Prospect of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Used in Energy Storage

Transcription

1 Prospect of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Used in Energy Storage Phoenix Silicon International Corporation Mike Yang, Ph.D. March 28 th,

2 Why ESS is Noted Growing needs for storage Expectation toward EV as substitute The following problems occur against increase and expansion of new energy (PV, WP) peak demand. Increase of unstable power System congestion Surplus of wind and solar power Aging of power equipment Power shortage at its peak demand Each country (state) government, actively promotes the new rules and subsidies to develop its industry Growing Expectation Toward ESS Material manufacturers and LIB manufacturers, which are to make aggressive investment, are significantly affected because EV market is not set up as planned. LIB market for automotive is supposed to be harsh as severe price game. When it comes to ESS, there is no winner yet in the market because the market is still being growing. Lots of attention has been focused on its potential. 2

3 (MWh) million$ ESS market will grow rapidly. Why ESS is Noted LIB for ESS market forecast (optimistic case) Market - MWh Market million$ 35,000 14,000 30,000 12,000 25,000 10,000 20,000 8,000 15,000 6,000 10,000 4,000 5,000 2,

4 Grid-Scale ESS Market Estimation 4

5 Segmentation of Psi s ESS Psi s ESS market is comprised of 2 kinds of market: existing market and new market Existing Market Small UPS Large UPS Telecomm. LIB Market for ESS 3 hours (300W) 3 hours (3.6kW) 3 hours (2.3kW) Grid stability New Market (Grid Energy System) At Power Grid Beside PV/WP generation facility 5

6 Global PV Industry Goes Healthful Healthful supply-demand trend Over supply percentage has down to less than 20% Market place diverse Japan and other region increasing and German decreasing (due to subsidy policy) European market expected to be down to 20% and Asian (Japan + China) market expected to be around 40% 6

7 Inexorable Cost Reduction Solar module price declines from 1972 show an overall learning rate of 22%... though in recent years (from 2008) that learning rate has increased to 40%. In reality, the actual learning rate is likely to be around 30% Source: Citi Research, Bloomberg New Energy Finance 7

8 Solar in Peak Electricity Demand Solar has stolen the peak of the electricity demand curve An actual German electricity demand curves (in sunny day) Doubling (simulated) the penetration of wind and solar, with the same electricity demand curves During the sunny period, the power from conventional generator will be less than the economics of baseload generation Source: Citi Research, Bloomberg New Energy Finance 8

9 Energy Storage Becomes Inevitable Solar has a specific generation profile tilted towards the middle of the day As solar installation rates growing, midday electricity generation will causes grid stability problem Energy demand/supply imbalance leads to grid instability, Grid instability is costly for the industry Solar storage as a viable solution to mitigate grid instability Source: Citi Research, Bloomberg New Energy Finance 9

10 Battery Storage Becomes Inevitable Any excess generation above the natural run rate of conventional baseload is stored (upper figure) and spread across the day (lower figure) Source: Citi Research, 10 Bloomberg New Energy Finance

11 Battery Storage Becomes Inevitable Batteries and storage could mitigate this problem to an extent by spreading solar s excess peak generation across the shoulders This would allow more conventional plants to operate at a natural run rate. There is still need certain amount of capacity payments (conventional plants) to cover backup generation to replace solar s shortfall during the winter Partly driven by the growth of PV, over 720 MW of distributed energy storage will be deployed in the U.S. between 2014 and (GTM Research, 2014 February) Sourced by multiple material 11

12 Regulatory Landscape Energy Investment Tax Credit FERC 992 FERC 784 FERC 755 Government Body IRS FERC FERC FERC Jurisdiction United States Unites States United States TSOs U.S. wholesale markets Effective Expires 12/31/16 11/22/13 7/18/13 Rules implemented as of Summary 10%-30% tax credit for purchasers of energy storage systems Revises the interconnection Fast Track threshold from 2 MW to 5MW, contingent upon line voltage and/or distance from a substation and amperage; includes energy storage in the definition of small generating facility Similar to FERC 755, but for transmission providers Creates a fast-regulation service in wholesale power markets; fast-regulation resources are compensated for speed and accuracy using a mileage payment Capacity Requirement N/A Market driven N/A Market driven Value 10%-30% tax credit N/A N/A N/A FERC: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission IRS: Internal Revenue Service TSO: Transmission System Operator Sourced by Navigant Consulting

13 Regulatory Landscape SGIP AB 2514 Solar PV+ESS Government Body State of California CPUC KfW Jurisdiction California California Germany Effective As of 2009 Target announced in Summary $1,620/kW for advanced energy storage up to 3MW and behind the meter (independent or tied to distributed generation) 1,325 MW by 2020 for California IOUs, excludes pumped hydro over 50MW; IOUs may shift up to 80% of the requirement between the transmission and distribution systems 2,640 to 3,600 per system; 1.4% interest loan to cover remainder Capacity Requirement N/A 702 MW for transmission, 437MW for distribution systems, 199 MW for behind-the-meter storage PV system is typically 7 kw to 10kW peak, the BESS is typically 4kWh to 8kWh Value $57,892,500 for emerging technologies (including storage) in 2014 N/A 25 million per year Sourced by Navigant Consulting

14 Regulatory Landscape Ontario LTEP Micro-grid Program Capacity Market New Jersey Government Body OPA Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (Connecticut) ERCOT Office of Clean Energy at the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities Jurisdiction Ontario Connecticut Texas New Jersey Effective 2013 onward Effective 7/1/2012 Proposed Proposed Summary A proposed design and outline for an energy storage procurement framework by 1/31/ year resiliency program to build micro-grids - $15 million/year - Round 1 concluded (9 projects) - Round RFP under development - Indirectly supports energy storage Non-binding vote October 2013 made the reserve margin a requirement; specific margin is undetermined Between $5 million and $10 million during the next 4 years for energy storage; up to $2.5 million in the fiscal year 2014 Capacity Requirement Minimum 50MW N/A Undetermined until Texas PUC develops a proposal N/A Value N/A $45,000,000 N/A $2.5 million per year OPA: Ontario Power Authority ERCOT: Electric Reliability Council of Texas Sourced by Navigant Consulting

15 Energy Storage Subsidy Program Germany: New installation of solar PV systems with battery storage Retrofit existing PV installations (after ) with battery storage system Battery system has to be operational for a minimum of 5 years Battery system must be installed on German ground Battery system provider must give a guarantee of minimum 7 years Until Nov. 2013, 1900 home or small companies have used this program Source: NRI (Battery Japan, 2014) 15

16 Energy Storage in the Grid CES: Community Energy Storage 16

17 Value of Energy Storage Note: DESS: Distributed Energy Storage System ISO: Independent System Operators 17

18 Energy Storage Technologies 18

19 Energy Storage System with Psi Batteries 19

20 3U Battery Pack Specification Product Model Minimum Capacity Nominal Capacity Operating Voltage Nominal Voltage Charge Voltage Charge Method Over Charge Protection Warning Over Discharge Protection Warning Maximum Continue Discharge Current Max. Charge Current Cycle Life Operating Temperature Storage Temperature 48V40Ah battery module(2kwh) 36 Ah at 8 A discharge 40 Ah at 8 A discharge 40 V to 56 V 51.2 V 58.4 V Constant current, constant voltage 3.9 V for each cell 2.3 V for each cell 40 A 40 A 2000 cycles with Capacity 32 Ah at 8 A charge/discharge rate. Charge 0 to 45 Discharge -20 to 60 Short Period (less than 1 month) -20 to 45 Long Period (less than 3 months) -20 to 35 Vertical Dimension Weight of pack Initial Internal Impedance 3U ~ 25 kg < 50 mω 20

21 3U Battery Pack Application AC input AC output Bypass mode Battery Solar charger Model Name Normal grid voltage Operation grid range Maximum AC input current Operation frequency range Power factor RBC102N120JP00-R 100 Vac 80~120 Vac 15A 50Hz(60Hz) 2Hz, auto detection > 0.9 at full load Normal output range 100Vac 5% Maximum output power Max. bypass current Battery model Battery capacity Discharge 500W Discharge 1000W Charge time Input voltage (max.) MPPT voltage range MPPT tracker Input power (max.) Output power (max.) 1500VA/1000W 15A, (max. 1500VA) Psi 3U standard 2000Wh/400Wh 3.6hrs/7.2hrs 1.8hrs/3.6hrs 4.6Hrs/9.2hrs 45Vdc 20~40Vdc 1 tracker 270W 2 500W 21

22 Operating Power (KW) AGF AGV Industrial Application AGV/AGF/Forklift/Golf Kart Forklift Golf Kart Electric Pallet Stacker PC Power Station Operating Time (Hours) Medical e-kart 22

23 Energy Storage Application System: 500KVA UPS Industrial Customers UPS Battery System Smart UPS for Industrial and Family Use System: 15K~1000KVA UPS Industrial Customers System: 1K~10KW UPS Customer: Regular Family

24 High Voltage UPS 500KVA System Managed by Central Facility Control System Mod-bus communication protocol Battery Charging Voltage: 410V DC Plant Battery Capacity: 1.1 MWh. Installed in the largest LCD factory in Taiwan since 2010.

25 Energy Storage System for PV Installation Input Output Power Solar panel Battery cell Battery System Jan./2010 1ϕ, 277 VAC ±10%, 60Hz 1ϕ, 277 VAC ±10%, 60Hz 6kw 3.6kw PSI, LiFePO4, 40138, 3.3V/10Ah 52.8V DC/10.6kwh 25

26 16:44:43 17:00:13 17:15:43 17:31:13 17:46:43 18:02:13 18:17:43 18:33:13 18:48:43 19:04:13 19:19:43 19:35:13 19:50:43 20:06:13 20:21:43 20:37:13 20:52:43 21:08:13 21:23:43 21:39:13 21:54:43 22:10:13 22:25:43 22:41:13 22:56:43 23:12:13 14:42:33 14:47:23 14:52:13 14:57:03 15:01:53 15:06:43 15:11:33 15:16:23 15:21:13 15:26:03 15:30:53 15:35:43 15:40:33 15:45:23 15:50:13 15:55:03 15:59:53 16:04:43 16:09:33 16:14:23 16:19:13 16:24:03 16:28:53 16:33:43 16:38:33 16:43:23 Energy Storage System for PV Battery pack data (PV off) The charge efficiency = 9.09/9.90 = 91.8% 放 電 曲 線 放 電 電 池 電 壓 (V) 放 電 電 流 (A) 放 電 功 率 (kw) 放 電 度 數 ( 度 ) D.O.D (%) 0.00 時 間 充 電 充 電 曲 線 電 池 電 壓 (V) 充 電 電 流 (A) 充 電 功 率 (kw) 充 電 度 數 ( 度 ) D.O.C (%) 時 間

27 Energy Storage System for PV Installation Input Output Power Battery cell Battery pack Jul./2010 3ϕ, 380 ~ 460 VAC, 50 / 60Hz 3ϕ, 0 ~ 400 VAC, 0~60Hz/400Hz max. 75kw PSI, LiFePO4, 40138, 3.3V/10Ah 528 VDC/10.6kwh (160S2P) Battery pack: 10 modules

28 Power Management Battery User: Japanese residential Module: 4 KWh (48V) System: 2 modules in parallel System management bus: Mod_bus/RS485 28

29 Cell Design and Performance: (1) Safety (2) Long cycle life: over 2K cycles (3) Cell design for remanufacturing easily and operation 30 years (4) Green material for all parts of cell. Single Cell EV/E- Bus Emergency Light Energy Storage/ UPS Pack Unit Mounted and dismounted friendly SOH<60-70% SOH<20% Car Start Up SOH<30-40% Renovation Remanufacturing Easily and friendly

30 PSI LiFePO 4 Characteristics & Advantages Safety & Environment: Free of lead and sulfuric acid pollution. Free of Li-Co and Li-Mn unsafe characteristics. Cycle Life & Durability Projected cycle life of PSI battery > 10~20 years. Tolerant of high operating temperature and LiFePO 4 battery cell achieves optimal performance at 35ºC. High C-rate Charge / Discharge: LiFePO 4 offers impressive high-rate charge and discharge performance; such characteristic makes it ideal for UPS applications Portability: 66% lighter than lead-acid given identical capacity. Thus, requiring less peripheral support and is much more portable. Compatibility & Maintenance: More compatible with existing lead-acid charger provided with the same charging voltage.

31 Thank you!!