CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RISK ASSESSMENT: A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW

Transcription

1 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RISK ASSESSMENT: A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW Marta Quaranta 1, Rocco Mazzeo 1, Silvia Prati 1, Gabriele Bitelli 2, Giorgia Sciutto 1, Luca Vittuari 2 1 Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University of Bologna - Ravenna Campus, Via Guaccimanni, 42, 48100, Ravenna, Italia 2 Civil, Environmental and Material Engineering Department, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento, , Bologna, Italia

2 RISK ASSESSMENT & CULTURAL HERITAGE Identification and analysis of risks is one of the greatest needs for CH preservation Role of primary importance for PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION

3 RISK ASSESSMENT & CULTURAL HERITAGE WHAT IS RISK? NATURAL EVENTS: earthquakes, flooding, avalanches Basilica di Santa Croce, Firenze (1966) Palazzo Vecchio, Firenze (1966)

4 RISK ASSESSMENT & CULTURAL HERITAGE WHAT IS RISK? NATURAL EVENTS: earthquakes, flooding, avalanches Basilica di San Francesco, Assisi (1997) Torre dell orologio, Finale Emilia, Modena (2012)

5 RISK ASSESSMENT & CULTURAL HERITAGE WHAT IS RISK? NATURAL EVENTS: earthquakes, flooding, avalanches IMPACT OF POLLUTANTS OR CLIMATE CHANGE ON BUILT HERITAGE MATERIALS The mausoleum of Theodoric, Ravenna, during laser cleaning operations Venezia, Palazzo Grimani covered with black crusts and giving evidence of an elevated pollution level in Venice between and 1735 Aerial view of the Lower Ninth Ward, New Orleans, after the flood waters receded, 2005

6 RISK ASSESSMENT & CULTURAL HERITAGE RISK MANAGEMENT The decision-making process following the risk assessment. Based on identification, assessment and prioritization of risks RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ANALYSIS: Determination of quantitative or qualitative value of risk related to a concrete situation and a recognized hazard * - HAZARD INDENTIFICATION - RISK EVALUATION *Quantitative risk assessment requires calculations of two components of risk: R, the magnitude of the potential loss L, and the probability p, that the loss will occur. Reference: Ball, D. et al., Risk Management and Cultural Heritage

7 THE EU-CHIC PROJECT: WORK PACKAGE 3 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT Research and analysis of existing directives for risk assessment related to monument conservation Critical analysis of risks and setting up of assessment criteria Establishment of risk indicators

8 RESULTS ACHIEVED 1. EXISTING EUROPEAN PROJECTS FOCUSED ON RISK ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 2. IDENTIFICATION OF RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES CURRENTLY ADOPTED IN EUROPE 2.1 PROFESSIONALS INVOLVED IN RISK ASSESSMENT 3. IDENTIFICATION AND PROPOSAL OF RISK INDICATORS TO BE INCLUDED INTO THE FINAL CHIC CARD

9 1. EXISTING EUROPEAN PROJECTS FOCUSED ON RISK ANALYSIS a) Standardization of condition surveys for cultural heritage CEN-TC346 b) Visual inspection, condition survey and risk analysis Monumentenwatch, Risk Map c) Development of efficient and reliable monitoring tools SMooSH d) Impact of climate change Noah s Arc, Climate for Culture e) Impact of hazards and development of damage functions FIRESENSE, PERPETUATE, 3ENCULT, CULT-STRAT, MULTI-ASSESS

10 2. IDENTIFICATION OF RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES CURRENTLY ADOPTED IN EUROPE a. Development of a survey template Template - General information - Name - Responsible institution - Level of implementation - Access - Updating - Reference to catalogue - Localization method - Risk assessment methodology - Factors of danger - Vulnerability - Legal constrains - Risk mathematical model/algorithm - Possibility to realize database queries - Data downloadable Template sent to all partners and Advisory Committee members: UL Slovenia, advisory network BBRI Belgium, Luxemburg ITAM Czech Republic, Slovakia NTUA Greece, Turkey, Montenegro, Cyprus, FYROM, Quality Control Systems, OWHC UNIBO/UNIFE Italy, Malta, Vatican, San Marino IPPT-PAN Poland, Lituania, Latvia, Estonia LABEIN Spain, Portugal, Andorra, (Canada) Advisory Committee: Norway

11 2. IDENTIFICATION OF RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES CURRENTLY ADOPTED IN EUROPE a. Development of a survey template b. Data analysis Northern Europe (Belgium, Norway) Criteria for risk assessment: condition survey based on NEN2727 standard, detection of defects and definition of urgency of intervention. No risk assessment as risks are extremely rare (Belgium). VISUAL INSPECTION DEFINITION OF POSSIBLE MEASURES Southern Europe (Italy, Greece) Criteria for risk assessment: complex evaluation of risk based on analysis of hazards and individual vulnerability (state of conservation) of building. EVALUATION OF RISK (hazard + vulnerability) Eastern Europe (Poland) RISK MANAGEMENT plans (regulated by national law)

12 2. IDENTIFICATION OF RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES CURRENTLY ADOPTED IN EUROPE a. Development of a survey template b. Data analysis c. Proposed assessment criteria Cultural Heritage distribution in each country Identification of HAZARD (geographic location) Harmfulness of HAZARDS to Cultural Heritage: definition of VULNERABILITY (through Standardized condition surveys) RISK EVALUATION (function of hazard and vulnerability)

13 3. IDENTIFICATION AND PROPOSAL OF RISK INDICATORS TO BE INCLUDED INTO THE FINAL CHIC CARD 1. Methodology a) Take into consideration the structure developed by Risk Map: RISK MAP approach Risk = hazard + vulnerability RISK: to be expressed as a general function of the Vulnerability components, related to each unit of population, and of Danger (HAZARD), related to each territorial area on which the item is located. R = R(V1,V2,...Vn, P1,P2,...Pn) where R indicates the Risk and configures itself as a weighted average of the Vulnerability (V) and Danger (P) Indicators. HAZARD: the function that indicates the level of aggressiveness of a given territorial area, irrespective of the presence or not of the item; VULNERABILITY: a function that indicates the level of exposure of a given item to the aggressiveness of a territorial environmental factors.

14 Calculation of climate and pollution risk for the highlighted items in an area of Rome Data processing of air pollutants and meteorological parameters: [SO 2 ] ph [PM 10 ] T ( C) [NO 2 ] Rain (mm) [O 3 ] RH (%) Data: 2009 Source: ARPA Lazio

15 3. IDENTIFICATION AND PROPOSAL OF RISK INDICATORS TO BE INCLUDED INTO THE FINAL CHIC CARD 1. Methodology a) Take into consideration the structure developed by Risk Map: Risk = hazard + vulnerability b) Make use of information provided by existing Eu-projects (ESPON, Noah s Arc, COST C26, Climate for Culture, etc.)

16 ESPON: European Spatial Planning Observation Network RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES NOAH S ARC PROJECT Monitor the actual situation and foresee its evolution within a given timescale: - baseline (recent past ) - near future ( ) - far future ( )

17 3. IDENTIFICATION AND PROPOSAL OF RISK INDICATORS TO BE INCLUDED INTO THE FINAL CHIC CARD 1. Methodology a) Take into consideration the structure developed by Risk Map: Risk = hazard + vulnerability b) Make use of information provided by existing Eu-projects (ESPON, Noah s Arc, COST C26, Climate for Culture, etc.) c) Adaptation to Eu-CHIC needs defining priorities for each European regions PRIORITIZATION OF HAZARDS * Eu-funded Projects: CAFE MULTI-ASSESS CULT-STRAT NOAH s ARC Assessment options - Inventory of Cultural Heritage (property at risk*) - Risk analysis (hazards + vulnerability) - Monitoring - Dose-response function and definition of tolerable levels*

18 3. IDENTIFICATION AND PROPOSAL OF RISK INDICATORS TO BE INCLUDED INTO THE FINAL CHIC CARD 1. Methodology 2. Proposal for risk indicators a. Hazard - Static structural domain - ESPON European-level hazard maps / RISK MAP / COST C26 - Environment domain - blackening index - erosion index - physical stress - Weather/climate domain - NOAH S ARC / Climate for Culture Eu-projects climate maps, heritage climate maps, damage maps, risk maps - Human impact domain - demography, number of visitors, thefts

19 3. IDENTIFICATION AND PROPOSAL OF RISK INDICATORS TO BE INCLUDED INTO THE FINAL CHIC CARD 1. Methodology 2. Proposal for risk indicators a. Hazard b. Vulnerability To be achieved through: CEN standard 346 (standardized condition survey) Monumentenwatch, NEN 2767 (standardized condition survey and monitoring) RISK MAP: vulnerability datasheets - conservation state RISK MAP: vulnerability datasheets - seismic risk

20 3. IDENTIFICATION AND PROPOSAL OF RISK INDICATORS TO BE INCLUDED INTO THE FINAL CHIC CARD 1. Methodology 2. Proposal for risk indicators a. Hazard b. Vulnerability To be achieved through: CEN standard 346 (standardized condition survey) The main objective of CEN/TC 346 is to draft standards which will help conservation professionals in their restoration and conservation work, ensuring at the same time the possibility for European experts to exchange information on test and analyses methods on Cultural Heritage. Vasco Fassina Chairman - CEN TC Conservation of Cultural Property 7th European Conference Sauveur SAFEGUARD CULTURAL HERITAGE Understanding & Viability for the Enlarged Europe Prague, 31st May-3rd June, 2006 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

21 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION