EVALUATING PRESENCE IN LOW-COST VIRTUAL REALITY DISPLAY SYSTEMS FOR UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION *
|
|
- Michael York
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 EVALUATING PRESENCE IN LOW-COST VIRTUAL REALITY DISPLAY SYSTEMS FOR UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION * Daniel Cliburn, Stacy Rilea, Justin Charette, Ross Bennett, Daniel Fedor-Thurman, Todd Heino, and David Parsons The University of the Pacific Stockton, California (209) dcliburn@pacific.edu ABSTRACT Virtual reality (VR) is an exciting field that receives little attention in most undergraduate Computer Science programs. Historically, one of the barriers to teaching VR has been the cost of appropriate equipment; however, a number of economically priced systems have been proposed recently for undergraduate training and research projects in VR. In this paper, we discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of these low-cost stereo display systems and then describe a study designed to assess the subjective ratings of presence that each system provides. Presence, a characteristic of many VR applications, is the feeling of being in a virtual world when you are physically located somewhere else. In our study, the factor that seemed to have the greatest impact on presence was the field of view provided by the system. However, we found that all the systems provided subjective presence levels significantly higher than a standard computer monitor, suggesting that all the systems could form the basis of an undergraduate VR laboratory. 1. INTRODUCTION Virtual reality (VR) is an exciting and engaging field with many contemporary applications. Unfortunately, VR receives little coverage in the curriculum of most academic institutions. An informal survey of the websites of universities worldwide, published in 2004, shows that less than 3% offer courses that teach VR [2]. The omission of VR material from the undergraduate Computer Science curriculum has been due in part * Copyright 2009 by the Consortium for Computing Sciences in Colleges. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the CCSC copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Consortium for Computing Sciences in Colleges. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. 31
2 JCSC 25, 2 (December 2009) to the traditionally high cost of the equipment necessary for teaching the subject. However, considerable work has been done in recent years to develop VR systems that are more economically priced [1,5,11]. What is not known is the effectiveness of these systems; particularly, which among the low-cost options is best for undergraduate education? In this paper, we describe an experiment designed to compare these low-cost VR systems. The goal of our research is to be able to provide guidelines that can be used to determine the most appropriate stereo imaging system for an undergraduate VR laboratory at practically any institution. 2. VIRTUAL REALITY Virtual Reality is an often misunderstood field that few students can accurately describe. A survey of popular textbooks reveals that virtual reality is defined by applications that are interactive and immersive [3,7]. Interaction is commonplace with most computing applications; users are generally able to manipulate the state of a computer program through input devices to accomplish some goal. The concept of immersion is not as widely understood. Immersion (or more precisely physical immersion ) is defined by Sherman and Craig [7] as synthetic stimulus of the body s senses via the use of technology. In the context of VR, the term presence refers to the degree to which users feel like they are in a virtual world when they are physically located in the real world. Both immersion and interaction are elements that enhance the sense of presence. In order to fully understand VR we feel that it is necessary for students to experience presence to a degree greater than that offered by a typical computing application. Thus, it should be the goal of VR laboratory equipment to support a heightened sense of presence. 3. THE VR LABORATORY SYSTEMS Stereo (or 3D) images have been shown to increase a user s subjective sense of presence as he or she visits a virtual world [6], and as such, the systems we evaluated in this study were all capable of generating stereo displays. 3.1 Head Mounted Displays A head mounted display (HMD) is a device that users wear on their head that provides a different display screen in front of each eye (see Figure 1). The displays correspond to the different views each eye perceives of the real world. Head mounted displays, such as the emagin z800 shown in the picture, have become relatively inexpensive in recent years [1]. However, the field of view is often small (40º with the z800) and only one user at a time can view the stereo images. 32
3 CCSC: Rocky Mountain Conference FIGURE 1: left - The emagin Z800 Stereo Visor; right A front projected stereo imaging system with a single silver screen. 3.2 Single Screen Front Projection Probably the easiest (and most economical) projection based stereo imaging system to construct is a front projected single screen system [11]. With this technique, stereo images are projected onto a silver screen and viewed with oppositely polarized glasses (see right of Figure 1). However, users cannot walk in front of the projectors or they cast a shadow on the display. Users must be behind (or under) the projectors causing their physical field of view of the display screen to be limited (25º in our study). 3.3 Single Screen Rear Projection With rear projection, users can walk right up to the screen without casting a shadow on the display. This also allows the physical field of view of the display area to be greater (we had the users located such that their field of view was 60º). However, rear projection often requires more physical space and the screen material must preserve the polarization of light. We have had success creating our own rear projection screens by frosting acrylic sheets [5]. The drawback is that custom screens are subject to a noticeable hot spot the glare from the projector on the display screen (see the left of Figure 2). Visual displays that encompass a greater portion of a user s field of view tend to make user s feel more immersed in a virtual world. Thus, a much larger screen that provides users with a 90º field of view (see the left side of Figure 3) may be preferable. However, the drawbacks with a system like this are that it occupies more physical space and the screens cost more. 33
4 JCSC 25, 2 (December 2009) FIGURE 2: left Image of a rear projection system with a custom made screen; right Image of a rear projection system with a professionally made screen. FIGURE 3: left Rear projection system with a large (8 ft. x 6 ft.) professionally made screen; right - Multiple screens provide users with a greater field of view. 3.4 Multiple Screen Rear Projection Some projection based VR systems present the user with several display screens, providing a much wider field of view than is possible with a single screen (see the right side of Figure 3). In our system [4], users are provided with a 180º view into the virtual world. However, each screen requires two additional projectors (to generate an image for each of the left and right eyes) raising the cost of the system substantially. 4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Test subjects were asked to visit the same virtual world on each display system and indicate their perceived level of presence experienced through each system. Versions of two questionnaires were used to measure the level of presence for each of the systems: the Witmer, Jerome, and Singer (PQ) questionnaire [10] and Slater, Usoh, and Steed (SUS) questionnaire [8,9]. Participants were also asked to rank each of the systems and 34
5 CCSC: Rocky Mountain Conference explain their rankings. Due to equipment constraints (number of computers and number of projectors), it was not possible to evaluate all of the systems simultaneously. Thus, we ran two within-subject studies. The results of these studies are described next. FIGURE 4: The PQ Scores, SUS Scores, and System Rankings for the first study. 4.1 Five System Evaluation In the first study, five systems were evaluated: the HMD, the single screen front projection system, the single screen rear projection system with a custom made screen, the single screen rear projection system with a professionally made screen, and a standard desktop computer monitor (with no stereo images). Thirty-one subjects completed the experiment. An analysis of variance was used to compare the overall PQ score (the sum of the responses on the PQ questionnaire) across each of the five systems. Results revealed a significant difference across conditions, F(4, 27) = 6.09, p <.001. Post hoc analyses revealed differences between the computer monitor and all other systems, except for the single screen front projection system. Only marginally significant differences in PQ scores were observed for the other systems (see Figure 4). Similarly, an analysis of variance was used to compare the overall SUS scores (the sum of the responses on the SUS questions) across each of the five systems. Results revealed a significant difference across conditions, F(4, 27) = 19.08, p <.001. Post hoc analyses revealed a similar pattern to the scores from the PQ questionnaire. Specifically, differences between the computer monitor and all other systems were observed. Only marginally significant differences in SUS scores were observed for the other systems. Participants were also asked to rank each of the five systems in order with respect to their perceived level of presence in the virtual world (1-best and 5-worst). The Friedman Test was used to evaluate rank order for each of the five systems. Significant differences were observed among the rankings of the five systems, 2 (4, N = 31) = 27.61, p <.001. Descriptive statistics suggest that the single screen rear projection system with a professionally made screen ranked best and the computer monitor ranked worst. 35
6 JCSC 25, 2 (December 2009) FIGURE 5: The PQ Scores, SUS Scores, and System Rankings for the second study. 4.2 Three System Evaluation In the second study, three systems were evaluated: the single screen rear projection system with a custom made screen, the single screen rear projection system with a large professionally made screen, and the three screen rear projection system. Twenty-three subjects completed the experiment. An analysis of variance was used to compare the overall PQ score across the three systems. Results revealed a significant difference across conditions, F(2, 22) = 5.60, p <.01. Post hoc analyses revealed that the three screen system was better than the rear projection system with a custom made screen. There was no statistically significant difference between the single screen rear projection system with a large professionally made screen and either of the other two systems (see Figure 5). Similarly, an analysis of variance was used to compare the overall SUS scores across the three systems. Results revealed a significant difference across conditions, F(2, 22) = 5.18, p <.05. As with the PQ questionnaire, post hoc analyses revealed that the three screen system was better than the rear projection system with a custom made screen. There was no statistically significant difference between the single screen rear projection system with a large professionally made screen and either of the other two systems. Participants were also asked to rank each of the three systems in order with respect to their perceived level of presence in the virtual world (1-best and 3-worst). The Friedman Test was used to evaluate rank order differences for the systems. Significant differences were observed, 2 (2, N = 23) = 16.64, p <.001, with the three screen system ranked best followed by the single screen rear projection system with a large professionally made screen and then the rear projection system with a custom made screen. Thus, the pattern of participant rankings is consistent with the findings from the PQ and SUS questionnaires. 5. CONCLUSION When considering both studies, the most highly rated display system was the three screen system that provides subjects with a wide field of view. A substantially increased 36
7 CCSC: Rocky Mountain Conference field of view appears to enhance the sense of presence. However, the cost of this system seems prohibitive (essentially three times the cost of the others when the price of all of the projectors is considered). What should be noted is that all of the systems (with the exception of single screen front projection system) produced presence levels significantly higher than the computer monitor by all measures. What we would recommend to anyone considering the construction of an undergraduate VR laboratory is a single screen rear projection system. Depending on the available time, space, and motivation, faculty members could either make their own screen, or buy one. If space is at a real premium, then a low-cost HMD could also suffice. However, one use of our laboratory is for VR demonstrations to prospective students, and a projection screen makes it possible for several people to view the stereo images simultaneously. It is also fun for students to be able to show their virtual world applications to each other, and again, the projection screen systems are best for this purpose. 6. ACKNOWLEGEMENTS This work was funded by the National Science Foundation s Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement program under award number Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 7. REFERENCES [1] Adams, J., Holtrop, J., Building an Economical VR System for CS Education. Proceedings of the 13 th Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE 2008), June 30-July 2, Madrid, Spain, , [2] Burdea, G., Teaching Virtual Reality: Why and How? Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 13, (4), , [3] Burdea, G., Coiffet, P., Virtual Reality Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley- Interscience, [4] Cliburn, D., A Virtual Reality Laboratory for Undergraduates. The Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 24, (2), 57-63, [5] Cliburn, D., Stormer, K., The HIVE: Hanover Immersive Virtual Environment, The Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 20, (4), 6-12, [6] Ijsselsteijn, W., Ridder, H., Freeman, J., Avons, S., Bouwhuis, D., Effects of Steroscopic Presentation, Image Motion, and Screen Size on Subjective and Objective Corroborative Measures of Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10, (3), , [7] Sherman, W., Craig, A., Understanding Virtual Reality: Interface, Application, and Design. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman,
8 JCSC 25, 2 (December 2009) [8] Slater, M., Usoh, M., Steed, A., Taking steps: the influence of a walking technique on presence in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2, (3), , [9] Usoh, M., Catena, E., Arman, S., Slater, M., Using presence questionnaires in reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9, (5), , [10] Witmer, B., Jerome, C., Singer, M., The factor structure of the presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 14,(3), , [11] Zelle, J., Figura, C., Simple, Low-Cost Stereographics: VR for Everyone. Proceedings of the 35 th Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE 2004), March 3-7, Norfolk, Virginia, ,
Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality
Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality Martin Usoh, Ernest Catena, Sima Arman, Mel Slater Department of Computer Science University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK Abstract A between-group
More informationEXPERIENCES WITH A REAL PROJECTS FOR REAL CLIENTS COURSE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AT A LIBERAL ARTS INSTITUTION *
EXPERIENCES WITH A REAL PROJECTS FOR REAL CLIENTS COURSE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AT A LIBERAL ARTS INSTITUTION * Vincent A. Cicirello Richard Stockton College 101 Vera King Farris Drive Galloway, NJ 08205
More informationWHERE S (THE) COMPUTER SCIENCE IN SERVICE-LEARNING? *
WHERE S (THE) COMPUTER SCIENCE IN SERVICE-LEARNING? * Pete Sanderson Otterbein College psanderson@otterbein.edu ABSTRACT Service-learning is a form of experiential learning that integrates classroom concepts
More informationIntuitive Navigation in an Enormous Virtual Environment
/ International Conference on Artificial Reality and Tele-Existence 98 Intuitive Navigation in an Enormous Virtual Environment Yoshifumi Kitamura Shinji Fukatsu Toshihiro Masaki Fumio Kishino Graduate
More informationSimulations, Games and Experiential Learning Techniques:, Volume 1,1974
EXPERIENCES WITH THE HARVARD MANAGEMENT GAME Ralph M. Roberts, The University of West Florida The Harvard Management Game [1] was introduced at The University of West Florida in the Fall of 1971, as the
More informationA Study of Immersive Game Contents System Design and Modeling for Virtual Reality Technology
, pp.411-418 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijca.2014.7.10.38 A Study of Immersive Game Contents System Design and Modeling for Virtual Reality Technology Jung-Yoon Kim 1 and SangHun Nam 2 1 Graduate School
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF AN IOS APP USING SITUATED LEARNING, COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE, AND AUGMENTED REALITY FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IOS APP USING SITUATED LEARNING, COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE, AND AUGMENTED REALITY FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Jessica Clarkson Faculty of Education, University of Ontario Institute of
More informationEye Contact in Leisure Video Conferencing. Annick Van der Hoest & Dr. Simon McCallum Gjøvik University College, Norway.
Eye Contact in Leisure Video Conferencing Annick Van der Hoest & Dr. Simon McCallum Gjøvik University College, Norway 19 November 2012 Abstract This paper presents systems which enable eye contact in leisure
More informationThe Effectiveness of Games as Assignments in an Introductory Programming Course
The Effectiveness of Games as Assignments in an Introductory Programming Course Abstract - Computer games are an often cited motivational tool used as assignments in introductory programming courses. This
More informationMultivariate Analysis of Variance. The general purpose of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is to determine
2 - Manova 4.3.05 25 Multivariate Analysis of Variance What Multivariate Analysis of Variance is The general purpose of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is to determine whether multiple levels
More informationVirtual and Augmented Reality Applications
Department of Engineering for Innovation University of Salento Lecce, Italy Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications Lucio Tommaso De Paolis Augmented and Virtual Reality Laboratory (AVR Lab) Augmented
More informationThe Emergence of Immersive Low-Cost 3D Virtual Reality Environments for Interactive Learning in Materials Science and Engineering
Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1320 2011 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/opl.2011.636 The Emergence of Immersive Low-Cost 3D Virtual Reality Environments for Interactive Learning in Materials
More informationResearch Methods & Experimental Design
Research Methods & Experimental Design 16.422 Human Supervisory Control April 2004 Research Methods Qualitative vs. quantitative Understanding the relationship between objectives (research question) and
More informationLong-Term Care Insurance:
The Prudential Insurance Company of America 2011 Long-Term Care Insurance: A Piece of the Retirement & Estate Planning Puzzle IRA Pension 401(k) Annuities Long-Term Care Insurance Life Insurance Social
More informationASSESSING STUDENT LEARNING IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING *
ASSESSING STUDENT LEARNING IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING * Taehyung (George) Wang, Diane Schwartz, and Robert Lingard Department of Computer Science California State University Northridge (CSUN) 18111 Nordhoff
More informationCurriculum Vitae. John M. Zelle, Ph.D.
Curriculum Vitae John M. Zelle, Ph.D. Address Department of Math, Computer Science, and Physics Wartburg College 100 Wartburg Blvd. Waverly, IA 50677 (319) 352-8360 email: john.zelle@wartburg.edu Education
More informationForm 201BC: Assessment Report Form for Instructional Programs 2009 2010 Academic Year
Form 201BC: Assessment Report Form for Instructional Programs 2009 2010 Academic Year Name: Richard J. Arredondo Department: Accounting & Finance Program: Accounting Outcomes 1. Describe and use accounting
More informationBUSINESS SURVEYS 2015
February 2016 BUSINESS SURVEYS 2015 The state of information security in companies in the EMEA region, and the attitudes of their IT experts and managers CONTENTS Executive summary............................
More informationICC Recommendations for Color Measurement
White Paper #3 Level: Introductory Date: Dec 2004 ICC Recommendations for Color Measurement Introduction In order to prepare a useful device profile based on the International Color Consortium s Specification,
More informationUsing Tableau for Visual Analytics in Libraries Nicole Sibley Simmons College
Using Tableau for Visual Analytics in Libraries Nicole Sibley Simmons College Using Tableau for Visual Analytics in Libraries 2 With the rise of big data, information visualization is emerging as an area
More informationwhite paper EYETRACKING STUDY REPORT: Clamshells vs Paperboard Boxes CUshop Research, Clemson University
white paper EYETRACKING STUDY REPORT: Clamshells vs Paperboard Boxes CUshop Research, Clemson University EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Different packaging options can make an enormous difference to the bottom line,
More informationCALCULATIONS & STATISTICS
CALCULATIONS & STATISTICS CALCULATION OF SCORES Conversion of 1-5 scale to 0-100 scores When you look at your report, you will notice that the scores are reported on a 0-100 scale, even though respondents
More informationMERGING WORLDS: WHEN VIRTUAL MEETS PHYSICAL AN EXPERIMENT WITH HYBRID LEARNING *
MERGING WORLDS: WHEN VIRTUAL MEETS PHYSICAL AN EXPERIMENT WITH HYBRID LEARNING * Esmail Bonakdarian, Todd Whittaker, and Daniel Bell Franklin University 201 S. Grant Ave Columbus, OH 43215 {esmail whittakt
More informationMODELS FOR TEACHING HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS: A SURVEY OF HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS PROGRAMS *
MODELS FOR TEACHING HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS: A SURVEY OF HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS PROGRAMS * Bonnie K. MacKellar Division of Computer Science, Mathematics and Science St. John's University Queens, NY 11439
More informationRepresenting Variability with Mean, Median, Mode, and Range
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Mathematics Assessment Project CLASSROOM CHALLENGES A Formative Assessment Lesson Representing Variability with Mean, Median, Mode, and Range Mathematics Assessment Resource Service
More informationPilot Testing and Sampling. An important component in the data collection process is that of the pilot study, which
Pilot Testing and Sampling An important component in the data collection process is that of the pilot study, which is... a small-scale trial run of all the procedures planned for use in the main study
More informationData Visualization and Exploration via Virtual Reality - An Overview
Data Visualization and Exploration via Virtual Reality - An Overview Jürgen Symanzik* Utah State University, Logan, UT Edward J. Wegman George Mason University, Fairfax, VA *e-mail: symanzik@sunfs sunfs.math..math.usu.edu
More informationINCORPORATING SERVICE LEARNING INTO COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSES *
INCORPORATING SERVICE LEARNING INTO COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSES * Joo Tan, John Phillips Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Mansfield University of Pennsylvania Mansfield, PA 16933 570 662-4553
More informationWhy Go to Graduate School?
Why Go to Graduate School? for Graduate School Ken Joy Director, Institute for Data Analysis and Visualization Professor, Computer Science Department UC Davis January 5, 2011 What am I going to talk about?
More informationVirtual Reality. man made. reality. sense. world. What is Virtual Reality?
Virtual Reality man made reality sense world What is Virtual Reality? Dipl.-Ing. Indra Kusumah Process Technology Fraunhofer IPT Steinbachstrasse 17 D-52074 Aachen Indra.kusumah@ipt.fraunhofer.de www.ipt.fraunhofer.de
More informationResponse to Microsoft Research Tablet PC and Computing Curriculum Request for Proposal, November 2004
Response to Microsoft Research Tablet PC and Computing Curriculum Request for Proposal, November 2004 Name: Title: University: Email: Roy P. Pargas Associate Professor of Computer Science Clemson University
More informationNational Disability Authority Resource Allocation Feasibility Study Final Report January 2013
National Disability Authority Resource Allocation Feasibility Study January 2013 The National Disability Authority (NDA) has commissioned and funded this evaluation. Responsibility for the evaluation (including
More information360 feedback. Manager. Development Report. Sample Example. name: email: date: sample@example.com
60 feedback Manager Development Report name: email: date: Sample Example sample@example.com 9 January 200 Introduction 60 feedback enables you to get a clear view of how others perceive the way you work.
More informationCRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS AND GANTT CHARTS
CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS AND GANTT CHARTS 1. An engineering project is modelled by the activity network shown in the figure above. The activities are represented by the arcs. The number in brackets on each
More informationAN EVALUATION OF LEARNING IN AN ONLINE PROJECT-BASED WEB APPLICATION DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT COURSE *
AN EVALUATION OF LEARNING IN AN ONLINE PROJECT-BASED WEB APPLICATION DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT COURSE * Heidi J. C. Ellis Computer Science Department Trinity College Hartford, CT 06106 860-297-4175 heidi.ellis@trincoll.edu
More informationHitachi s High-definition Flat-panel TVs: 24 Combinations
Hitachi Review (March 2004) 61 Hitachi s High-definition Flat-panel TVs: 24 Combinations Kosuke Ozeki OVERVIEW: The market for FPD (flat-panel-display) TVs was one of the fastest growing segments of the
More informationTechnical and Vocational Education in Kuwait
The Vocational Aspect of Education ISSN: 0305-7879 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjve19 Technical and Vocational Education in Kuwait Salahaldeen Al Ali To cite this
More informationON ADDING A CRITICAL THINKING MODULE TO A DISCRETE STRUCTURES COURSE *
ON ADDING A CRITICAL THINKING MODULE TO A DISCRETE STRUCTURES COURSE * Michael R. Scheessele 1, Hang Dinh 1, and Mahesh Ananth 2 1 Department of Computer and Information Sciences and 2 Department of Philosophy
More informationML2VR Providing MATLAB Users an Easy Transition to Virtual Reality and Immersive Interactivity
ML2VR Providing MATLAB Users an Easy Transition to Virtual Reality and Immersive Interactivity David J. Zielinski Ryan P. McMahan Wenjie Lu Silvia Ferrari Motivation: DiVE: Duke Immersive Virtual Environment.
More informationStudents' Understanding of Astronomical Concepts Enhanced by an Immersive Virtual Reality System (IVRS)
Recent Research Developments in Learning Technologies () Students' Understanding of Astronomical Concepts Enhanced by an Immersive Virtual Reality System (IVRS) Heebok Lee *, Sang-Tae Park, Hee-Soo Kim,
More informationStudy Guide for the Special Education: Core Knowledge Tests
Study Guide for the Special Education: Core Knowledge Tests A PUBLICATION OF ETS Table of Contents Study Guide for the Praxis Special Education: Core Knowledge Tests TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction
More informationEconomics Chapter 7 Review
Name: Class: Date: ID: A Economics Chapter 7 Review Matching a. perfect competition e. imperfect competition b. efficiency f. price and output c. start-up costs g. technological barrier d. commodity h.
More informationStudy Guide for the Middle School Science Test
Study Guide for the Middle School Science Test A PUBLICATION OF ETS Copyright 2008 by Educational Testing Service EDUCATIONAL TESTING SERVICE, ETS, the ETS logo, LISTENING., LEARNING., LEADING., and GRE,
More informationIntroduction to Quantitative Research Contact: tel 01296 680374
Introduction to Quantitative Research Quantitative Research Quantification - i.e. numbers e.g 51% of the population is female 74% of households have a washing machine 33% strongly agree with the statement.
More informationTEACHING COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SIMULATION (A BRIEF EVALUATION OF CPU SIMULATORS) *
TEACHING COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SIMULATION (A BRIEF EVALUATION OF CPU SIMULATORS) * Timothy Stanley, PhD Computer and Network Sciences, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah 84058, 801 863-8978, TStanley@uvu.edu
More information7 Measuring Presence: Subjective, Behavioral and Physiological Methods
Being There: Concepts, effects and measurement of user presence in synthetic environments G. Riva, F. Davide, W.A IJsselsteijn (Eds.) Ios Press, 2003, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 7 Measuring Presence: Subjective,
More informationVIDEO CONFERENCING SYSTEMS: TELEPRESENCE AND SELECTION INTERVIEWS.
VIDEO CONFERENCING SYSTEMS: TELEPRESENCE AND SELECTION INTERVIEWS. Madeleine S. McCulloch & David J. Oborne Psychology Department University of Wales Swansea Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK Increasingly,
More informationInternational Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Financial Instrument Accounting Survey. CFA Institute Member Survey
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Financial Instrument Accounting Survey CFA Institute Member Survey November 2009 Contents 1. PREFACE... 3 1.1 Purpose of Survey... 3 1.2 Background...
More informationA METHOD FOR DEVELOPING RUBRICS FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES
A METHOD FOR DEVELOPING RUBRICS FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES Lisa Clement, Jennifer Chauvot, and Randolph Philipp San Diego State University Rebecca Ambrose University of California at Davis Preparation of this
More informationVirtual Environments - Basics -
Virtual Environments - Basics - What Is Virtual Reality? A Web-Based Introduction Version 4 Draft 1, September, 1998 Jerry Isdale http://www.isdale.com/jerry/vr/whatisvr.html Virtual Environments allow
More informationPEDAGOGIC TECHNIQUES: USING COLLABORATIVE WRITING TECHNOLOGY TO TEACH CONTRACT DRAFTING INTRODUCTION
PEDAGOGIC TECHNIQUES: USING COLLABORATIVE WRITING TECHNOLOGY TO TEACH CONTRACT DRAFTING TRACY L. MCGAUGH * INTRODUCTION Traditionally, professors who want to have students edit documents use one of two
More informationUsing Predictive Accounting to Improve Product Management
Using Predictive Accounting to Improve Product Management by James A. Brimson James A. Brimson is a President of Innovative Process Management (IPM), in Dallas, and the author of several books about cost
More informationProblems arising from streaming mathematics students in Australian Christian secondary schools: To stream or not to stream?
Problems arising from streaming mathematics students in Australian Christian secondary schools: To stream or not to stream? TEACH R Peter Kilgour Executive Director, Seventh-day Adventist Schools (Greater
More informationUser research for information architecture projects
Donna Maurer Maadmob Interaction Design http://maadmob.com.au/ Unpublished article User research provides a vital input to information architecture projects. It helps us to understand what information
More information2016 Asset Management & Maintenance Priorities Survey
2016 Asset Management & Maintenance Priorities Survey An Original Study from 2016 Asset Management & Maintenance Priorities Survey Copyright 2016 Assetivity Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Published by Assetivity
More informationCYBER DEFENSE COMPETITION: A TALE OF TWO TEAMS *
CYBER DEFENSE COMPETITION: A TALE OF TWO TEAMS * Yan Bei and Robert Kesterson Institute of Technology University of Washington, Tacoma Tacoma, WA 253-692-5863 yanb@u.washington.edu Kyle Gwinnup and Carol
More informationWhatRunsWhere Insights & Analysis: Comparative Travel Sites Advertising Landscape
Comparative Travel Sites Advertising Landscape Executive Summary 01 Introduction 02 Desktop 02-07 Share of Voice 04 Channel Mix 05 Top Performing Ads 06-07 Mobile 08-11 Share of Voice 08 Channel Mix 08-09
More informationSampling and Sampling Distributions
Sampling and Sampling Distributions Random Sampling A sample is a group of objects or readings taken from a population for counting or measurement. We shall distinguish between two kinds of populations
More informationEXPLORING THE CONTOURS OF THE FREEDOM TO TEACH. Lawrence S. Bacow Nancy Kopans Randal C. Picker
EXPLORING THE CONTOURS OF THE FREEDOM TO TEACH Lawrence S. Bacow Nancy Kopans Randal C. Picker Ithaka S+R is a strategic consulting and research service provided by ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization
More informationRestaurant Tips 1. Restaurant Tips and Service Quality: A Weak Relationship or Just Weak Measurement? Michael Lynn. School of Hotel Administration
Restaurant Tips 1 Running Head: RESTAURANT TIPS AND SERVICE Restaurant Tips and Service Quality: A Weak Relationship or Just Weak Measurement? Michael Lynn School of Hotel Administration Cornell University
More informationThe Challenges of Effective Program Management
How to Use Salesforce Dashboards for Project Management Success In large organizations, how do you efficiently manage projects and effectively communicate at scale to achieve desired outcomes? How are
More informationGRADUATE STUDENT SATISFACTION WITH AN ONLINE DISCRETE MATHEMATICS COURSE *
GRADUATE STUDENT SATISFACTION WITH AN ONLINE DISCRETE MATHEMATICS COURSE * Amber Settle DePaul University 243 S. Wabash Avenue Chicago, IL 60604 (312) 362-5324 asettle@cti.depaul.edu Chad Settle University
More informationWichita State University Libraries Collection Development Policy for Criminal Justice
Subject Librarian: Cindy Craig, Assist. Prof., Social Sciences Librarian Email: cindy.craig@wichita.edu Phone: 978-5083 Policy created: January A. Purpose of Collection 1. Program Information The program
More informationPrimary and Secondary Qualities Charles Kaijo
Primary and Secondary Qualities Charles Kaijo From examining John Locke s distinction between primary and secondary qualities in an object and Bishop George Berkeley s refutation to Locke s argument, it
More informationStudying the contextual cues associated with fear of crime through eye tracking techniques
Studying the contextual cues associated with fear of crime through eye tracking techniques Inês Guedes 1, Pedro Fernandes 2 & Carla Cardoso 1 1 School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto
More information5 KEYS [ ] to Successfully Tracking Customer Experience. Are you delivering a top-notch customer experience that <keeps them coming back?
Are you delivering a top-notch customer experience that
More informationFINTECH CORPORATE INNOVATION INDEX 2015
FINTECH CORPORATE INNOVATION INDEX 2015 Page 01 FOREWORD Nicole Anderson CEO FINTECH CIRCLE INNOVATE The FinTech eco-system is shaping the future of financial services and it s about new entrants, new
More informationPC Postprocessing Technologies: A Competitive Analysis
PC Postprocessing Technologies: A Competitive Analysis Home Theater v4 SRS Premium Sound Waves MaxxAudio 3 Abstract In a scientifically rigorous analysis of audio postprocessing technologies for laptop
More informationRATIONALIZING THE MULTI-TOOL ENVIRONMENT
RATIONALIZING THE MULTI-TOOL ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION Over time, businesses are likely to acquire multiple, redundant tools for monitoring the availability, performance and capacity of their IT infrastructure.
More informationMicroStation to SketchUp
Feature MicroStation to SketchUp by Keith West, DesignCAD Pty Ltd SketchUp SketchUp is a computer application (software) developed originally by a group of professionals from the architecture and engineering
More informationHow To Do A Science Fair Project
How To Do A Science Fair Project Prepared by The Science & Technology Division Akron-Summit County Public Library (330) 643-9075 1 A good science fair project involves the student in a journey discovery,
More informationAn introduction to Value-at-Risk Learning Curve September 2003
An introduction to Value-at-Risk Learning Curve September 2003 Value-at-Risk The introduction of Value-at-Risk (VaR) as an accepted methodology for quantifying market risk is part of the evolution of risk
More informationFinancial Risk Management Exam Sample Questions/Answers
Financial Risk Management Exam Sample Questions/Answers Prepared by Daniel HERLEMONT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Statistics FRM-99, Question 4 Random walk assumes that returns from one time period
More informationAssessing the Use of Cognitive Resources in Virtual Reality
Assessing the Use of Cognitive Resources in Virtual Reality William E. Marsh 1, Jonathan W. Kelly 1,2, Veronica J. Dark 1,2, and James H. Oliver 1 1 Human Computer Interaction Graduate Program, Iowa State
More informationAn Interactive Tutorial System for Java
An Interactive Tutorial System for Java Eric Roberts Stanford University eroberts@cs.stanford.edu ABSTRACT As part of the documentation for its library packages, the Java Task Force (JTF) developed an
More informationBasic Theory of Intermedia Composing with Sounds and Images
(This article was written originally in 1997 as part of a larger text to accompany a Ph.D. thesis at the Music Department of the University of California, San Diego. It was published in "Monochord. De
More informationCopyright 1980 by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. All rights reserved.
More information
Spatial Presence in Virtual Reality - A Review
Formation of Spatial Presence: By Form or Content? Sungkil Lee 1, Gerard J. Kim 1, Albert Rizzo 2, Hyungjin Park 1 1 Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology
More informationVirtual Reality Learning Objects of Molecular Structures
Virtual Reality Learning Objects of Molecular Structures Miguel A. Garcia-Ruiz University of Colima School of Telematics Colima, Mexico Tel: +52 312 316 1075 Fax:+52 312 316 1075 mgarcia@ucol.mx Arthur
More informationVirtual reality induced symptoms and effects (VRISE): Comparison of head mounted display (HMD), desktop and projection display systems
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Displays 29 (2008) 58 69 www.elsevier.com/locate/displa Virtual reality induced symptoms and effects (VRISE): Comparison of head mounted display (HMD), desktop
More informationDEVELOPING A PHYSICAL EMULATOR FOR A FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM
DEVELOPING A PHYSICAL EMULATOR FOR A FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM Fernando G. Gonzalez Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida 32816 USA (407)823-3987
More informationWeb Conferencing Review
Web Conferencing Review Discover how a simple technology could save you time, money and stress Megameeting UK Ltd Shoreham Airport Shoreham-by-Sea West Sussex BN43 5FF t: 0844 967 0358 e: info@megameeting.co.uk
More informationCalREN 2 High Performance Network Applications at UCSF Thomas Ferrin, Ph.D. Computer Graphics Laboratory University of California, San Francisco
CalREN 2 High Performance Network Applications at UCSF Thomas Ferrin, Ph.D. Computer Graphics Laboratory University of California, San Francisco Consortium for Education Network Initiatives Retreat June
More informationEnabling Remote Access to Computer Networking Laboratories for Distance Education
Enabling Remote Access to Computer Networking Laboratories for Distance Education Carlos E. Caicedo Bastidas Syracuse University, ccaicedo@syr.edu Abstract - Academic organizations that provide students
More information4273?: a novel platform for bioinformatics education
4273?: a novel platform for bioinformatics education Gaining an understanding of bioinformatics is now par for the course when it comes to training undergraduate students in biology. However, facilitating
More informationPROJECT THE WIKI WAY: USING WIKI FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSE PROJECT MAN- AGEMENT
PROJECT THE WIKI WAY: USING WIKI FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSE PROJECT MAN- AGEMENT Li Xu Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell, MA 01854, USA 978 934-1941 xu@cs.uml.edu
More informationStandards A complete list of the standards covered by this lesson is included in the Appendix at the end of the lesson.
Lesson 3: Albedo Time: approximately 40-50 minutes, plus 30 minutes for students to paint pop bottles Materials: Text: Albedo (from web site 1 per group) Small thermometers, at least 0ºC to 100ºC range
More informationVirtual Reality in Chemical Engineering Education
Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Illinois / Indiana Sectional Conference, Purdue University, March 1995. Virtual Reality in Chemical Engineering Education
More information6P laser projection: Redefining 3D cinema
6P laser projection: Redefining 3D cinema Redefining 3D cinema A sharp decline in 3D box office sales, especially in the domestic market, is raising concern in the cinema industry. What was heralded as
More informationMathematical goals. Starting points. Materials required. Time needed
Level S6 of challenge: B/C S6 Interpreting frequency graphs, cumulative cumulative frequency frequency graphs, graphs, box and box whisker and plots whisker plots Mathematical goals Starting points Materials
More informationWORKPLACE SAFETY KIT A STEP BY STEP GUIDE TO SAFETY FOR BUSINESS GUIDE 2001. WorkCover NSW Health and Safety Guide. WorkCover. Watching out for you.
WORKPLACE SAFETY KIT A STEP BY STEP GUIDE TO SAFETY FOR BUSINESS GUIDE 2001 WorkCover NSW Health and Safety Guide WorkCover. Watching out for you. Table of Contents Table of Content: How to Use the Workplace
More informationRETAINING FEMALES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE: A NEW LOOK AT A PERSISTENT PROBLEM *
RETAINING FEMALES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE: A NEW LOOK AT A PERSISTENT PROBLEM * Margaret West, Ph.D. Computer Science Department Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College Gulfport, Mississippi 39506 (228) 897-3819
More informationQuantifying Spatial Presence. Summary
Quantifying Spatial Presence Cedar Riener and Dennis Proffitt Department of Psychology, University of Virginia Keywords: spatial presence, illusions, visual perception Summary The human visual system uses
More information