By: Saowanee Norkaew. Thesis Advisor: Dr. Wattasit Siriwong Thesis Co-Advisor: Prof.Dr. Mark G. Robson. Date: 12 March 2010

Transcription

1 Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for chilligrowing farmers in Hua Rua sub-district, Muang district, Ubonratchathani Province, Thailand By: Saowanee Norkaew Thesis Advisor: Dr. Wattasit Siriwong Thesis Co-Advisor: Prof.Dr. Mark G. Robson Date: 12 March

2 Background Pesticides are widely used throughout the world, especially in agriculture for crop protection (WHO). Studies on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) show that unsafe use of pesticides is common in developing countries; further study is needed to develop and improve interventions on the safe use of pesticide (Sematong et al., 2008, Janhong et al., 2005, Recera et al., 2006). 2

3 Background Thailand is a country that produces food to supply the world s population; however, an important problem related to agriculture is pesticide poisoning reported. Pesticide poisoning is highest among occupational diseases (80% of total occupational diseases reported) (Division of Epidemiology, 2008). About 40% of Thailand workforce are employed in agriculture (National Statistical Office, 2009). 3

4 Chilli farmers in Ubonrachathani 4

5 Chilli farmers in Ubonrachathani 5

6 Chilli farmers in Ubonrachathani 6

7 Chilli farmers in Ubonrachathani 7

8 Chilli farmers in Ubonrachathani 8

9 Chilli farmers in Ubonrachathani 9

10 Objectives: To evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) associated with pesticide use and exposure in the chilligrowing farmers in Hua Rua sub-district, Muang district, Ubonratchathani Province, Thailand. To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on using personal protective equipment of chili-growing farmers. To provide recommendation to farmers to reduce their exposure to pesticide. 10

11 Methodology Research Design: Cross sectional study Study population: Chilli-growing farmers who apply pesticides to their field directly. The age of farmers >18 years old; includes men and women excludes children and pregnant women. Selecting only one person from each household. 322 persons are selected from 1,200 chilli-growing farmers households (N) as a target population (n). 11

12 Study area Hua Rua sub-district, Muang district, Ubonratchathani Province 12

13 Research Methodology Data collection was through a questionnaire to interview chilligrowing farmers administered in person. Measurement Tools: The questionnaire was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on personal protective equipment. Questionnaire was adopted from instruments used in previously reported studies. 13

14 Research Methodology Measurement Tools: The questionnaire consists of five parts. Part 1: Socio demographics (16 questions) The questions include background and general information: age, gender, education, marital status, weight, family status, income, amount of land owner. Part 2: Information regarding pesticide use (8 questions) Information on pest problems: insects, weeds, disease. 14

15 Research Methodology Part 3: Knowledge regarding using pesticide (15 questions) Knowledge of using pesticide, personal protective equipment, health effect of pesticides. A correct answer will give 1 score and 0 score for wrong answer. The scores vary from 0-15 points and will classify into 3 levels as follow: Bloom s cut off point, 60%-80% Scores Descriptions 0-09 (Less than 59%) Low levels (60-80%) Moderate levels (80-100%) High levels 15

16 Research Methodology Part 4: Attitudes regarding using pesticide (15 questions) Farmers respond to 10 statements are a Likert s scale which include both positive and negative. The rating scale is measure as follow: Positive Statement Negative Statement Choice Scores Choice Scores Strongly agree 4 Strongly agree 0 Agree 3 Agree 1 Neural 2 Neural 2 Disagree 1 Disagree 3 Strongly disagree 0 Strongly disagree 4 The scores varied from 0 to 60 and all individual answers were summed up for total scores and calculate for means. The scores were classified into 3 levels (Positive Attitude, Neutral Attitude and Negative Attitude). Positive Attitude scores (80%-100%) Neutral Attitude scores (60%-80%) Negative Attitude scores (Less than 59%) 16

17 Research Methodology Part 5: Practice of pesticide usage (23 questions) This part asks about how often they use each personal protective equipment. There were 8 statements witch include both positive and negative. The rating scale is measure as follow: Positive Statement Negative Statement Choice Scores Choice Scores Usually 4 Usually 1 Sometime 3 Sometime 2 Rarely 2 Rarely 3 Never 1 Never 4 The scores ranged from 0 to 92 and were classified into 3 levels (Good Practice, Fair Practice and Poor Practice). Good Practice scores (80%-100%) Fair Practice scores (60%-80%) Poor Practice scores (Less than 59%) 17

18 Administered interviewed with questionnaires 18

19 Research Methodology Data analysis Statistical technique SPSS v 17 software for windows is used for quantitative data analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics - use Spearman s Rank Correlation Coefficient was used to describe the strength and direction of the relationship between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, and attitude and practice. 19

20 Result Part 1: Socio demographics 20

21 The total response was 330 cases Table1 Social and demographic characteristics of the chilli-growing farmers who participated in the study Characteristics (n=330) No. (%) Age (years) mean=42, SD= 10.7 < > 60 Gender -male -female Marital status -single -couple -withdraw Status in family -head of family -spouse -child -parent -occupant

22 Table1 Social and demographic characteristics of the chilli-growing farmers who participated in the study Characteristics (n=330) No. (%) Education -Never -Primary school -Secondary school -High School -Bachelor s degree Income (Bath/year) <50,000-50, , , ,000 >300,001 Land owner -< 3 rais -3-5 rais -5-7 rais

23 Part 2: Information regarding pesticide use 23

24 Table 2 Information of problem of weed, insect, pesticide use of the chilli growers who participated in the study Characteristics Number (%) Insect problem -yes -no Weed problem -yes -no Plant disease problem -yes -no Commonly used chemical -Abamectin -Selecron (profenofos) -Podium 600 (chlorpyrifos) Pesticide Application* -apply by self -apply by hired applicator

25 Table 2 Information of problem of weed, insect, pesticide use of the chilli growers who participated in the study Characteristics Number (%) Source of pesticide information* -radio -TV -document/article -broadcast tower -neighbor -agricultural office -public health office -pesticide salesman -community leader -health volunteer Have you had a cholinesterase test in the last 12 months? -never -yes but not know result -yes and normal -yes and not normal -yes with health effects

26 Part 3: Knowledge regarding using pesticide % Low level 22.8% Moderate level Low level Moderate level 26

27 Part 4: Attitude regarding using pesticide % Negative Attitude Neutral Attitude Negative Attitude 45.5% Neutral Attitude 27

28 Part 5: Practice of pesticide usage % 9% 6% Poor practice Fair practice Good practice Poor practice Fair practice Good practice 28

29 The association between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, and attitude & practice Variables Statistic test Spearman s rho p-value Knowledge & Attitude Spearman s rank correlation Knowledge & Practice Spearman s rank correlation Attitude & Practice Spearman s rank correlation

30 Discussion and Conclusion The total response was 330 cases The average age was 42 years old 53% were male, married, and head of family 71% was graduated primary school. All of them owned the property,more than 60% owned less than 3 rais 30

31 Discussion and Conclusion The common pesticide used are abamectin, selecron and podium

32 Discussion and Conclusion Growers reported only a few symptom of pesticide exposure - headache Growers expressed either neutral or negative attitude. The majority (85%) described their practices use as fair Limitations - recall bias - limited information in current questionnaire 32

33 Discussion and Conclusion Farmers had limited formal education. There was a little positive association between knowledge, attitude and practice. This study found that the majority chilli-growing farmers have low knowledge, negative attitude and fair practices. Therefore, the educational programs, legislation promoting the use of safer pesticide, and implementation of personal protective measures are necessary to continues for decreasing the pesticide exposure. 33

34 Recommendations: Improving the devices or redesigning the device to ensure the chilligrowing farmers to use them effectively and using safety practices. Should be develop evidence-based methods, which can assess the occupational health risk. For policy on the basis of the findings in this study, the following issues should be considered for improving knowledge of chilli-growing farmers of harmful effects of pesticide and importance of using PPE at work Public education is necessary to address the knowledge gap. Therefore educational programs should be organized for improving knowledge about harmful effects of pesticide and it should focus mainly to reduce the awareness of the people of the importance of using PPE. Free publishing materials concerning to education, training and specific information on occupational health be effected. 34

35 Further study Thailand have many agriculture that could be study in other area or other agriculture. 35

36 Acknowledgement College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University International Training and Research in Environmental and Occupational Health grants (ITREOH NIH Fogarty) 36

37 Thank you for your attention 37