co9i(r,e<mrrs LIST OF FIGURES 1. INTRODUCTION 1
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1 co9i(r,e<mrrs.i \ ;,. _ V\f LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ' ^4==" I II 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. LITERATURE SURVEY Historical Perspectives Emulsion liquid membrane separation process Transport mechanisms into emulsion liquid membranes Essential features of emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs) Membrane materials Surfactants Emulsion preparation Emulsion stability Emulsion dispersion techniques Emulsion globule size and its prediction Emulsion swelling Membrane Leakage Eemulsification Type I facilitated transport Enaction of phenol Enaction of phenol derivatives and other weak ocids Enaction of weak bases Eiomedical applications of emulsion liquid membranes Commercial applications of Type I Transport Type II facilitated transport Lcidic carriers Chelating carriers Organic acid carriers 52
2 2.6.2 Bask, carriers Ngutralor solvating carriers Copper enaction using emulsion liquid membranes Metal extraction using emulsion liquid membranes Biochemical and other applications Summary EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES Materials and reagents Emulsion liquid membrane formulation methodology Emulsion characterization Experimental setup and extraction methodology Analytical measurements AnciUavy parametric measurements RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: EXTRACTION OF PHENOLS Introduction Characterization of extracting emulsions Internaldropsize distribution of W/0 emulsions Specific gravity of emulsions Rheologicalproperties of emulsions Effect of < > on r\ Effect of C,0 on q Inte facial tension Dispersion behavior of emulsions Effect of stirring speed Effect of internalphase volumefraction^ Effect of internal phase reagent concentration on dispersion Characteristics Effect of Ereat ratio Prediction ofgtobule size 119
3 4.4 Distribution coefficients and effective diffusivities distribution coefficients ofphenols Between kerosene and water Prediction of effective diffusivities Extraction of phenol "Effect of stirring speed Effect of internal phase volume fraction ( ) Effect of surfactant concentration Effect of internal phase reagent concentration Effect of Treat ratio Effect of initial phenol concentration Extraction of phenol at constant molar ratio M Effect of treat ratio at constant molar ratio J.2 Effect of initial phenol concentration at constant molar ratio Effect of temperature Effect of membrane material Effect of delayed addition of solute Extraction of o-cresol Effect of stirring speed Effect of internal phase volume fraction ( ) Effect of surfactant concentration Effect of internal phase reagent concentration Effect of Treat ratio Effect of initial o-cresol concentration Effect of temperature fffect of membrane material Extraction using acrylate emulsifier Extraction of p-cresol Effect of internalphase volume fraction (irf) Effect of internal phase reagent concentration Effect of Treat ratio Effect of initial p-cresol concentration 178
4 4.8 Extraction of 2-chlorophenoI "Effect of internalphase volumefraction (G) Effect of intemacpfiase reagent concentration J Effect of Treat ratio Effect of initial2-cfuorophenolconcentration Features of emulsion swelling and breakage Swelling of emulsions EmuCsion breakage /leakage Some aspects of emulsion stability An integral view of separation of phenols Effect of (j) on extraction of phenols at'm= Effect of Treat ratio on extraction of phenols atm= Effect of Cm on extraction of phenols atm=2 200 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: EXTRACTION OF COPPER AND NICKEL Introduction Chemistiy of metal extractions Characterization of extracting emulsions Internaldropsize distribution of water in oil emulsion Rheological properties of extracting emulsions Dispersion behavior of emulsions Extraction of copper using ELMs Effect of stirring speed Effect of Cw Effect of surfactant concentration Effect of internalphase volume fraction^ Effect of carrier concentration Effect of Treat ratio Effect ofpm of externalphase on extraction 229
5 5.6 Extraction of copper and nickel from ammoniacal media using ELNs 234 $.6.1 Effect of extraction of nickel from ammoniacal media 23$ 5.62 Extraction of copper and nickel from ammoniacal media Features of emulsion swelling and breakage Summaty TRANSPORT OF SOLUTES INTO EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANES: MODELING AND SIMULATION The advancing front model (Prediction of extraction profile using the advancing front model The reversible reaction model Trediction of extraction profiles using the reversible reaction model Summary SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Characterization of ELMs Extraction of phenols Extraction of copper and nickel Scope for future work 269 NOMENCLATURE 270 REFERENCES 272 APPENDICES Appendix A 28j Appendix B 288 Appendix C 298 Appendix D 307 Appendix E 311 Appendix F 314
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