EFFICIENT USE AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Transcription

1 CONTENTS EFFICIENT USE AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Efficient Use and Conservation of Energy - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 352 ISBN: (ebook) ISBN: (Print Volume) Efficient Use and Conservation of Energy - Volume 2 No. of Pages: 306 ISBN: (ebook) ISBN: (Print Volume) For more information of e-book and Print Volume(s) order, please click here Or contact : eolssunesco@gmail.com

2 CONTENTS VOLUME I Efficient Use and Conservation of Energy 1 Clark W. Gellings, Vice President Technology Initiatives, The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI),USA 2. The Energy Efficiency Imperative 3. Historical Trends 4. Efficiency of Energy Conversion 4.1. Thermodynamic Basics The Science of Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Systems First Law of Thermodynamics Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Laws and Energy Conversion 4.2. Measures of Efficiency First Law Efficiency Second Law Efficiency 4.3. Total Resource Efficiency Merits of Electrotechnologies 5. Energy Use Management 5.1. Developing an On-Site Energy Management Program 5.2. Demand-Side Management Programs 6. Energy Efficiency Measures 6.1. Buildings Lighting Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Building Envelope 6.2. Industrial Processes 6.3. Transportation 6.4. Agriculture 7. Who Benefits from Energy Efficiency? 7.1. Consumer Perspective 7.2. Program Participant and Non-Participant Perspectives 7.3. Utility Perspective 7.4. Societal Perspective 8. Toward a Sustainable Energy Future Efficient Use and Conservation of Energy in the Industrial Sector 56 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA Kelly E. Parmenter, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA Patricia Hurtado, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA 2. Energy Resources 2.1. Primary Resources Fossil Fuels Nuclear Fuel Renewable Resources 2.2. Secondary Resources Heat Recovery On-Site Generation Thermal Energy Storage 3. Industrial Energy Management Program i

3 3.1. Energy Managers and Steering Committee 3.2. Historical Data 3.3. Energy Audit Methodology 3.4. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Energy-Efficient Building Operation Energy-Efficient Process Operation On-Site Generation Efficiency Efficiency of Grounds Plant Efficiency 3.5. Implementation 3.6. Monitoring 4. Progress in Industrial Energy Efficiency 4.1. Electricity Use 4.2. Fossil-Fuel Use 4.3. Specific Industrial Processes Efficient Use of Electricity in Process Operation 91 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA Kelly E. Parmenter, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA Patricia Hurtado, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA 2. Motors and Drives 2.1. Perspective 2.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation and Maintenance Equipment Retrofit and Replacement Fans, Blowers, Pumps 2.3. Case Study-High-Efficiency Motor versus Standard Motor 3. Compressed Air Systems 3.1. Perspective 3.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation and Maintenance Equipment Retrofit and Replacement 3.3. Case Study-Summary of Air Compression Efficiency Measures at 4300 Industrial Plants 4. Process Heat 4.1. Perspective 4.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation and Maintenance of Thermal Process Heat Systems Equipment Retrofit and Replacement Efficiency Electric Heating Technologies Efficiency Advantages of Electric Process-Heat Systems 4.3. Case Study-Induction Technology for Billet Heating 5. Electrolysis 5.1. Perspective 5.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities 5.3. Case Study-New Electrode for Hall-Heroult Electrolytic Cells 6. Electrical-Efficiency Trends 6.1. Perspective 6.2. Technologies 6.3. Case Study-Electric Freeze Concentration Efficient Use of Fossil Fuels in Process Operation 113 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA Kelly E. Parmenter, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA Patricia Hurtado, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA ii

4 2. Combustion 2.1. Perspective 2.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation and Maintenance Equipment Retrofit and Replacement 2.3. Case StudyReduce Excess Air to Improve Efficiency 3. Boilers 3.1. Perspective 3.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation and Maintenance Equipment Retrofit and Replacement 3.3. Case StudySoot Removal from Fire-Side Boiler Tubes 4. Steam Systems 4.1. Perspective 4.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation and Maintenance Equipment Retrofit and Replacement 4.3. Case StudyImproved Controls to Reduce Steam Consumption 5. Process Heat 5.1. Perspective 5.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation and Maintenance Equipment Retrofit and Replacement 5.3. Case Study Replacement of a Conventional Kiln with an Energy-efficiency Kiln 6. Trends 6.1. Combustion 6.2. Boilers and Steam 6.3. Process Heat Energy Efficiency in Specific Industrial Segments 135 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA Kelly E. Parmenter, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA Patricia Hurtado, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA 2. Selected Industries Overview 2.1. Perspective 2.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities 2.3. Trends 3. Aluminum Industry 3.1. Perspective 3.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities 3.3. Trends 4. Steel Industry 4.1. Perspective 4.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities 4.3. Trends Total Plant Energy Efficiency 153 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA Kelly E. Parmenter, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA Patricia Hurtado, Global Energy Partners, Lafayette, California, USA 1. Total Plant Energy Balance 2. On-Site Generation iii

5 2.1. Overview 2.2. Cogeneration Perspective Technologies Applications Trends 2.3. Case Studies Case Study 1 Oil Facility to Sell Electricity to Open Market Case Study 2 Evaluation of an Advanced Turbine System for Cogeneration 3. Thermal-Energy Storage 3.1. Overview 3.2. Cogeneration with Thermal-Energy Storage 4. Heat Recovery 4.1. Overview 4.2. Recuperators Efficient Use and Conservation of Energy in Buildings Building Structure Elements 2.1. Insulation 2.2. Storm and Multipane Windows and Storm Doors 2.3. Window Treatments 2.4. Infiltration and Indoor Air Quality Control 2.5. Passive Solar Design 2.6. Duct and Pipe Insulation 2.7. Daylighting 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 3.1. High Efficiency Air-Source Central Heat Pump 3.2. Groundwater Source Heat Pump 3.3. Ground-Coupled Heat Pump 3.4. Multi-Zone Heat Pump 3.5. Room Heat Pump 3.6. Dual-Fuel Heating Systems 3.7. Add-On Heat Pump 3.8. Active Solar Space Heating 3.9. Task Heating Zoned Resistance Heating High-EER Air Conditioner Slab Heating Ice Storage Air Conditioning 4. Energy Consuming Devices and Appliances 4.1. Heat Pump Domestic Water Heating 4.2. Recovery Water Heater 4.3. Solar Domestic Water Heating 4.4. Energy-Efficient Cooking Appliances 4.5. Energy-Efficient Clothes Washers and Dishwashers 4.6. Storage Water Heater Blankets 4.7. Energy-Efficient Refrigerators and Freezers 4.8. Efficient Lighting Fixtures and Lamps 5. Load Management Technologies 5.1. Receiver Switches 5.2. Domestic Water Heater Cycling Control 5.3. Air Conditioner Cycling Control 5.4. Timers 5.5. Appliance Interlocks iv

6 5.6. Programmable Controllers 5.7. Temperature-Activated Switches 5.8. Load Management Thermostats 5.9. Swimming Pool Pump Control Efficient Use of Lighting in Buildings Illumination 2.1. Visual Task and Performance 3. Energy Efficiency in Lighting 3.1. Design Lighting for the Expected Visual Task or Function of Space 3.2. Consider the Physical Characteristics of the Area 3.3. Use More Efficient Light Sources 3.4. Design with More Effective Luminaires Mountings Luminaire Types 3.5. Outdoor Lighting High Intensity Discharge (HID) Sources Life Cycle Costing New Luminaire Design Energy Saving Techniques 3.6. Controls Lighting Panelboard Controls Switching Control Dimmer Switch Control Photoelectric Switch Photocontrolled Dimmer Time Clock Electronic Sensing Devices 3.7. Maintenance and Operation Group Relamping and Maintenance Lamps 3.8. Life Cycle Costing 3.9. Lighting System Planning and Design Five Steps in Planning a Lighting System 4. Retrofit Technologies 4.1. Lamp/Ballast Technology Performance Lamp Performance Measures Energy Efficiency Lamp Life Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) Color Rendering Index (CRI) Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4.2. Lamp Types Tungsten Halogen Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Full-Size Fluorescent Lamps High Intensity Discharge Lamps Retrofitting Opportunities 4.3. Luminaire Retrofit Technologies 4.4. Lenses 4.5. Control Technologies Retrofitting Occupancy Sensors Dimming Controls Timers and Time Clocks v

7 Photocells Latching Switches Efficient Use of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems in Buildings Chillers and Chilled-Water Systems 2.1. Description of Equipment Chillers Chilled-Water Loop Condenser-Water Loop 2.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation, Maintenance, and Control of Chillers and Chilled-Water Systems Equipment Retrofit and Replacement Thermal Energy Storage Systems 3. Cooling Towers 3.1. Description of Equipment 3.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Equipment Retrofit and Replacement 4. Air Conditioning Units 4.1. Description of Equipment 4.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation, Maintenance, and Control of Air Conditioning Units Equipment Retrofit and Replacement 5. Heat Pumps 5.1. Description of Equipment 5.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Compressors Outdoor Coil Systems Indoor Coil Systems Reversing Valves Expansion Devices Refrigerant Charge Control Cabinet Cabinet Size and Strength Constraints Manufacturing Constraints 6. Packaged Terminal Equipment 6.1. Description of Equipment 6.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities 7. Boilers and Furnaces 7.1. Description of Equipment 7.2. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities Operation and Maintenance Equipment Retrofit and Replacement Building Envelope Efficiency Measures Exterior Walls 2.1. Insulation 2.2. Minimize Thermal Bridging 2.3. Passive Solar Heating 2.4. Passive Solar Cooling vi

8 2.5. Air Flow and Moisture Control 3. Windows 3.1. Daylighting 3.2. Reduce Heat Gain 3.3. Optimize Heat Gain 3.4. Low-Conductivity Casements 4. Rooftops and Ceilings 4.1. Insulation 4.2. Cool Roofs and Coatings 4.3. Solar Collectors 5. Foundations, Floors, and Basements 6. Infiltration and Ventilation Index 285 About EOLSS 291 VOLUME II Efficient Use and Conservation of Energy in the Transportation Sector 1 2. Energy Usage 3. Fuel Efficiency and Energy Intensity Trends 4. Use of Alternative Fuels 5. Electric Drive Vehicles 6. Energy Efficiency Opportunities Energy Efficiency in Freight Transportation Freight Truck 3. Pipeline 4. Rail Freight 5. Waterborne Freight 6. Air Freight 7. Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for Freight Transport 7.1. Reduce Demand 7.2. Increase Load Factor 7.3. Shift to More Efficient Modes 7.4. Improve Vehicle Efficiency 7.5. Operate with Highest Efficiency 7.6. Invoke Progress through Intervention and Technological Innovation Energy Efficiency in Mass Transit Systems 36 vii

9 2. Air 3. Bus 4. Transit Rail 5. Intercity Rail 6. Energy Efficiency Opportunities 6.1. Reduce Demand 6.2. Increase Load Factor 6.3. Shift to More Efficient Mode 6.4. Improve Vehicle Efficiency 6.5. Operate with Highest Efficiency 6.6. Invoke Progress through Intervention and Technological Innovation Energy Efficiency in Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Personal Passenger Vehicle Travel 3. Energy Use Characteristics 4. Energy Efficiency Opportunities 4.1. Reduce Demand 4.2. Increase Load Factor 4.3. Shift to More Efficient Modes 4.4. Improve Vehicle Efficiency 4.5. Operate with Highest Efficiency 4.6. Invoke Progress through Intervention and Technological Innovation Efficient Use and Conservation of Energy in the Agricultural Sector Energy Usage 3. Energy Efficiency Measures 4. Conservation Agriculture 5. Renewable Sources 5.1. Solar Energy Photovoltaics Crop Drying Greenhouse Heating Lighting, Space Heating, and Water Heating 5.2. Wind Energy 5.3. Geothermal Energy 6. Biomass: Energy from Agriculture 6.1. Conversion and Use of Biomass Energy 6.2. Perennial Energy Crops Energy Efficiency in Pumping and Irrigation Systems Energy-Efficient Irrigation 3. Electric Pumping Plant Efficiency 3.1. Inherent Inefficiencies 3.2. Information Resources viii

10 4. Computerized Scheduling of Irrigation 5. Irrigation Load Management Energy Efficiency in Agricultural Equipment Crop Equipment 2.1. Efficient Use of Tractors and Implements 2.2. Crop Drying Efficiency Measures 3. Livestock Equipment 3.1. Evaporative Cooling Systems for Livestock 3.2. Milk Heat Recovery on Dairy Farms Heat Recovery Equipment 3.3. Groundwater Ice Bank Milk Cooling 3.4. Energy-Efficient Lighting for Livestock Production 4. Farm Motors and Drives 4.1. Energy-Efficient Farm Motors 4.2. Variable Frequency Drives for Agriculture Ventilation Fans 4.3. Variable Speed Drives for Dairy Vacuum Pumps Energy Efficiency in Fertilizer Production and Use Fertilization for Crop Productivity 3. Trends in Fertilizer Use 4. Energy Intensity of Fertilization 5. Energy-Efficient Fertilization Practices 5.1. Measures to Increase the Efficiency of Ammonia Production 5.2. Measures to Increase the Efficiency of Fertilizer Use Using Demand-Side Management to Select Energy Efficient Technologies and Programs 137 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California USA 2. Demand-Side Management 2.1. What Is Real 2.2. What is DSM 2.3. How Did DSM Evolve 3. DSM Impacts 3.1. Efficiency Investments 3.2. Load Management Costs and Benefits 3.3. DSM Potential 3.4. DSM Evaluation 3.5. Measuring Success 3.6. The Role of Research and Development 4. The Benefits of DSM Evaluation 4.1. The Energy Efficiency Program Selection Planning Process 4.2. Demand-Side Management Practice 5. Market Transformation 5.1. The Advantages of Market Transformation 5.2. Fostering Innovation 5.3. Public Benefit Funding ix

11 Efficient Use of Electricity Through Demand-Side Management 168 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California USA 2. The Use of Energy and Electricity 3. Technological Revolution 4. Energy Savings 5. Big-Ticket Items Deciding Which Demand-Side Management Activities to Pursue 179 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California USA 2. Load-Shape Objectives 3. End Use 4. Technology Alternatives 4.1. How To Select Alternatives 4.2. Levels of Analysis 4.3. Information Requirements 4.4. Transferability 4.5. Data Requirements 4.6. Cost/Benefit Analysis 4.7. Non-Monetary Benefits and Costs 4.8. Expected Changes in Load Shape 4.9. Program Interaction Dynamic Load Shapes Forecasting and Promoting Demand-Side Management Alternatives Estimating Future Market Demand and Customer Participation Rates Consumer and Market Research Market Implementation Methods 197 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California USA 2. The Market Planning Framework 3. Factors Influencing Customer Acceptance and Response 3.1. Customer Satisfaction 3.2. Direct Customer Contact 3.3. Trade Ally Cooperation 3.4. Advertising and Promotion 3.5. Alternative Pricing 3.6. Direct Incentives 4. Program Planning 4.1. Program Management 4.2. Program Logistics 4.3. The Implementation Process 5. Monitoring and Evaluation 5.1. Monitoring Program Validity 5.2. Data and Information Requirements 5.3. Management Concerns Evaluation and Selection of Demand-Side Management Programs in the Commercial Sector 222 Clark W. Gellings, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California USA x

12 1.1. Changes in the Marketing Environment 2. Buildings and Energy 2.1. Changes in Construction 3. Building Sector Strategies and Programs 3.1. Building Sector Demand-Side Management Technology Options 3.2. Building Envelope Options 3.3. Efficient Equipment Options 3.4. Building and Subsystem Control 4. Building Market Segmentation 4.1. Why Segment the Commercial Market? 4.2. Customer Needs, Benefits, and Buying Criteria 4.3. Customer Type 4.4. Customer Size 4.5. Technology 4.6. End Uses 4.7. Fusion Utility Load Shape Modification Objectives with Customer End Uses, Technology Choices and Needs 4.8. Illustrative Segmentation Case Study Index 241 About EOLSS 245 xi