Economic Empowerment of Women in Japan

Transcription

1 4th Global Forum on Gender Statistics Economic Empowerment of Women in Japan 27 th March,2012 Shizuka TAKAMURA, Counsellor for Gender Equality Analysis Gender Equality Bureau Cabinet Office, Japan

2 Contents 0.The statistical system of Japan 1.The Strategy for Rebirth of Japan 2.Big Potential of Women 3.Issues 4.The way ahead 1

3 0.. The statistical system of Japan The statistical system of Japan The statistical system of Japanese government is decentralized Major Statistical Surveys in Japan Statistics Ministry Sex-segregated data Population Census Economic Census Family Income and Expenditure Survey Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities Labour Force Survey Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions Longitudinal Survey of Adults in 21st Century Basic Survey on Wage Structure Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Japan's Education at a Glance Survey on Full Time Equivalent (FTE) data for Research Staff members in Higher Education Organization Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Survey on Violence Between Men and Women Cabinet Office 2

4 1.. The Strategy for Rebirth of Japan - Overcoming crises and embarking on new frontiers Background December 22, 2011 Declining population Aging society Delayed transformation of the industrial structure Deflation since the mid-1990s Great East Japan Earthquake Nuclear power station accident Appreciating \ Global financial market instability Strategies 1. Rebirth efforts following the earthquake and nuclear incident 2. Achieving both economic growth and fiscal health 3. Three frontiers: Economic frontier, Social frontier, International frontier 4. Exploring new frontiers Realizing growth by exploring new frontiers Women will be in the front line as the greatest potential to move Japan forwards 3

5 - Third Basic Plan for Gender Equality Highlights December 17,2010 Creation of new priority fields (Total number of priority fields:15) Setting 82 performance objectives Promotion of efforts aimed at increasing the share of women in leadership positions to at least 30% by 2020 in all social fields Specialist committee on Basic Issues and Gender Impact Assessment and Evaluation Reported : Women Women s s potential as the critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan, (February, 2012) 4

6 2 Big potential of women Gender Gap Index (2011) Health and Survival Cc (1/135) (100/135) Cc Economic Participation and Opportunity Education Attainment Cc (80/135) Sample average Japan (98/135) Iceland (1/135) Political Empowerment Cc (101/135) Source: The Global Gender Gap Report 2011 World Economic Forum 5

7 Demographic Changes in Japan Year 2012 (127,498 thousand people) Percentage of aged population (Aged 65 years or above) : 24.2% Women Men Year 2060 (86,787thousand people) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2, ~ 100~104 95~99 90~94 85~89 80~85 75~79 70~74 65~69 60~64 55~59 50~54 45~49 40~45 35~39 30~34 25~29 20~24 15~19 10~14 5~9 0~4 1,000 0 Source: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, 2012 Percentage of aged population (Aged 65 years or above) : 39.9% 6

8 Increase and decrease in the number of male and female employees in each industry (Year 2002Year 2010) (million people) Men Women 男 性 女 性 Construction industry 建 設 業 0.99million (-99 万 people 人 ) All industries 全 産 業 1.32million (132 万 人 people ) Manufacturing industry 製 造 業 ( million 万 人 people ) 医 Medical 療 福 and 祉 welfare (180 万 人 ) industry 1.8million people Source: Labour Force Survey Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications 7

9 Women s s Huge potential Women who are willing to work but are not included in the labor force Potential labor participation rate (left axis) Labor participation rate (left axis) Ratio of self-employed (right axis) 3.4million women, non-labor-force but willing to work, could boost the Japanese GDP by 1.5%. Source: Labour Force Survey Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications 8

10 Female/male Total wage ratio Female/male total wage ratio: Japan Around 37% Female/male employed workers ratio: Female/male Working hour ratio: = Around 71% Around 76% Female/male Wage ratio: Around 68% Source: Women s potential as the critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan, Special Committee on Basic Policies and Gender Impact Assessment, Council for Gender Equality,

11 Female/male ratio of legislators, senior officials and managers Source: OECD 10

12 Female Labor Participation Rates and GDP per Working Hour GDP per hour worked(us$) Female labour participation rate (%) Source: OECD 11

13 Women are decision makers in their households Who is the decision maker in the household? Percentage of women involved in a decision in their households decision t he proposion of saving and consumpt ion husband, 24.0 couple, 30.1 wife, 44.8 purchase consumer durable goods purchase daily goods (%) husband couple wife another persons all family members else Source: A survey on concerns bout the saving and consumption Cabinet office, Japan (2010) N=6,432 (married males=3,023 married females=3,409) 12

14 Women entrepreneurs tend to create jobs for women Newly organized individual proprietorship entities(*) managed by male percentage of female engaging to the entities is 49.5% Newly organized individual proprietorship entities(*) managed by female percentage of female engaging to the entities is 89.1% proprietors (male) full time employees (male) temporary employees (male) family workers (female) non regular staff, part timers (female) family workers (male) non regular staff, part timers (male) proprietors (female) full time employees (female) temporary employees (female) Source: Establishment and Enterprise Census 2006 and Economic Census for Business Frame 2009 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. * Cabinet Office analyzed situation using individual data. (*) Newly-organized entities refer to entities founded after the Establishment and Enterprise Census 2006, among those which actually existed as the day when the Economic Census for Business Frame 2009 was conducted. 13

15 3.. Issues (1)Imbalance between Work & Life, Disparities between Women & Men, Time spent for paid and unpaid work according to sex and age ( Minutes ) Women ~84 75~79 70~74 65~69 60~64 55~59 50~54 45~49 40~44 35~39 30~34 (published 25~29 by National Police Agency 20~24 ) 15~19 (Age) Men Paid work Unpaid work ( Minutes) Source: Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities 2006 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. 14

16 Labor force participation rates by sex % [Female] % [Male] Regular staffs Part-time workers/ temporary workers Dispatched workers/ entrusted employees/others Source: Note 1: Note 2: Employment Status Survey 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Employees excluding executives of companies or corporations Regular staffs are officers and employees; and dispatched workers/entrusted employees/others are dispatched workers from temporary labor agencies, contract employees, entrusted employees, and others. 15

17 Employed workers annual income according to sex 女 Women 性 -25% 20% - 15% - -10% -5% 0% 15~ 1500 万 円 以 上 10~ ~1499 万 円 9~10 900~999 万 円 8~9 800~899 万 円 700~799 7~8 万 円 600~699 6~7 万 円 500~599 5~6 万 円 400~499 4~5 万 円 300~399 3~4 万 円 2.5~3 250~299 万 円 2~ ~249 万 円 1.5~2 150~199 万 円 1~ ~149 万 円 0.5~1 50~99 万 円 ~ 万 円 未 満 ( million Yen ) 男 Men 性 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Source: Employment Status Survey 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. 16

18 The relative poverty rate of women & men according to age 30% (Rrekatuve poverty rate, M50) 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% Male Female 0% Source: Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions 2010 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. *Abe, Aya calculated the relative poverty rate using the individual data. 17

19 (2)Condition and Mind Set Childcare availability and maternal employment rates Source: OECD 18

20 Fathers annual income and motherly labor participation rates Motherly labor participation rate (%) 母 親 の 就 業 率 ~2 200 万 円 父 親 の 年 収 Million 未 満 Yen 200~ 2~4 399 Million 万 円 Yen 1984 年 1994 年 2004 年 400~ 599 万 円 600~ 800~ 4~6 6~8 8~10 Million 799 Million 万 円 999 Million 万 円 Yen Yen Yen (published by National Police Agency ) Fathers annual income 1000 万 10~ 円 以 上 Million Yen Source: Women s potential as a critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan, Special Committee on Basic Policies and Gender Impact Assessment, Council for Gender Equality,

21 OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) & Proportion of females awarded tertiary degrees PISA mean scores in mathematics (2009) 女 性 男 子 women men Chile Mexico Turkey Israel Greece Spain Italy United States Luxembourg Portugal United Kingdom Ireland Hungary Austria France Czech Republic OECD Average Poland Sweden Slovak Republic Norway Denmark Slovenia Belgium Iceland Germany Estonia Australia New Zealand Netherlands Canada Switzerland Japan Finland Korea PISA mean scores in science (2009) 女 子 男 子 women men Mexico Chile Israel Turkey Greece Luxembourg Spain Italy Austria Slovak Republic Denmark United States Portugal Iceland Sweden France OECD Average Norway Hungary Czech Republic Belgium United Kingdom Ireland Poland Switzerland Germany Slovenia Netherlands Canada Estonia Australia New Zealand Korea Japan Finland Proportion of females awarded tertiary degrees in engineering, manufacturing and construction (2008) Japan Netherlands Switzerland Ireland United States Finland Korea Germany United Kingdom Austria Hungary Canada Australia Norway Czech Republic OECD average Turkey Chile Belgium France Mexico Portugal New Zealand Sweden Denmark Iceland Italy Spain Slovak Republic Poland Greece Source: OECD 20

22 (3)Education and Capacity Building Enrollment ratio for the tertiary education フィンランド Finland 米 国 USA デンマーク Denmark Norway ノルウェー Sweden スウェーデン Australia オーストラリア Italy イタリア South Korea 韓 国 United Kingdom 英 国 Netherland オランダ France フランス Japan 日 本 女 Women 性 男 Men 性 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2008) 21

23 Ratio of fulltime workers aged excluding students Men Women University graduates Junior college graduates High school graduates Junior high graduates Source: Employment Status Survey 2007,2002,1997, 1992 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. 22

24 The relative poverty rate of women & men according to age and educational background (%) Junior high graduates (Female) High school graduates (Female) University graduates (Female) 20 Junior high graduater (Male) High school graduaters (Male) 10 University graduaters (Male) (Age) Source: Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions 2010 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. *Abe, Aya calculated the relative poverty rate using the individual data. 23

25 How do Fulltime female workers who would like to be in the leadership position feel? Other female managers at one's side Availability of peer network and mentors, whom one could consult with Opportunities to build one's capacity and experiences Networks, role models and mentors It doesn't apply to me It applies to me Opporttunities for raise, promotion and reasignment Opportunities to present one's ideas and projects Institutional mindsets Having a feeling like "People in the workplace rely on me and they have high hopes for me." Availability of systems for balancing work and life, such as child care leave Social backgrounds Source: Women s potential as the critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan, Special Committee on Basic Policies and Gender Impact Assessment, Council for Gender Equality,

26 Difficulties in starting businesses Source: Women s potential as the critical key to restoring a vibrant Japan, Special Committee on Basic Policies and Gender Impact Assessment, Council for Gender Equality,

27 4. The way ahead Deepen public understanding of the favorable effects of gender diversity initiatives on economic growth Identify and disseminate the evidence based on gender statistics Identify and disseminate the good practices Collaborate with international movements to pursuing policies Take a proactive approach to increase the existence and representation of women, especially in decision making positions Promote the measures to require participation of women Promote the efforts to diminish the wage gap and promotion gap between women and men in companies Provide easy-to-access funding to female entrepreneurs Disseminate the importance of women s education and training Move forward with Comprehensive Reform of Social Security and Taxation Introduce Comprehensive New System for Children and Child-rearing to provide sufficient childcare facilities Revise the taxation which restrict female incentive for work26