FABRICATION AND EXECUTION EN1090. NOTE: This learning module is designed to be used together with the EN1090 standard.

Transcription

1 SKILLS Project

2 FABRICATION AND EXECUTION EN1090 NOTE: This learning module is designed to be used together with the EN1090 standard.

3 LEARNING OUTCOMES EN1090, a new standard for fabrication and execution of steel structures. Execution Classes (EXC). How to choose the right EXC?. CE Marking for steel structures. Designer's involvement in the requirements for fabrication and execution. Technical requirements for fabrication and execution. 3

4 LIST OF CONTENTS Introduction. Regulatory framework. Execution Classes (EXC) CE Marking (EN ) Fabrication and execution (EN ) Conclusion 4

5 INTRODUCTION. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

6 INTRODUCTION. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The Construction Products Directive (CPD) (Council directive 89/106/EEC) Mandatory provision in the European Union for any product which is produced for incorporation in a permanent manner in construction works, including both buildings and civil engineering works Objectives: Ensure the free movement of all construction products within the EU. Remove technical barriers to free trade. Ensure the same quality standard for all European Union countries. 6

7 INTRODUCTION. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The CPD essential requirements: 1. Mechanical resistance and stability. 2. Safety in case of fire. 3. Hygiene, health and the environment. 4. Safety in use. 5. Protection against noise. 6. Energy economy and heat retention Compliance with the essential requirements: Harmonised European standards (technical and manufacturing requirements for each construction product). Each Harmonized Standard covers a particular product. The complete list of Harmonized standards and their status (in force, approval stage, etc..) is available at the CEN, European Committee for Standardization: ftp://ftp.cen.eu/cen/sectors/list/construction/snapshot.pdf 7

8 INTRODUCTION. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK There are other methods to meet the essential requirements (eg ETA certificates for products). The European Directive on Construction Products (CPD) will be replaced by the European Regulation for Construction Products (CPR). The CPR will have superior legislative status than the CPD and will be "mandatory" for all EU countries. Nowadays, the CPR has been approved by the European Commission. Only Articles 1, 2,29 35, 39 55, 64, 67, 68 and Annex IV come in to force immediately. Articles 3 28, 36 38, 56 63, 65, 66 and Annexes I, II, III and V come in to force on 1st July So, most of the CPD remains in force until 1st July

9 INTRODUCTION. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Regulatory framework for steel structures Design Fabrication & Execution EN : Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components. Regulates the CE marking in steel structures. It does not contain rules for the design (Eurocodes) or for the execution (EN or EN ). EN : Technical requirements for steel structures. Fabrication and execution requirements to ensure appropriate levels of resistance and mechanical stability, according to the intended use and durability EN : Technical requirements for aluminium structures 9

10 INTRODUCTION. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK EN Calendar EN 1090 was published in the OJ in , by what already it can be applied. The end of the period of coexistence with the national procedure (DOW) is From the date of DOW, EN 1090 will be mandatory. Basic standards for construction products STANDARD PRODUCT DOW EN Hot rolled products of structural steels 31/08/2006 EN EN Cold formed welded structural hollow sections 31/10/2006 EN High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading 30/09/2007 EN Non-preloaded structural bolting assemblies 31/10/2009 EN Stainless steels 31/12/2010 Full list -> EN EN

11 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC)

12 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) The Execution Classes is one of the most important new concepts introduced in EN Come from the Eurocode 0 (EN 1990) and will be trasnferred to an Annex of Eurocode 3 (EN1993). It is a classification of structures according to: The consequences of a hypothetical collapse (life or economic losses). The risks associated with the use of the structure (static actions, fatigue, earthquake...) Risks associated with the execution (grades of steel, welded or bolted joints,...) 12

13 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) The choice of the EXC is a decision of the designer of the structure. Many requirements of EN 1090 are determined according to the EXC, either in execution or in quality control. Table EN A3 exhaustively listed the requirements for each EXC. 4 execution classes are established: EXC1 (the less strict) -> EXC4 (the most strict). The EXC suppose a rationalization of the design and the execution. The cost of the structure increases with its EXC. The EXC can be applied to the whole structure or to single parts or specific details. A structure may include several EXC. 13

14 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) How to choose the EXC: 1. Choose the Consequence Class (CC1, CC2 or CC3). The CC are indicated in Eurocode 0 (EN 1990 Annex B). The National Annexes may give additional instructions. EN 1990 Annex B 14

15 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) 2. Choose the Service Category (SC1 or SC2). EN B

16 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) 3. Choose the Production Category (PC1 or PC2). EN B

17 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) 4. Choose the Execution Class (EXC1, EXC2, EXC3 o EXC4). EN B.3 17

18 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) Practical examples of choosing the EXC: 1. Building for offices: Steel grade S275, welded in factory and bolted on construction site. Not seismic zone. Consequence Class : CC2 Service Category: SC1 Production Category: PC1 EXECUTION CLASS: EXC2 18

19 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) Practical examples of choosing the EXC: 2. Building for offices: Steel grade S355, welded on construction site. Not seismic zone. Consequence Class : CC2 Service Category: SC1 Production Category: PC2 EXECUTION CLASS: EXC2 3. The same as above but in seismic zone, design in DCM or DHC. It only changes the Service Category: SC2 EXECUTION CLASS: EXC3 19

20 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) Practical examples of choosing the EXC: 4. Structure for a stadium: Steel grade S355, welded in factory and bolted on construction site. Not seismic zone. Consequence Class : CC3 Service Category: SC1 (if one considers that the structure can be subjected to vibration, SC2 ) Production Category: PC2 EXECUTION CLASS: EXC3 (if one considers that the structure can be subjected to vibration, EXC4) 20

21 EXECUTION CLASSES (EXC) Practical examples of choosing the EXC: 5. Agricultural warehouse: Steel grade S275, welded in factory and bolted on construction site (but columns joints welded on construction site). Not seismic zone. Consequence Class: CC1 Service Category: SC1 Production Category: PC1 (but columns: PC2) EXECUTION CLASS: EXC1 (but columns: EX2) 21

22 CE MARKING (EN )

23 CE MARKING (EN ) The CE marking is a legal declaration of the fabricator of the structure that their product fully complies with EN and therefore meets the Construction Products Directive (CPD). Basic requirements: Initial Type Testing (ITT) or Initial Type Calculation (ITC). Factory Production Control (FPC), including the Welding Quality Management System (WQMS). The role of the Responsible Welding Coordinator (RWC). Regular surveillance audits in factory and certification of the manufacturer, by a Notified Body (NB). 23

24 CE MARKING (EN ) Scope of EN

25 CE MARKING (EN ) Initial Type Testing (ITT) or Initial Type Calculation (ITC). Their objective is to obtain the performance of each product manufactured. Since most of times the steels structures are fabricated as made-to-measure, EN accepts the ITC as a method of conformity assessment. The ITC developed for the design of the structure will have to be based on the Eurocodes (EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1998) 25

26 CE MARKING ITT & ITC: Sampling, evaluation and conformity criteria. EN Table 1 26

27 CE MARKING (EN ) Factory Production Control (FPC). EN defines the factory production controls required to ensure that the structural steel components meet the minimum technical requirements, as defined in EN The aim of the FPC is to ensure that the fabricator can consistently produce their structural components without changes to their characteristics. The FPC of the standard EN is similar to the Quality Control of the standard EN ISO The FPC should include the Welding Quality Management System (WQMS). 27

28 CE MARKING (EN ) Factory Production Control (FPC). FPC basis: To perform regular maintenance and calibration of equipment and tools. To develop regular checkups to ensure conformity of the manufactured products. To develop systematic management of non-conforming products. Suitability of staff qualifications and work procedures. In general, if the production is done in agreement with EN , most of the EN requirements are fulfilled. 28

29 CE MARKING FPC: Frequency of product testing as part of factory production control EN Table 2 29

30 CE MARKING (EN ) Welding Quality Management System (WQMS). WQMS basis: To consider the process of welding as a special process, therefore controlling it constantly and with a follow-up of the whole process. To develope and to control the internal procedures for the execution of weldings. To control and to document that the staff that executes the weldings holds a relevant and suitable qualification. 30

31 CE MARKING (EN ) Welding Quality Management System (WQMS). The quality requirements must conform to EN ISO 3834, depending on Execution Classes (EXC): EXC1: EN ISO Elementary EXC2: EN ISO Standard EXC3: EN ISO Comprehensive EXC4: EN ISO Comprehensive 31

32 CE MARKING (EN ) Welding Quality Management System (WQMS). The manufacturer must draw up their own welding procedure specifications (WPS) (EN ISO 15609, EN ISO 14555, EN ISO 15620). WPS must be qualified by a welding procedure qualification method (WQPR), according to the Execution Class (EXC). Welders must be approved according to each WPS and each welding position. 32

33 CE MARKING (EN ) Development and use of a WPS EN Annex L 33

34 CE MARKING (EN ) Development and use of a WPS EN Annex L Example: WPQR Example: Welder Qualification. 34

35 CE MARKING (EN ) Responsible Welding Coordinator (RWC). The manufacturer must identify a RWC, which will be responsible for the quality of the welds. RWC tasks: Review of contractual/technical welding requirements; Ensuring welding personnel are appropriately qualified; Suitability of welding and associated equipment; Writing welding procedure specifications (WPSs); Development/qualification of welding procedures; Production planning; Storage and handling parent materials and control of welding consumables; Inspection and testing before, during and after welding. 35

36 CE MARKING (EN ) Responsible Welding Coordinator (RWC). Technical knowledge of the RWC (EN ISO 14731): EN

37 CE MARKING (EN ) The Notified Bodies (NB). The NB should validate, control and certify the proper implementation of Factory Production Control (FPC), including the Welding Quality Management System (WQMS). Tasks: Initial inspection at the factory and review of the PFC and WQMS, its procedures and successful implementation. Issue the corresponding certificate, which will have a shelf life of 1 or 2 years. Carry out regular controls and monitoring, with intervals depending on the EXC. 37 EN

38 CE MARKING (EN ) Relevant clauses of EN to CE marking. Documentation: EN and Annex A Constituent products: EN , 12.1 and 12.2 Geometrical tolerances: EN and Annex D Welding and manufacturing procedures: EN , 7 and 12.4 Surface treatment and durability: EN , 12.6 and Annex F 38

39 CE MARKING (EN ) Routes to CE marking 39

40

41 Execution Specification (EN ) EN 1090 requires a high involvement of the designer in manufacturing, execution and quality control issues. Execution specification: Execution Classes (EXC). EN Steel preparation grades. EN Geometrical tolerances. EN Safety of the erection works. EN and 9.2 Additional information. EN A.1 Options. EN A.2 41

42 Execution Specification (EN ) A good starting point to prepare an Execution Specification are the guides "Model Construction Specification " of the European project Sechalo. Multi-story buildings. Part 7: Model construction Specification Single story buildings. Part 10: Model construction Specification 42

43 Constructor's documentation (EN ) Quality documentation (shall be documented for EXC2, EXC3, EXC4) : EN Organisation chart, staff, requirements... The procedures, methods and work instructions. An inspection plan specific to the works, including hold points.. A procedure for handling of non-conformities and changes. Quality plan: The allocation of tasks and authority. Quality documentation. Records of inspections and checks. EN EN Annex C -> Check-list for the content of a quality plan. 43

44 Constituent products (EN ) EN indicates the Product Standards for almost all of the most common construction products related to steel structures fabrication. Traceability: For EXC3 and EXC4, constituent products shall be traceable at all stages from receipt to hand over after incorporation in the works.. For EXC2, EXC3 and EXC4, if differing grades or qualities of constituent products are in circulation together, each item shall be designated with a mark that identifies its grade. 44

45 Preparation and assembly (cutting, shaping, holing and assembly) (EN ) Cutting: Methods: sawing, shearing, disc cutting, water jet techniques and thermal cutting. In general, the capability of cutting processes shall be periodically checked -> (EN Table 9) Hardness of free edge surfaces (thermal cutting, shearing, punching): (EN Table 10) 45

46 Thermal cutting 46 Sawing

47 Shaping: Hot forming: Shall conform to the requirements of the relevant product standard. Flame straightening Maximum steel temperature and procedure of cooling must be controlled. For EXC3 and EXC4 a suitable procedure shall be developed (maximum temperatures, methods, testing, identification of workers, etc..) Cold forming: Shall conform to the requirements of the relevant product standard. Reduction of ductility must be controlled. EN specifies the appropriate geometric parameters (bending radii, overall ratio, etc...) 47

48 Cold forming - pressed Cold forming - rolled 48

49 Holing: Dimensions of holes: 49 (EN Table 11)

50 Holing: Execution of holing: Methods: drilling, punching, laser, plasma or other thermal cutting. In general, the capability of holing processes shall be periodically checked. Punching: The nominal thickness of the component shall be smaller than the nominal diameter of the hole. For EXC3 and EXC4 and t 3 mm, punching without reaming is not permitted. The holes shall be punched at least 2 mm undersize in diameter. For sheets and plates where t 3 mm, holes may be formed by full size punching. Permitted distortions (EN ) 50

51 Drilling Finished holes 51

52 Cut outs Assembly: Over-cutting of re-entrant corners shall not be permitted. Minimum radius: EXC2 and EXC3: r > 5 mm. EXC4: r > 10 mm. Assembly of components shall be carried out so as to fulfil the specified tolerances. Precautions shall be taken so as to prevent galvanic corrosion. The fit between components shall be checked using dimensional templates, three-dimensional measurements or by trial assembly. 52

53 Good cut out Assembly 53

54 Welding (EN ) A welding plan shall be provided as part of the production planning, that shall include: 54

55 Welding plan (cont.): 55

56 Preparation before welding 56

57 Execution of welding 57

58 Lamellar tearing 58

59 Preparation and execution of welding Recommended standards: EN ISO and EN ISO Joint preparation shall be free from visible cracks, dry and without primers. Prefabrication primers (shop primers) may be left on the fusion faces only for EXC1 and ECX2.. Hollow sections: EN Annex E - > Guide for the execution of Welded joints in hollow sections. 59

60 Preparation and execution of welding Temporary attachments: Must be executed according to the WPS. EXC3 and EXC4: The use of temporary attachments should be specified. Tack welds: EXC2, EXC3 and EXC4: Tack welds shall be made using a qualified welding procedure. Minimum length: Shall be the lesser of four times the thickness of the thicker part or 50 mm. If tack welding is going to be incorporated in the final weld, it must be free from defects and executed by qualified welders. 60

61 Fillet welds: Main criteria: Correct throat thickness, correct length and absence of surface defects. Butt welds: Main criteria: To ensure the full penetration and suitability of the root of the weld. Single sided welds: Can be executed with or without a backing material. If backing material is used, it must be specified in the WPS Other types of welds described in EN : Stud welding. Slot and plug welds. Spot welds. 61

62 Acceptance criteria: Defined in EN ISO 5817, depending on the Execution Class. EXC1: quality level D EXC2: quality level C EXC3: quality level B EXC4: quality level B and the requirements in EN Table 17 The acceptability of imperfections can be evaluated using also the following standards: EN , EN and EN

63 Example of acceptance criteria: standard EN ISO

64 Mechanical fastening (EN ) Bolts and nuts shall not be welded. The nominal fastener diameter used for structural bolting shall be at least M12. Minimum lengths: Non-preloaded bolts: At least one full thread shall remain clear. Preloaded bolts: At least four full threads shall remain clear. Nuts shall run freely on their partnering bolt. Otherwise, nut and bolt shall be discarded. Washers: Non-preloaded bolts: In general, washers are not required. Preloaded bolts: Grade 8.8 -> One washer under the element to be rotated. Grade > 64 Two washers (one under each element).

65 FABRICACIÓN Y EJECUCIÓN (EN ) Bolted joints 65

66 Difference of thickness D < 2 mm in general. D < 1 mm for preloaded joints. If steel packing plates are used, their thickness shall not be less than 2 mm. 66

67 Preloaded bolts HR system English and French version of the preloaded bolts. The related European standard is EN The threaded area is long and wide nuts are used. HR bolts are less sensitive to the excesses of preloaded, compared with HV bolts. In addition, if applied load exceeds the required prestressing load, the bolt breaks, so the fault is very clear. 67

68 Preloaded bolts HV system German version of the preloaded bolts. The related European standard is EN The threaded area is short and narrow nuts are used. In Spain, HV system is used more than HR system. HV bolts are more sensitive to the excesses of preloaded, compared with HR bolts. In addition, if applied load exceeds the required prestressing load, the threaded are plastifies, so the fault is hard to detect. 68

69 Tightening of bolts: The tightening process shall be carried out starting from the most rigid part of the connection and moving progressively towards the least rigid part. Preparation of contact surfaces in slip resistant connections. 69 (EN Table 18)

70 Tightening of preloaded bolts. Nominal minimum preloading force: F p,c = 0.7 f ub A s f ub : nominal ultimate strength of the bolt material A s : stress area of the bolt (EN Table 19) 70

71 Tightening of preloaded bolts. Tightening methods: EN EN EN EN (EN Table 20) The k-class indicates the "as-delivered calibration condition. 71

72 Torque wrench Hard to reach preloaded joint. 72

73 DTI washers (direct tension indicator): Simplifies the preloaded joints execution and QC inspections. Their cost is high. 73

74 Other types of mechanical fastening described in EN : Hot riveting. EN Fastening of thin gauge components: Self-tapping and self-drilling screws. EN Blind rivets. EN

75 Erection at site (EN ) Erection shall not commence until the site for the construction works complies with the technical requirements with respect to the safety of the works, indicated in EN Erection method (EN and 9.3.2). Designer: A basic method of erection must be drafted, according to the Project, to ensure structural stability during the execution. Constructor + Designer: A Construction Procedure should be drafted, describing the method of erection of the constructor, which should be checked in accordance with the design rules 75

76 Supports, anchors and bearings: The condition and location of the supports shall be checked using appropriate visual and measurement means before the commencement of erection. The location and levels of the supports, anchors or bearings shall comply with the acceptance criteria described in EN Any non-conformity shall be documented. Grouting and sealing: Main criteria: The free space under the base plate must be completely filled (right consistency, proper disposal, vent holes,...) 76

77 Erection drawings: Marking: Erection drawings shall be provided and form a part of the erection method statement. Drawings shall show details and arrangements of any temporary works necessary to ensure the stability or the safety of personnel. Drawings shall state the weight of all components or assemblies over 5 tonnes and the centre of gravity of all large irregular pieces. Components that are individually assembled or erected at the site shall be allocated an erection mark (with their orientation if this is not clear). 77

78 78

79 Steelwork damaged during off-loading, transportation, storage or erection shall be restored to conformity: EXC2, EXC3, EXC4: The procedure for restoration shall be defined before undertaking the repair and documented. For buildings, at least one third of the permanent bolts in each connection should be installed before that connection can be considered to contribute to stability of the part completed structure. Fit-up and alignment Each part of the structure shall be aligned as soon as practicable after it has been erected. Permanent connections shall not be made between components until sufficient of the structure has been aligned, levelled and plumbed. 79

80 Surface treatment (EN and Annex F) EN does not indicate the detailed technical requirements, which should be consulted in: Paints and varnishes: EN ISO and EN 1090 Annex F Metal coating by thermal spraying : EN 14616, EN and EN 1090 Annex F Metal coating by galvanizing: EN ISO 1461, EN ISO and EN 1090 Annex F Performance Specification (designer): Expected life of the corrosion protection (maintenance programme): EN ISO Corrosivity category: EN ISO

81 Expected life of the corrosion protection (EN ISO ) Indicates the time between repairs of the paint system. 81

82 Corrosivity categories (EN ISO ) 82

83 Tables for paint specifications (EN ISO ) EN ISO indicates different possible combinations of paints to ensure the durability of the protection under each category of corrosivity. These tables are very useful when designing a paint system for a steel structure corrosivity protection. 83

84 Exemple for corrosivity category C3 (EN ISO ) 84

85 Exemple for corrosivity category C3 (EN ISO ) 85

86 Preparation of steel substrates: All surfaces to which paints are to be applied shall be prepared to meet the criteria of EN ISO The preparation grade shall be specified in the project (example: SA 2 ½) 86 (EN Table 22)

87 Geometrical tolerances (EN and Annex D) Essential tolerances: Needed for the mechanical resistance and stability of the completed structure. (EN Annex D.1). Functional tolerances: to fulfil other criteria such as fit-up and appearance (EN Annex D.2). It is recommended that the designer specifies the class of the functional tolerances (Class 1 or Class 2). 87

88 Inspection, testing and correction(en ) All inspection and testing shall be undertaken to a predetermined plan with documented procedures. All inspection, testing and associated corrections shall be documented. Constituent products: All documents supplied with constituent products shall be checked. Traceability must be checked. Geometrical dimensions of manufactured components: The geometry of the components should be always checked. The location and frequency of measurements must be specified in the inspection plan. 88

89 Welding inspection Visual inspection: All welds shall be visually inspected throughout their entire length. Non destructive testing (NDT): Penetrant testing (PT): EN Magnetic particle inspection (MT): EN Ultrasonic testing (UT): EN 1714 and EN Radiographic testing (RT): EN All tests must be performed by Inspectors NDT Level 2 (EN 473). 89

90 Fillet welds: Visual inspection (VI), Dimensional Control (DC), Penetrating Liquids (LT) y Magnetic particle inspection (MT). DC MT 90 Lt

91 Butt welds: Visual inspection (VI), Dimensional Control (DC) of the pre-asembly, Ultrasonic testing (UT), Radiographic testing (RT). DC 91 UT

92 Scope of inspection (NTD) (EN Table 24) 92

93 NDT for the start of the production: For the first 5 joints made for a new WPS, a more stringent inspection is needed: The quality level B is required. The % to be tested shall be double of the values in Table 24 (min. 5%, max. 100 %). The minimum length to be inspected is 900 mm. Correction of welds: EXC2, EXC3 and EXC4: Repairs by welding shall be carried out in accordance with qualified welding procedures and checked. 93

94 Minimum hold times for NTDs: (EN Table 23) 94

95 Inspection of mechanical fastening All connections with mechanical fasteners shall be visually checked before and after the assembly. If the connections incorporate friction surfaces the surfaces shall be visually checked immediately before assembly. Inspection of preloaded bolted connections The type of inspection depends on the tightening method: Torque method: EN Combined method: EN HRC method: EN Direct tension indicator method: EN

96 Number of bolt assemblies inspected overall in a structure: EXC2: 5 % for the second step of the torque or the combined method and for the DTI method. EXC3, EXC4: 5 % for the first step and 10% for the second step of the combined method. 10 % for the second step of the torque method and for the DTI method. The inspection shall be carried out using a sequential sampling plan according to EN Annex M 96

97 Torque method control with torque wrench Preloading control with DTI 97

98 Inspection of the corrosion protection EN Annex F Proper preparation of steel surfaces which are to receive corrosion protection treatment must be verified. Thickness measurement: Layer of the paint coating: EN ISO and EN ISO 2808 Metal coating: EN ISO 2063 Galvanizing: EN ISO 1461 Paint systems: Adherence tests shall be performed if the project indicates it. 98

99 Inspection of the preparation of the steel surface Thickness measurement 99

100 Inspection of erection The condition of the erected structure shall be inspected for any indication that components have been distorted or overstressed, and to ensure that any temporary attachments have been removed. Geometrical position of connection nodes: A survey of the completed structure shall be made. EXC3 and EXC4: The survey shall be documented. 100

101 CONCLUSION

102 CONCLUSION The new European standard for fabrication and execution, EN 1090, will be mandatory from EN : Regulates the CE marking in steel structures. EN : Comprehensively explains the minimum technical requirements for the fabrication and execution of steel structures. The choice of the Execution Class determines the cost of the structure (affects fabrication methods, level of inspections, etc.). EN 1090 requires greater designer's involvement in the requirements for fabrication, execution and quality control. 102

103 REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

104 REFERENCES EN 1090: Execution of steel and aluminium structures Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components. Part 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures. EN 1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design. EN ISO 5817: Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys. Quality levels for imperfections. EN ISO 12944: Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems. ECCS TC 9. Guide to the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork. 1st Edition, ECCS European Convention for Constructional Steelwork. 104

105 PICTURES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rationing (Engineering firm): Applus+ (Quality Control firm): Grupo Salmeron (Steelwork fabricator): FATOR (Bolt fabricator): Applied Bolting (Bolt fabricator): 105

106 SKILLS training modules have been developed by a consortium of organisations whose logos appear at the bottom of this slide. The material is under a creative commons license The project was funded with support from the European Commission. This module reflects only the views of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.