A brief study of antiviral therapy will be covered. Vaccine production, storage and the general importance of immunization will be covered. Prerequisite: CLSC 170. CLSC 361 Medical Parasitology I 4 Credits This course covers the study of parasitic protozoa, helminthes, ectoparasites and vectors of medical importance. Their classification, morphology, identification, life cycle, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and control will be covered. Clinical laboratory procedures including staining, mounting and preservation of parasites of medical importance will be done. Prerequisite: Junior standing. CLSC 362 Medical Parasitology II 4 Credits This course covers the study of vectors of parasitic protozoa, and helminthes. ectoparasites will be covered also. Their classification, morphology, identification, life cycle, epidemiology, diagnosis and control will be covered. Clinical laboratory procedures including staining, mounting and preservation of vectors of medical importance will be done. Prerequisite: CLSC 361. CLSC 358 Clinical Mycology 3 Credits This course covers the general characteristics, taxonomy, clinical sites of infection, specimen collection, handling and transport of fungi. Methods of identification of fungi, direct microscopic examination, and culture will be covered. Safety issues will also be emphasized. Agents studied will include superficial mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, dermatophytes, systemic mycoses and opportunistic fungal infections. Prerequisite: CLSC 150. CLSC 390 Introduction to Research Methodology 2 Credits This course covers special research methods in the area of medical research. Study designs in medical research are covered. Non-experimental and experimental research are covered. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods will be covered. Estimation and hypothesis testing, samples and sample size determination; confidence limits and level of significance. Statistical methods in research will be applied. Ethical, legal and scientific aspects of human subject research and proposal writing will be covered. Prerequisites: PHNL 202 and junior standing. CLSC 393 Laboratory Management and Administration 2 Credits In this course, considerations of basic principles of administration and personnel management, supply sources and inventory control, preparing and monitoring budgets, issues and trends in laboratory medicine, evaluation and selection of new techniques and instruments, and problem solving are dealt with. Also includes information systems and professional ethics as applicable to the clinical laboratory. CLSC 395 Seminar 1 Credit The student will be introduced to skills in seminar presentation. Topics will include communication skills, use of audio visuals during seminar presentation. A proposal on a topic of medical importance will be presented. A research study will be conducted. Students will make both written and oral presentations on the research in an organized, scientific seminar. Prerequisite: CLSC

8 CLSC 412 Specimen Procurement and Body Fluids 3 Credits The course trains students in venipuncture, skin puncture and collection of other specimens for use in clinical laboratory testing. It covers point of care testing, laboratory safety, specimen collection techniques, hazards/complications, quality assurance methods and medical-legal issues in phlebotomy. CLSC 421 Clinical Chemistry I 3 Credits Biochemical constituents of the human body such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, enzymes, acid/base substances, heme derivatives, hormones will be studied and analyzed, to determine their characteristics, concentrations and their parameters compared to normal physiology and abnormal or pathological cases. Assessment of organ system functions such as liver, cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic function will be done. Prerequisite: CLSC 221. CLSC 422 Clinical Chemistry II 3 Credits The course will teach the specialty areas of clinical chemistry: therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology, and tumor markers, geriatric and pediatric clinical chemistry are covered. Macronutrient, vitamin, and trace element nutritional assessments are done. Chemical and microscopic studies of normal and abnormal constituents of urine and other body fluids will be covered. Body fluids, their evaluation, disease responsible for changes will be presented. There will be 1 laboratory period per week. Prerequisite: CLSC 421. CLSC 441 Hematology 3 Credits Normal and abnormal blood cells are studied in this course. Counts of the different components of blood are done. Bone marrow is studied and smears examined. Anemias and white blood cell disorders are studied in detail. Prerequisite: CLSC 231. CLSC 442 Hemostasis 2 Credits Topics will cover thrombosis risk testing, qualitative and quantitative vascular and platelet disorders, defects of plasma clotting factors, and hemorrhagic coagulation disorders and pathways. Evaluation of hemostasis will also be done. Prerequisite: CLSC 231. CLSC 451 Clinical Microbiology 3 Credits The course will cover medically important bacteria in the following areas; The identification of routine and non-routine bacteria; Gram-negative bacilli, Gram-positive cocci, Aerobic Gram-positive bacilli, Anaerobic bacteria, Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas, Mycobateria, and Spirochetes, Automation, and quality assurance. Emphasis will be placed on isolation, epidemiology, pathogenesis, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of pathogenic bacteria. Prerequisite: CLSC 150. CLSC 471 Clinical Immunology 2 Credits Lectures will present the theoretical aspects of tests for demonstration of antigen/antibody reactions in relation to disease. Serological testing will include precipitation, agglutination, hemolysin reactions, nephelometry, and immunofluorescence, and molecular techniques. An advanced understanding of the immunology and serology of bacteria, fungi, parasite, viruses and autoimmune disease will be presented. Prerequisite: CLSC 170. CLSC 484 Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine 4 Credits The course covers blood grouping and typing, blood group system antigens, compatibility testing, antibody detection and identification, grouping and compatibility problem solving, and quality control in the blood bank. Patient clinical state correlations are also done. It will also include the organization of blood transfusion service, blood donor recruitment, selection, and phlebotomy. Blood and blood component, processing, distribution and therapy are studied. Prerequisite: CLSC 231. SHS-Medical Laboratory Sciences 95

9 CLINICAL PRACTICA CLSC 413 Specimen Procurement, Handling and Processing 1 Credit The course covers practical applications and rules to follow in specimen collection and processing. Emphasis is put on the application of professional ethics as patient privacy and rights are taken into consideration. CLSC 423 Clinical Chemistry 2 Credits Students will be exposed to the detection of various proteins, lipids carbohydrates in various body fluids including both manual and automated machines used in diagnosis of these substances in pathological conditions. CLSC 443 Clinical Hematology and Hemostasis 2 Credits This is a hospital-based practical experience that involves professional health-care experience. Emphasis is placed in the application of hematology and hemostasis knowledge to patientcare. Peripheral blood and bone marrow analyses are done, as well as analyses of other body fluids. CLSC 455 Clinical Microbiology and Mycology 2 Credits This course covers using methods in bacteriology mycology for diagnosis of human disease. Isolation and identification of viral and fungal organisms by culture techniques and molecular techniques will be carried out. Prerequisites: CLSC 451 and CLSC 453. CLSC 456 Clinical Parasitology 2 Credits This course covers the direct smear for stool microscopy, sedimentation and floatation concentration techniques for fecal parasities stages. Staining techniques like temporary and permenant staining procedure will be covered. Preparation of blood smears for protozoa and filarial worms will be taught. Serologic tests and molecular techniques for the detection of parasitic diseases will be covered. CLSC 463 Histopathology/Cytopathology 1 Credit This is a practical experience to expose students to the basic practice of sectioning, preparing and staining tissues of various specimens for examination by the pathologist. CLSC 475 Clinical Immunology and Virology 2 Credits This course deals with diagnostic techniques, equipment, specimen transportation, media and cells, specimen processing, serology, isolation, detection methods,interpretation of results. Serology: Plasma fixation, neutralization, haemagglutination, inhibition, passive haemagglutination, radial immune haemolysis, ELISA immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay. Culture techniques and requirements for viral organisms will be covered. CLSC 483 Clinical Immunohematology 2 Credits This course is a professional health-care laboratory practicum that exposes students to applications of the principles of compatibility testing, antibody identification and quality control in blood banking procedures. It emphasizes professional health care in the laboratory and patient-care in the blood bank laboratory. CLSC 493 Laboratory Management 1 Credit This practical experience is an exposure to lab administration and personnel management. Students are expected to observe what the lab manager and supervisors do and how the lab operates in its different aspects, applying the theory. 96