High Challenge Warehouse Fire Protection Strategies
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1 High Challenge Warehouse Fire Protection Strategies Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Ordinary, Non-listed, Nonmetallic Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBC s) Industry Perspective David P. Nugent, Valspar Corporation Paris, France 27 June 2012
2 Type of IBC used There are a number of critical issues to consider when utilizing IBC s: Type of liquid - physical, ignition and combustion properties Can sprinkler system mitigate a fire for a given combination? If sprinkler system can not mitigate, what exposures are you are creating?
3 Statement of Problem Ordinary, non-listed and non-metallic IBC's (plastic or composite) containing flammable and combustible liquids continue to present a serious fire risk (life safety and property/business interruption) to industry.
4 NFPA Liquid Classifications Flammable Liquid Class IA Flash Point < 22.8 o C & Boiling Point < 37.8 o C Class IB Flash Point < 22.8 o C & Boiling Point 37.8 o C Class IC Flash Point 22.8 o C & < 37.8 o C Combustible Liquid Class II Flash Point 37.8 o C & < 60 o C Class IIIA Flash Point 60 o C & < 93 o C Class IIIB Flash Point 93 o C * Based upon Closed Cup Test
5 Some Definitions: Flash Point: The minimum temperature of a liquid at which sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture with air and when ignited will produce a flash fire, and not continuous flaming combustion, over the surface of the fuel. Fire Point: The minimum temperature of a liquid at which sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture with air and when ignited will produce continuous flaming combustion, over the surface of the fuel. The fire point is typically a few degrees higher than the flash point. Liquids that have a flash point and not a fire point are not considered flammable or combustible liquids.
6 Some Additional Liquid Properties Flash Point, open cup ( o C) Fire Point ( o C) Heat Release Rate (kw/m 2 ) Total Heat Released (MJ/m 2 ) Solubility (Polar vs. Non-Polar)
7 Ordinary, Non-listed and Non-metallic IBC's
8 Permeation IBC's using a Polyethylene bottle are subject to softening or plasticizing" when filled with hydrocarbons.
9 A number of manufacturers produce materials containing various soluble solvent mixtures and water Can these blends be treated as less-hazardous liquids allowing us to develop effective and reliable sprinkler system design criteria?
10 Fire Test Program Phase I Ignition & combustion properties of various aqueous organic solutions Phase II Additional testing including largescale sprinklered fire tests
11 Sponsors 3M Corporation American Coatings Association Dow Corning Corporation Eastman Chemical Corporation Property Insurance Research Group Rigid Intermediate Bulk Container Association Sherwin Williams Silicon Environmental Health and Safety Council Valspar Corporation
12 Fire Risks Issues Electrostatic Ignition Potential Not Addressed in Project Ignition, Combustion Properties, & Fire Mitigation Primary Focus of Project
13 Aqueous Solutions Thirty aqueous blends of flammable / combustible solvents were selected and subjected to small scale testing: flash point fire point cone calorimetry
14 Aqueous Solutions Stable one phase systems with 2 or more components Polar (hydrophilic) & partially non-polar (hydrophobic) solvents No hydrocarbons due to permeation and protection issues Co-solvents used to enhance solubility Vary concentrations and number of components Possibly representative of a broader range of materials Partially diluted with water having a lower heat of combustion than pure materials
15 Various Organic Families Carboxylic acids (C 2, C 3, & C 4 ) Alcohols (C 3 & C 4 ) Ketones (C 3 & C 4 ) Glycols (C 2 & C 6 ) Glycol ethers (C 4, C 5, & C 6 )
16 Test Methods Closed Cup Flash Point, Seta Flash Rapid Equilibrium Method (BS EN ISO 3679:29004, equivalent to ASTM 3828) Cleveland Open Cup Flash Point and Fire Point (ASTM D92) Cone calorimetry (ASTM E1345) 100 X 100 X 10 (LWD) Incident heat flux 35 kw/m 2
17 Solvent List Flash Point cc o C * NFPA Class Acetone -20 IB Flammable Methyl Ethyl Ketone -9 IB Flammable Isopropyl Alcohol 13 IB Flammable Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether 33 IC Flammable N-butyl Alcohol 36 IC Flammable Acetic Acid 39 II Combustible Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether 49 II Combustible Propionic Acid 53 II Combustible Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 62 IIIA Combustible N-butyric Acid 72 IIIA Combustible Ethylene Glycol 111 IIIB Combustible Dipropylene Glycol 121 IIIB Combustible Water N/A * MSDS
18 Blend # Composition (%wt/wt in water) Total Water Organic % Liquid % Flash Point cc o C NFPA Class Flash Point oc o C Fire Point oc o C 14 50% Acetone 50% 50% -12 IB Flammable < 20 < % Methyl Ethyl Ketone 25% 75% -4 IB Flammable < 20 < % Acetone 25% 75% -2 IB Flammable < 20 < % 2-Propanol 75% 25% 19 IB Flammable % Propanol 50% 50% 21 IB Flammable % Propanol 25% 75% 27 IC Flammable % Propanol, 12% Ethylene glycol, 30% Propylene glycol monomethyl ether 62% 38% 32 IC Flammable % 1-Butanol, 20% 2-Propanol, 30% Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 70% 30% 36 IC Flammable % Propanol, 30% Ethylene glycol 40% 60% 38 II Combustible % 1-Butanol, 15% 2-Propanol, 30% Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 60% 40% 39 II Combustible % 1-Butanol, 10% 2-Propanol, 20% Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 40% 60% 41 II Combustible % 1-Butanol, 10% 2-Propanol, 30% Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 50% 50% 43 II Combustible % Butanol 90% 10% 44 II Combustible % 1-Butanol, 5% 2-Propanol, 10% Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 20% 80% 44 II Combustible % Propylene glycol monomethyl ether 75% 25% 45 II Combustible % Acetic Acid 90% 10% 48 II Combustible % 1-Butanol, 5% 2-Propanol, 20% Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 30% 70% 50 II Combustible % 1-Butanol, 5% 2-Propanol, 30% Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 40% 60% 51 II Combustible % Propylene glycol monomethyl ether 50% 50% 53 II Combustible % Propylene glycol monomethyl ether 25% 75% 65 IIIA Combustible % Butyric Acid 90% 10% No Flash N/A Not Categorized % Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 75% 25% No Flash N/A Not Categorized No Flash % Dipropylene glycol * 70% 30% No Flash N/A Not Categorized > 122 > % Acetic Acid * 70% 30% No Flash N/A Not Categorized > 104 > % Butyric Acid 70% 30% No Flash N/A Not Categorized % Propionic acid 70% 30% No Flash N/A Not Categorized % No Flash N/A Not Categorized No Flash % Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 20% Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether 40% 20 50% Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 50% 50% No Flash N/A Not Categorized % Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 10% Propylene glycol monomethyl 30% No Flash N/A Not Categorized No Flash 30 ether 70% % Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 25% 75% No Flash N/A Not Categorized No Flash 73 * Fire Point Occurred at Boiling Point
19 Flash Point cc oc Flash Point oc oc Fire Point oc oc HRR Max. kw/m2 0 75/25 50/50 25/ Blend IPA/ Water % Flash Point cc o C Flash Point oc o C Fire Point oc o C Total Heat Released MJ/m 2 HRR Max. kw/m / / /
20 Flash Point cc oc Flash Point oc oc Fire Point oc oc HRR Max. kw/m2 0 75/25 50/50 25/75 0 Blend Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether/Water % Flash Point cc o C Flash Point oc o C Fire Point oc o C Total Heat Released MJ/m 2 HRR Max. kw/m / / /
21 Flash Point cc oc Flash Point oc oc Fire Point oc oc HRR Max. kw/m Blend # Blend # Butanol Isopropyl Alcohol Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Total Organic Water ROH/Glycol Ether Ratio Flash Point cc o C Flash Point oc o C Fire Point oc o C Total Heat Released MJ/m 2 HRR Max. kw/m % 20% 30% 70% 30% % 15% 30% 60% 40% % 10% 30% 50% 50% % 10% 20% 40% 60% % 5% 30% 40% 60% % 5% 20% 30% 70% % 5% 10% 20% 80%
22 Phase I Test Report Fire Performance of Ordinary, Non-listed and Non-metallic IBCs with Aqueous Solutions of Flammable and Combustible Liquids Phase 1: Small Scale Testing of Solutions Health & Safety Laboratory Harpur Hill, Buxton Derbyshire, UK
23 Full-Scale Testing Explore which aqueous solvent mixtures stored in ordinary, non-listed IBC s can be protected with conventional sprinkler systems considering these options: Water Foam-water Palletized using ceiling sprinklers Rack using in-rack sprinklers with and without barriers
24 Full-Scale Testing These aqueous solvent mixtures stored in ordinary, nonlisted IBC s need to be compared against: Empty, ordinary, non-listed IBC s Ordinary, non-listed IBC s filled with non-ignitable liquids Ordinary, non-listed IBC s filled with pure oxygenated hydrocarbons
25 Questions?
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