Design and Implementation of Speech Recognition System Based on Field Programmable Gate Array
|
|
- Rosaline Suzanna Marshall
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Vol. 3, No. 8 Modern Appled Scence Desgn and Implemenaon of Speech Recognon Sysem Based on Feld Programmable Gae Array Haao Zhou Informaon and Communcaon Deparmen Tann Polyechnc Unversy Tann 30060, Chna E-mal: zhouann@26.com Xaoun Han Informaon and Communcaon Deparmen Tann Polyechnc Unversy Tann 30060, Chna The research s fnanced by Appled Program of Basc Research of Tann (08JCYBJC4700) Absrac In hs paper, a Hdden Markov Model (HMM) speech recognon sysem whch s based on Feld Programmable Gae Array (FPGA) s desgned. I nroduces he prncple of speech recognon algorhm and deduces he hardware frameworks accordngly. In erms of HMM recognon module, he convenonal Verb algorhm has been mproved and recognon speed has been ncreased. The core par of he hardware s EP2S60F020C3 FPGA chp. The expermenal resul of hs sysem shows ha he speech recognon accuracy reaches 94% when en numbers are beng recognzed, and he average recognon me s 0.669s. Keywords: Feld Programmable Gae Array, Hdden Markov Model, Speech Recognon, Verb Algorhm. Inroducon As a new convenen means of human-machne neracon, speech recognon s wdely appled o many porable embed speech producs. The ulmae am of speech recognon s o make machne undersand naural language. I s of grea sgnfcance no only n praccal applcaon bu scenfc research. The research on speech recognon echnology manly concenraes on wo aspecs. One s he sofware runnng on compuer, he oher s embedded sysems. The advanages of Embedded sysems are hgh-performance, convenence, cheap and hey have huge poenal for developmen. FPGA has advanages of shor developmen cycle, low-cos desgn and low-rsk. In recen years, FPGA has become he key componens n hgh-performance dgal sgnal processng sysems n dgal communcaon, nework, vdeo and mage felds. In hs paper, he desgn was mplemened on an EP2S60F020C3 FPGA, sng on srax II developmen board. 2. Speech Recognon Bascs Fg. shows he speech recognon algorhm flow. A ypcal speech recognon sysem sars wh he Mel Frequency Cepsrum Coeffcen (MFCC) feaure analyss sage, whch s composed of he followng ems: ) Pre-emphass. 2) Dvde he speech sgnal no frames. 3) Apply he hammng wndow. 4) Compue he MFCC feaure. The second sage s vecor quanzaon sage. In hs sage, codebook s used o quanze he MFCC feaure and ge MFCC feaure vecor. The codebook s generaed on compue va LBG arhmec, and s downloaded o ROM. The las sage s recognon, whch s performed by usng a se of sascal models.e. hdden Markov models (HMM). In hs sage, he probably 06
2 Modern Appled Scence Augus, 2009 of MFCC feaure vecor has been generaed by each model and he resul s he model whch generaed he larges probably. 2. MFCC Feaure analyss Fgure 2 shows he process of creang MFCC feaures. The frs sep s o be aken he Dscree Fourer Transform (DFT) of each frame. Ceran amoun of 0s are added o he end of Tme-doman sgnal s(n) of each frame, n order o form he sequence of N-lengh. And hen he DFT of each frame s aken o ge he lnear specrum X (k). In he second sep, lnear specrum X (k) s mulpled by he Mel frequency fler banks and convered o Mel specrum. Mel frequency fler banks are several band pass flers H m (k), and each band pass fler s defned as follows: 0 ( k < f ( m )) k f ( m ) ( f ( m ) k f ( m)) f ( m) f ( m ) H m ( k) = (0 m < M ) f ( m + ) k ( f ( m) k f ( m _)) f ( m + ) f ( m) 0 ( k > f ( m + )) Where 0 m < M, M s he number of he band pass flers, and f (m) s he cenral frequency. The hrd sep s o be aken he logarhm of Mel specrum o ge logarhmc specrum S (m). Thus, he ransfer funcon from lnear specrum X (k) o logarhmc specrum S(m) s N 2 S( m) = ln X ( k) H m ( k) (0 m < M ) (2) k = 0 In he las sep, logarhmc specrum S(m) s ransformed no cepsrum frequency by Dscree cosne Transform (DCT)n order o yeld MFCC feaure. 2.2 Vecor Quanzaon In hs paper, due o he dscree hdden markov model s used, s necessary o ransform connuous MFCC feaure whch has been yelded no dscree MFCC feaure. K Vecor quanzaon s o map one K dmensonal vecor X X ~ R o anoher K dmensonal quanze vecor ~ K Y Y = { Y, Y, L Y Y R }, n where X s npu vecor, Y s quanze vecor or codeword, X ~ s source space, N 2 Y ~ s oupu space, N s he sze of codebook, and N N K R s K dmensonal Eucldean space. The process of quanzng vecor X s o search a codeword whch s he neares one from he vecor X n codebooky ~ N. In hs paper, square dsoron measure s appled o calculae dsoron, whch s defned as 2 = X (3) d( X, Y ) Y 2.3 HMM Recognon The role of HMM Recognon s o fnd ou he maxmum probably of he HMM whch has generaed he feaure vecor, accordng o he gven feaure vecor. In hs paper, verb algorhm s used o solve he problem, and an mproved algorhm s proposed based on he orgnal algorhm. The gven HMM parameers λ = { π, A, B} ( π = { π }, A = { a}, B = { b k }), and he observaon sequenceo = O, O2, L, O, n where N s he number of HMM saes, T ( ) s he hghes probably along wh a sngle pah, a me, whch accouns for he frs observaons and ends n sae, ϕ ( ) s he HMM sae a me. The dealed algorhm s defned as follow: ) Inalzaon ( ) = π b ( O ) ϕ ( ) = 0 ( N) 2) Recurson ) [max{ ( ) a }] b ( O ) ( N) ( = + ϕ ) = arg max{ ( ) a } ( N) (5) ( 3) Termnaon () (4) 07
3 Vol. 3, No. 8 Modern Appled Scence P = max[ ( )] ( N) 08 T q = argmax[ ( )] (6) 4) Pah backrackng T q = ϕ + ( q+ ) ( T ) (7) 5) Algorhm mprovng In pracce, π, A and B are decmal fracons beween 0 and. I s no conducve for FPGA o mplemen decmal fracon operaon, because decmal fracon mulplcaon may cause he problem of gross underflow when T s larger han a hreshold. So s mporan o ake he logarhm of π, A and B before operaon. When π, A and B are ransformed o logarhmc probably π, A and B, floang pon numbers mulply operaon s ransformed o neger addon operaon. In addon, consderng akng ou he sgn b before operaon, (4) and (5) should be changed o ( ) = π b ( O ) ( N) (8) ϕ ( ) = 0 ) [mn{ ( ) + a }] b ( O ) ( N) ( = + + ϕ ( ) arg mn{ ( ) + a } ( N) (9) = Thus (8) and (9) are mproved algorhm expresson. 3. Desgn of Speech recognon hardware 3. Desgn of MFCC module hardware As shown n Fg.3, MFCC module s conssed of DFT module, Mel fler banks, endpon deecon module, logarhm operaon module, DCT module, oupu conrol module and conrol module. Speech sgnal s sampled a a sample rae of 8 k. Each speech frame s composed of b sample pons. Daa wll be sen o he Mel fler bank under he conrol of he conrol elemen, and he resul afer calculaon wll be old o conrol elemen. The oupu of he Mel fler bank wll be expored o logarhm compuaon un and DCT module o calculae he MFCC parameer. Meanwhle, he pon deecon wll be execued: conrol elemen deermne wheher pu ou he MFCC parameer accordng o he oupu of speech endpon module. Daa ge hrough he module n a ppelne mode, whch enhance he sysem processng speed. 3.2 Desgn of Vecor quanzaon module hardware Vecor quanzaon module hardware s desgned as Fg.4. The order number s sored n couner. The ndex of codebook s sored n couner2. The ndex of he neares codebook s sored n regser2. The value of he dsance beween ROM (codebook) and RAM (MFCC) s sored n address module. The work flow s shown as follows: ) Under he conrol of he conroller, couner sars counng. The MFCC of each frame and codebook are read, subraced, and send o accumulaor. 2) To compare he value of regser2 and he oupu of accumulaor: f he oupu of accumulaor s larger han he value of regser2, he conroller sops he compue of curren codebook and ends o nex codebook. Couner and accumulaor are cleared. The value of couner2 plus. 3) If he oupu of accumulaor s less han he value of regser2 when he value of couner s 2. The oupu of accumulaor s sored n couner 2. The curren value of couner 2 s sored n regser. The ndex of he neares codebook and he ndex of codebook are renewed. Couner and accumulaor are cleared. The value of couner2 plus. 4) To repea above process, unl he value of couner 2 s 256. Then he vecor quanzaon of a speech frame s accomplshed. 3.3 Desgn of HMM recognon module hardware A 4 sae lef-o-rgh HMM whou skppng s adoped n hs paper. The desgn of HMM recognon module hardware s shown n Fg.5. FSM s he conroller of sae machne. The observaon sequence s sored n RAM O. The value of nal probably s sored n RAM P. Sae ranson probably A s sored n RAM A. Oupu probably B s sored n RAM B. The address of RAM A and REM B are generaed from GENaddrA and GENaddrB respecvely. CurrenMn s used for preservng he smalles probably of he recognon model unl he curren model, CounerIndex s used for savng he model label of he smalles
4 Modern Appled Scence Augus, 2009 probably, The key pon of he Verb algorhm s seekng ( ) va ype (9), as a resul, he PE un has been desgned for calculang ( ) n hs paper. As shown n Fgure 6, PE un s conssed of hree adders and wo daa selecors. Frs, o calculae he value of ( ) + a and, ( ) + a. Second, o choose he smalles value hrough daa selecor,, and add a value of b ( O ) on o ge ( ). In he nal sae, f =, only needs o compare he value of ( ) + a and, π, and o ake he smaller value as he smalles value. 4. Implemenaon and Resuls I was acheved he enre voce ranng and he recognon process by usng Srax II EP2S60 DSP developmen board as he hardware plaform of Voce processng module. Fg.7 s he RTL vew. Acqure he voce sgnal hrough he mcrophones and PC-n ape recorder. The sample rae was 025KHz, and he sample precson was 6bs. Gan 50 samples for each mandarn dg from o 0 as he expermen subecs. The expermenal resuls were shown n able. The average recognon accuracy of speaker-ndependen mandarn dgs reaches 94% and he average recognon me s 0.669s n hs sysem, whch acheves he recognon rae and real-me requremens. 5. Conclusons In hs paper, a FPGA-based Hdden Markov Model speech recognon sysem was desgned. I complees he acquson of voce by mcrophone and PC-n ape recorder and he generaon of code book and ranng daa. In he sysem, calculae he MFCC feaure vecor was calculaed, quanzed and recognzed by Verb algorhms. In he HMM recognon, he radonal Verb algorhm was mproved o enhance he recognon speed, whch was able o mee he needs for real-me voce recognon sysems and he requremens of he recognon accuracy. References Alera Corporaon. (2006). Nos II Processor Reference Handbook, -. Alera Corporaon. (2006). Nos II Sofware Developer s Handbook, 4-. Bok-Gue Park, Koon-shk Cho, & Jun-Dong Cho. (2002). Low power VLSI archecure of verb scorer for HMM-based solaed word recognon. Inernaonal Symposum on Qualy Elecronc Desgn, Elmsery, F, A, Khall, A, H, Salama, A, E, & Hammed, H, E. (2003). A FPGA-Based HMM for a dscree Arabc speech recognon sysem. Proceedngs of he 5h Inernaonal Conference on 9-0 Dec, Lawrence, R, Rabner. (989). A Tuoral on Hdden Markov Models and Seleced Applcaons n Speech Recognon. Proceedngs of he IEEE, VOL.77, NO 2, February. Lawrence, Rabner, & Bng-Hwang, Juang. (999). Fundamenals of speech recognon. Beng: Prence-Hall Inernaonal, Inc. Melnkoff, S, J, Qugley, S, F, & Russell, M, J. (2002). Implemenng a smple connuous speech recognon sysem on an FPGA. Feld-Programmable Cusom Compung Machnes, Proceedngs.0h annual IEEE Symposum, Nedevsch, S, Para, R, K, & Brewer, E, A. (2005) Hardware speech recognon for user nerfaces n low cos, low power devces.desgn, Auomaon Conference. Proceedngs. 42nd3-7 June, Yoshzawa, S, Mynamaga, Y, & Wada, N. (2002). A low-power VLSI desgn of an HMM based speech recognon sysem. Crcu sand Sysems. Mdwes Symposum on Volume 2, II-489-II Table. Expermen resul Number Correc rae (%) Tme ( μ s )
5 Vol. 3, No. 8 Modern Appled Scence Fgure. Speech recognon algorhm flow s (n) X (k) s (m) c(n) Fgure 2. MFCC Feaure analyss algorhm flow Fgure 3. MFCC feaure analyss hardware srucure Conroller Couner Couner2 Regser GEN addr ROM (codebook) RAM (MFCC) SUB MUL Regser2 ACCU MIN? Fgure 4. Vecor quanzaon hardware srucure 0
6 Modern Appled Scence Augus, 2009 FSM Frame Couner Nodel Couner Sae Couner Couner ndex RAM O GEN addrb GEN addra Curren Mn RAM P RAM A RAM B Buffer PE PE2 PE3 PE4 MIN? Fgure 5. HMM recognon hardware srucure ( ) ( ) a, π b ( O ) MUX MUX ( ) a, Fgure 6. processng elemen Fgure 7. RTL vew
HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM IN A TWO-LAYERED HOLLOW CYLINDER BY USING THE GREEN S FUNCTION METHOD
Journal of Appled Mahemacs and Compuaonal Mechancs 3, (), 45-5 HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM IN A TWO-LAYERED HOLLOW CYLINDER BY USING THE GREEN S FUNCTION METHOD Sansław Kukla, Urszula Sedlecka Insue of Mahemacs,
More informationThe Virtual Machine Resource Allocation based on Service Features in Cloud Computing Environment
Send Orders for Reprns o reprns@benhamscence.ae The Open Cybernecs & Sysemcs Journal, 2015, 9, 639-647 639 Open Access The Vrual Machne Resource Allocaon based on Servce Feaures n Cloud Compung Envronmen
More information12/7/2011. Procedures to be Covered. Time Series Analysis Using Statgraphics Centurion. Time Series Analysis. Example #1 U.S.
Tme Seres Analyss Usng Sagraphcs Cenuron Nel W. Polhemus, CTO, SaPon Technologes, Inc. Procedures o be Covered Descrpve Mehods (me sequence plos, auocorrelaon funcons, perodograms) Smoohng Seasonal Decomposon
More informationUsing Cellular Automata for Improving KNN Based Spam Filtering
The Inernaonal Arab Journal of Informaon Technology, Vol. 11, No. 4, July 2014 345 Usng Cellular Auomaa for Improvng NN Based Spam Flerng Faha Bargou, Bouzane Beldjlal, and Baghdad Aman Compuer Scence
More informationLecture 40 Induction. Review Inductors Self-induction RL circuits Energy stored in a Magnetic Field
ecure 4 nducon evew nducors Self-nducon crcus nergy sored n a Magnec Feld 1 evew nducon end nergy Transfers mf Bv Mechancal energy ransform n elecrc and hen n hermal energy P Fv B v evew eformulaon of
More informationA Hybrid AANN-KPCA Approach to Sensor Data Validation
Proceedngs of he 7h WSEAS Inernaonal Conference on Appled Informacs and Communcaons, Ahens, Greece, Augus 4-6, 7 85 A Hybrd AANN-KPCA Approach o Sensor Daa Valdaon REZA SHARIFI, REZA LANGARI Deparmen of
More informationLinear Extension Cube Attack on Stream Ciphers Abstract: Keywords: 1. Introduction
Lnear Exenson Cube Aack on Sream Cphers Lren Dng Yongjuan Wang Zhufeng L (Language Engneerng Deparmen, Luo yang Unversy for Foregn Language, Luo yang cy, He nan Provnce, 47003, P. R. Chna) Absrac: Basng
More informationPARTICLE FILTER BASED VEHICLE TRACKING APPROACH WITH IMPROVED RESAMPLING STAGE
ISS: 0976-910(OLIE) ICTACT JOURAL O IMAGE AD VIDEO PROCESSIG, FEBRUARY 014, VOLUME: 04, ISSUE: 03 PARTICLE FILTER BASED VEHICLE TRACKIG APPROACH WITH IMPROVED RESAMPLIG STAGE We Leong Khong 1, We Yeang
More informationHow To Calculate Backup From A Backup From An Oal To A Daa
6 IJCSNS Inernaonal Journal of Compuer Scence and Nework Secury, VOL.4 No.7, July 04 Mahemacal Model of Daa Backup and Recovery Karel Burda The Faculy of Elecrcal Engneerng and Communcaon Brno Unversy
More informationAnalyzing Energy Use with Decomposition Methods
nalyzng nergy Use wh Decomposon Mehods eve HNN nergy Technology Polcy Dvson eve.henen@ea.org nergy Tranng Week Pars 1 h prl 213 OCD/ 213 Dscusson nergy consumpon and energy effcency? How can energy consumpon
More informationRevision: June 12, 2010 215 E Main Suite D Pullman, WA 99163 (509) 334 6306 Voice and Fax
.3: Inucors Reson: June, 5 E Man Sue D Pullman, WA 9963 59 334 636 Voce an Fax Oerew We connue our suy of energy sorage elemens wh a scusson of nucors. Inucors, lke ressors an capacors, are passe wo-ermnal
More informationMethodology of the CBOE S&P 500 PutWrite Index (PUT SM ) (with supplemental information regarding the CBOE S&P 500 PutWrite T-W Index (PWT SM ))
ehodology of he CBOE S&P 500 PuWre Index (PUT S ) (wh supplemenal nformaon regardng he CBOE S&P 500 PuWre T-W Index (PWT S )) The CBOE S&P 500 PuWre Index (cker symbol PUT ) racks he value of a passve
More informationCapacity Planning. Operations Planning
Operaons Plannng Capacy Plannng Sales and Operaons Plannng Forecasng Capacy plannng Invenory opmzaon How much capacy assgned o each producon un? Realsc capacy esmaes Sraegc level Moderaely long me horzon
More informationGenetic Algorithm with Range Selection Mechanism for Dynamic Multiservice Load Balancing in Cloud-Based Multimedia System
ISSN : 2347-8446 (Onlne) Inernaonal Journal of Advanced Research n Genec Algorhm wh Range Selecon Mechansm for Dynamc Mulservce Load Balancng n Cloud-Based Mulmeda Sysem I Mchael Sadgun Rao Kona, II K.Purushoama
More informationThe Prediction Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Logic Using Time Series Data Mining Method
The Predcon Algorhm Based on Fuzzy Logc Usng Tme Seres Daa Mnng Mehod I Aydn, M Karakose, and E Akn Asrac Predcon of an even a a me seres s que mporan for engneerng and economy prolems Tme seres daa mnng
More informationA Hybrid Method for Forecasting Stock Market Trend Using Soft-Thresholding De-noise Model and SVM
A Hybrd Mehod for Forecasng Sock Marke Trend Usng Sof-Thresholdng De-nose Model and SVM Xueshen Su, Qnghua Hu, Daren Yu, Zongxa Xe, and Zhongyng Q Harbn Insue of Technology, Harbn 150001, Chna Suxueshen@Gmal.com
More informationPedro M. Castro Iiro Harjunkoski Ignacio E. Grossmann. Lisbon, Portugal Ladenburg, Germany Pittsburgh, USA
Pedro M. Casro Iro Harjunkosk Ignaco E. Grossmann Lsbon Porugal Ladenburg Germany Psburgh USA 1 Process operaons are ofen subjec o energy consrans Heang and coolng ules elecrcal power Avalably Prce Challengng
More informationPerfCenter: A Methodology and Tool for Performance Analysis of Application Hosting Centers
PerfCener: A Mehodology and Tool for Performance Analyss of Applcaon Hosng Ceners Rukma P. Verlekar, Varsha Ape, Prakhar Goyal, Bhavsh Aggarwal Dep. of Compuer Scence and Engneerng Indan Insue of Technology
More informationAPPLICATION OF CHAOS THEORY TO ANALYSIS OF COMPUTER NETWORK TRAFFIC Liudvikas Kaklauskas, Leonidas Sakalauskas
The XIII Inernaonal Conference Appled Sochasc Models and Daa Analyss (ASMDA-2009) June 30-July 3 2009 Vlnus LITHUANIA ISBN 978-9955-28-463-5 L. Sakalauskas C. Skadas and E. K. Zavadskas (Eds.): ASMDA-2009
More informationSpline. Computer Graphics. B-splines. B-Splines (for basis splines) Generating a curve. Basis Functions. Lecture 14 Curves and Surfaces II
Lecure 4 Curves and Surfaces II Splne A long flexble srps of meal used by drafspersons o lay ou he surfaces of arplanes, cars and shps Ducks weghs aached o he splnes were used o pull he splne n dfferen
More informationMODEL-BASED APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFUSION PROCESSES VIA DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF ACTUATED SENSOR NETWORKS
MODEL-BASED APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFUSION PROCESSES IA DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF ACTUATED SENSOR NETWORKS Kevn L. Moore and YangQuan Chen Cener for Self-Organzng and Inellgen Sysems Uah Sae Unversy
More informationMORE ON TVM, "SIX FUNCTIONS OF A DOLLAR", FINANCIAL MECHANICS. Copyright 2004, S. Malpezzi
MORE ON VM, "SIX FUNCIONS OF A DOLLAR", FINANCIAL MECHANICS Copyrgh 2004, S. Malpezz I wan everyone o be very clear on boh he "rees" (our basc fnancal funcons) and he "fores" (he dea of he cash flow model).
More informationAnomaly Detection in Network Traffic Using Selected Methods of Time Series Analysis
I. J. Compuer Nework and Informaon Secury, 2015, 9, 10-18 Publshed Onlne Augus 2015 n MECS (hp://www.mecs-press.org/) DOI: 10.5815/jcns.2015.09.02 Anomaly Deecon n Nework Traffc Usng Seleced Mehods of
More informationA 3D Model Retrieval System Using The Derivative Elevation And 3D-ART
3 Model Rereal Sysem Usng he erae leaon nd 3-R Jau-Lng Shh* ng-yen Huang Yu-hen Wang eparmen of ompuer Scence and Informaon ngneerng hung Hua Unersy Hsnchu awan RO -mal: sjl@chueduw bsrac In recen years
More informationAn Anti-spam Filter Combination Framework for Text-and-Image Emails through Incremental Learning
An An-spam Fler Combnaon Framework for Tex-and-Image Emals hrough Incremenal Learnng 1 Byungk Byun, 1 Chn-Hu Lee, 2 Seve Webb, 2 Danesh Iran, and 2 Calon Pu 1 School of Elecrcal & Compuer Engr. Georga
More informationAnalysis of intelligent road network, paradigm shift and new applications
CONFERENCE ABOUT THE STATUS AND FUTURE OF THE EDUCATIONAL AND R&D SERVICES FOR THE VEHICLE INDUSTRY Analyss of nellgen road nework, paradgm shf and new applcaons Péer Tamás "Smarer Transpor" - IT for co-operave
More informationA Hybrid Wind-Solar Energy System: A New Rectifier Stage Topology
A Hybr n-solar Energy Sysem: A New Recfer Sage Topology Joanne Hu*, IEEE Suen Member, Alreza Bakhsha IEEE Senor Member, an Praveen K. Jan, IEEE Fellow Deparmen of Elecrcal an Compuer Engneerng Queen s
More informationAn Architecture to Support Distributed Data Mining Services in E-Commerce Environments
An Archecure o Suppor Dsrbued Daa Mnng Servces n E-Commerce Envronmens S. Krshnaswamy 1, A. Zaslavsky 1, S.W. Loke 2 School of Compuer Scence & Sofware Engneerng, Monash Unversy 1 900 Dandenong Road, Caulfeld
More informationCooperative Distributed Scheduling for Storage Devices in Microgrids using Dynamic KKT Multipliers and Consensus Networks
Cooperave Dsrbued Schedulng for Sorage Devces n Mcrogrds usng Dynamc KK Mulplers and Consensus Newors Navd Rahbar-Asr Yuan Zhang Mo-Yuen Chow Deparmen of Elecrcal and Compuer Engneerng Norh Carolna Sae
More informationThe Rules of the Settlement Guarantee Fund. 1. These Rules, hereinafter referred to as "the Rules", define the procedures for the formation
Vald as of May 31, 2010 The Rules of he Selemen Guaranee Fund 1 1. These Rules, herenafer referred o as "he Rules", defne he procedures for he formaon and use of he Selemen Guaranee Fund, as defned n Arcle
More informationSelected Financial Formulae. Basic Time Value Formulae PV A FV A. FV Ad
Basc Tme Value e Fuure Value of a Sngle Sum PV( + Presen Value of a Sngle Sum PV ------------------ ( + Solve for for a Sngle Sum ln ------ PV -------------------- ln( + Solve for for a Sngle Sum ------
More informationAn Ensemble Data Mining and FLANN Combining Short-term Load Forecasting System for Abnormal Days
JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE, VOL. 6, NO. 6, JUNE 0 96 An Ensemble Daa Mnng and FLANN Combnng Shor-erm Load Forecasng Sysem for Abnormal Days Mng L College of Auomaon, Guangdong Unversy of Technology, Guangzhou,
More informationDEPARTMENT OF ECONOMETRICS AND BUSINESS STATISTICS. Exponential Smoothing for Inventory Control: Means and Variances of Lead-Time Demand
ISSN 440-77X ISBN 0 736 094 X AUSTRALIA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMETRICS AND BUSINESS STATISTICS Exponenal Smoohng for Invenory Conrol: Means and Varances of Lead-Tme Demand Ralph D. Snyder, Anne B. Koehler,
More informationHAND: Highly Available Dynamic Deployment Infrastructure for Globus Toolkit 4
HAND: Hghly Avalable Dynamc Deploymen Infrasrucure for Globus Toolk 4 L Q 1, Ha Jn 1, Ian Foser,3, Jarek Gawor 1 Huazhong Unversy of Scence and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Chna quck@chnagrd.edu.cn; hjn@hus.edu.cn
More informationA. Jagadeesan 1, T.Thillaikkarasi 2, Dr.K.Duraiswamy 3
Inernaonal Journal of Compuer Applcaons (0975 8887) Volume No.6, June 00 Crypographc Key Generaon from ulple omerc odales: Fusng nuae wh Irs Feaure A. Jagadeesan, T.Thllakkaras, Dr.K.Duraswamy 3 Senor
More informationA Background Layer Model for Object Tracking through Occlusion
A Background Layer Model for Obec Trackng hrough Occluson Yue Zhou and Ha Tao Deparmen of Compuer Engneerng Unversy of Calforna, Sana Cruz, CA 95064 {zhou,ao}@soe.ucsc.edu Absrac Moon layer esmaon has
More informationTECNICHE DI DIAGNOSI AUTOMATICA DEI GUASTI. Silvio Simani silvio.simani@unife.it. References
TECNICHE DI DIAGNOSI AUTOMATICA DEI GUASTI Re Neural per l Idenfcazone d Ssem non Lnear e Paern Recognon slvo.sman@unfe. References Texbook suggesed: Neural Neworks for Idenfcaon, Predcon, and Conrol,
More informationLoad Balancing in Internet Using Adaptive Packet Scheduling and Bursty Traffic Splitting
152 IJCSNS Inernaonal Journal of Compuer Scence and Nework Secury, VOL.8 No.1, Ocober 28 Load Balancng n Inerne Usng Adapve Packe Schedulng and Bursy Traffc Splng M. Azah Research Scholar, Anna Unversy,
More informationCONTROLLER PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND DIAGNOSIS. INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE
Copyrgh IFAC 5h Trennal World Congress, Barcelona, Span CONTROLLER PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND DIAGNOSIS. INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE Derrck J. Kozub Shell Global Soluons USA Inc. Weshollow Technology Cener,
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
IJSM, Volume, Number, 0 ISSN: 555-4 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SPONSORED BY: Angelo Sae Unversy San Angelo, Texas, USA www.angelo.edu Managng Edors: Professor Alan S. Khade, Ph.D. Calforna
More informationCurrency Exchange Rate Forecasting from News Headlines
Currency Exchange Rae Forecasng from News Headlnes Desh Peramunelleke Raymond K. Wong School of Compuer Scence & Engneerng Unversy of New Souh Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Ausrala deshp@cse.unsw.edu.au wong@cse.unsw.edu.au
More informationModèles financiers en temps continu
Modèles fnancers en emps connu Inroducon o dervave prcng by Mone Carlo 204-204 Dervave Prcng by Mone Carlo We consder a conngen clam of maury T e.g. an equy opon on one or several underlyng asses, whn
More informationCLoud computing has recently emerged as a new
1 A Framework of Prce Bddng Confguraons for Resource Usage n Cloud Compung Kenl L, Member, IEEE, Chubo Lu, Keqn L, Fellow, IEEE, and Alber Y. Zomaya, Fellow, IEEE Absrac In hs paper, we focus on prce bddng
More informationMULTI-WORKDAY ERGONOMIC WORKFORCE SCHEDULING WITH DAYS OFF
Proceedngs of he 4h Inernaonal Conference on Engneerng, Projec, and Producon Managemen (EPPM 203) MULTI-WORKDAY ERGONOMIC WORKFORCE SCHEDULING WITH DAYS OFF Tar Raanamanee and Suebsak Nanhavanj School
More informationModule 4. Single-phase AC circuits. Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur
Module 4 Single-phase A circuis ersion EE T, Kharagpur esson 5 Soluion of urren in A Series and Parallel ircuis ersion EE T, Kharagpur n he las lesson, wo poins were described:. How o solve for he impedance,
More informationBoosting for Learning Multiple Classes with Imbalanced Class Distribution
Boosng for Learnng Mulple Classes wh Imbalanced Class Dsrbuon Yanmn Sun Deparmen of Elecrcal and Compuer Engneerng Unversy of Waerloo Waerloo, Onaro, Canada y8sun@engmal.uwaerloo.ca Mohamed S. Kamel Deparmen
More informationRecognition and Classification of Human Behavior in Intelligent Surveillance Systems using Hidden Markov Model
I.J. Image, Graphcs and Sgnal Processng, 2015, 12, 31-38 Publshed Onlne ovember 2015 n MECS (hp://www.mecs-press.org/) DOI: 10.5815/jgsp.2015.12.05 Recognon and Classfcaon of Human Behavor n Inellgen Survellance
More informationProceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference S. J. Mason, R. R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Rose, T. Jefferson, J. W. Fowler eds.
Proceedngs of he 008 Wner Smulaon Conference S. J. Mason, R. R. Hll, L. Mönch, O. Rose, T. Jefferson, J. W. Fowler eds. DEMAND FORECAST OF SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS BASED ON TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION Chen-Fu Chen,
More informationSPC-based Inventory Control Policy to Improve Supply Chain Dynamics
Francesco Cosanno e al. / Inernaonal Journal of Engneerng and Technology (IJET) SPC-based Invenory Conrol Polcy o Improve Supply Chan ynamcs Francesco Cosanno #, Gulo Gravo #, Ahmed Shaban #3,*, Massmo
More informationOptimization of Nurse Scheduling Problem with a Two-Stage Mathematical Programming Model
Asa Pacfc Managemen Revew 15(4) (2010) 503-516 Opmzaon of Nurse Schedulng Problem wh a Two-Sage Mahemacal Programmng Model Chang-Chun Tsa a,*, Cheng-Jung Lee b a Deparmen of Busness Admnsraon, Trans World
More informationKalman filtering as a performance monitoring technique for a propensity scorecard
Kalman flerng as a performance monorng echnque for a propensy scorecard Kaarzyna Bjak * Unversy of Souhampon, Souhampon, UK, and Buro Informacj Kredyowej S.A., Warsaw, Poland Absrac Propensy scorecards
More informationSensor Nework proposeations
008 Inernaoal Symposum on Telecommuncaons A cooperave sngle arge rackng algorhm usng bnary sensor neworks Danal Aghajaran, Reza Berang Compuer Engneerng Deparmen, Iran Unversy of Scence and Technology,
More informationTemporal and Spatial Distributed Event Correlation for Network Security
Temoral and Saal Dsrbued Even Correlaon for Nework Secury Guofe Jang, Member, IEEE and George Cybenko, Fellow, IEEE Absrac - Comuer neworks roduce large amoun of evenbased daa ha can be colleced for nework
More informationPocket3D Designing a 3D Scanner by means of a PDA 3D DIGITIZATION
Pocke3D Desgnng a 3D Scanner by means of a PDA 3D DIGITIZATION Subjec: 3D Dgzaon Insrucor: Dr. Davd Fof Suden: AULINAS Josep GARCIA Frederc GIANCARDO Luca Posgraduae n: VIBOT MSc Table of conens 1. Inroducon...
More informationNetwork Effects on Standard Software Markets: A Simulation Model to examine Pricing Strategies
Nework Effecs on Sandard Sofware Markes Page Nework Effecs on Sandard Sofware Markes: A Smulaon Model o examne Prcng Sraeges Peer Buxmann Absrac Ths paper examnes sraeges of sandard sofware vendors, n
More informationPulse-Width Modulation Inverters
SECTION 3.6 INVERTERS 189 Pulse-Widh Modulaion Inverers Pulse-widh modulaion is he process of modifying he widh of he pulses in a pulse rain in direc proporion o a small conrol signal; he greaer he conrol
More informationComparative Study of Multicast Authentication Schemes with Application to Wide-Area Measurement System
Comparave Sudy of Mulcas Auhencaon Schemes wh Applcaon o Wde-Area Measuremen Sysem Yee We Law Deparmen of EEE The Unversy of Melbourne Ausrala ywlaw@unmelbeduau Slaven Marusc Deparmen of EEE The Unversy
More informationScientific Ontology Construction Based on Interval Valued Fuzzy Theory under Web 2.0
JOUNAL OF SOFTWAE, VOL. 8, NO. 8, AUGUST 2013 1835 Scenfc Onology Consrucon Based on Inerval Valued Fuzzy Theory under Web 2.0 Na Xue, Sulng Ja, Jnxng Hao and Qang Wang School of Economcs and Managemen,
More informationMobile Broadband Rollout Business Case: Risk Analyses of the Forecast Uncertainties
ISF 2009, Hong Kong, 2-24 June 2009 Mobile Broadband Rollou Business Case: Risk Analyses of he Forecas Uncerainies Nils Krisian Elnegaard, Telenor R&I Agenda Moivaion Modelling long erm forecass for MBB
More informationFull-wave rectification, bulk capacitor calculations Chris Basso January 2009
ull-wave recificaion, bulk capacior calculaions Chris Basso January 9 This shor paper shows how o calculae he bulk capacior value based on ripple specificaions and evaluae he rms curren ha crosses i. oal
More informationNonlinearity or Structural Break? - Data Mining in Evolving Financial Data Sets from a Bayesian Model Combination Perspective
Proceedngs of he 38h Hawa Inernaonal Conference on Sysem Scences - 005 Nonlneary or Srucural Break? - Daa Mnng n Evolvng Fnancal Daa Ses from a Bayesan Model Combnaon Perspecve Hao Davd Zhou Managemen
More informationAn Introductory Study on Time Series Modeling and Forecasting
An Inroducory Sudy on Tme Seres Modelng and Forecasng Ranadp Adhkar R. K. Agrawal ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The mely and successful compleon of he book could hardly be possble whou he helps and suppors from a lo
More informationRC (Resistor-Capacitor) Circuits. AP Physics C
(Resisor-Capacior Circuis AP Physics C Circui Iniial Condiions An circui is one where you have a capacior and resisor in he same circui. Suppose we have he following circui: Iniially, he capacior is UNCHARGED
More informationChapter 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
Chaper 7. esponse of Firs-Order L and C Circuis 7.1. The Naural esponse of an L Circui 7.2. The Naural esponse of an C Circui 7.3. The ep esponse of L and C Circuis 7.4. A General oluion for ep and Naural
More informationANALYSIS OF SOURCE LOCATION ALGORITHMS Part I: Overview and non-iterative methods
ANALYSIS OF SOURCE LOCATION ALGORITHMS Par I: Overvew and non-erave mehods MAOCHEN GE Pennsylvana Sae Unversy, Unversy Park PA 1680 Absrac Ths arcle and he accompanyng one dscuss he source locaon heores
More informationTime Series. A thesis. Submitted to the. Edith Cowan University. Perth, Western Australia. David Sheung Chi Fung. In Fulfillment of the Requirements
Mehods for he Esmaon of Mssng Values n Tme Seres A hess Submed o he Faculy of Communcaons, ealh and Scence Edh Cowan Unversy Perh, Wesern Ausrala By Davd Sheung Ch Fung In Fulfllmen of he Requremens For
More informationSteps for D.C Analysis of MOSFET Circuits
10/22/2004 Seps for DC Analysis of MOSFET Circuis.doc 1/7 Seps for D.C Analysis of MOSFET Circuis To analyze MOSFET circui wih D.C. sources, we mus follow hese five seps: 1. ASSUME an operaing mode 2.
More informationGround rules. Guide to the calculation methods of the FTSE Actuaries UK Gilts Index Series v1.9
Ground rules Gude o he calculaon mehods of he FTSE Acuares UK Gls Index Seres v1.9 fserussell.com Ocober 2015 Conens 1.0 Inroducon... 4 1.1 Scope... 4 1.2 FTSE Russell... 5 1.3 Overvew of he calculaons...
More informationA Common Neural Network Model for Unsupervised Exploratory Data Analysis and Independent Component Analysis
A Common Neural Nework Model for Unsupervsed Exploraory Daa Analyss and Independen Componen Analyss Keywords: Unsupervsed Learnng, Independen Componen Analyss, Daa Cluserng, Daa Vsualsaon, Blnd Source
More informationApplying the Theta Model to Short-Term Forecasts in Monthly Time Series
Applyng he Thea Model o Shor-Term Forecass n Monhly Tme Seres Glson Adamczuk Olvera *, Marcelo Gonçalves Trenn +, Anselmo Chaves Neo ** * Deparmen of Mechancal Engneerng, Federal Technologcal Unversy of
More informationAuxiliary Module for Unbalanced Three Phase Loads with a Neutral Connection
CODEN:LUTEDX/TEIE-514/1-141/6 Indusral Elecrcal Engneerng and Auomaon Auxlary Module for Unbalanced Three Phase Loads wh a Neural Connecon Nls Lundsröm Rkard Sröman Dep. of Indusral Elecrcal Engneerng
More informationOptimization Design of the Multi-stage Inventory Management for Supply Chain
Inernaonal Journal of u- an e- Servce, Scence an echnology Vol.8, o. 25, pp.35-366 hp://x.o.org/.4257/uness.25.8..34 Opmzaon Desgn of he ul-sage Invenory anagemen for Supply Chan Hongxng Deng*, ng Yuan
More informationCALCULATION OF OMX TALLINN
CALCULATION OF OMX TALLINN CALCULATION OF OMX TALLINN 1. OMX Tallinn index...3 2. Terms in use...3 3. Comuaion rules of OMX Tallinn...3 3.1. Oening, real-ime and closing value of he Index...3 3.2. Index
More informationIndex Mathematics Methodology
Index Mahemacs Mehodology S&P Dow Jones Indces: Index Mehodology Ocober 2015 Table of Conens Inroducon 4 Dfferen Varees of Indces 4 The Index Dvsor 5 Capalzaon Weghed Indces 6 Defnon 6 Adjusmens o Share
More informationGestures for pointing devices in screen-based environments. Florian Weil, www.derhess.de
Gesures for ponng devces n screen-based envronmens Floran Wel, www.derhess.de December 4, 2010 Absrac Ths paper analyses gesure desgn for ponng devces n screen-based envronmens. By explorng desgn paerns
More information11/6/2013. Chapter 14: Dynamic AD-AS. Introduction. Introduction. Keeping track of time. The model s elements
Inroducion Chaper 14: Dynamic D-S dynamic model of aggregae and aggregae supply gives us more insigh ino how he economy works in he shor run. I is a simplified version of a DSGE model, used in cuing-edge
More informationLinear methods for regression and classification with functional data
Lnear mehods for regresson and classfcaon wh funconal daa Glber Sapora Chare de Sasue Appluée & CEDRIC Conservaore Naonal des Ars e Méers 9 rue San Marn, case 44 754 Pars cedex 3, France sapora@cnam.fr
More informationHill Cipher Modifications: A Detailed Review
ISSN(Onlne: 3-98 ISSN (Prn: 3-9798 Inernaonal Journal of Innovave Research n Compuer and Communcaon Engneerng (An ISO 397: 7 Cerfed Organzaon Vol. 3, Issue 3, arch 5 Hll Cpher odfcaons: A Dealed Revew
More informationMobile and Ubiquitous Compu3ng. Mul3plexing for wireless. George Roussos. g.roussos@dcs.bbk.ac.uk
Mobile and Ubiquious Compu3ng Mul3plexing for wireless George Roussos g.roussos@dcs.bbk.ac.uk Overview Sharing he wireless (mul3plexing) in space by frequency in 3me by code PuEng i all ogeher: cellular
More informationStatistical Analysis with Little s Law. Supplementary Material: More on the Call Center Data. by Song-Hee Kim and Ward Whitt
Saisical Analysis wih Lile s Law Supplemenary Maerial: More on he Call Cener Daa by Song-Hee Kim and Ward Whi Deparmen of Indusrial Engineering and Operaions Research Columbia Universiy, New York, NY 17-99
More informationA Note on Using the Svensson procedure to estimate the risk free rate in corporate valuation
A Noe on Using he Svensson procedure o esimae he risk free rae in corporae valuaion By Sven Arnold, Alexander Lahmann and Bernhard Schwezler Ocober 2011 1. The risk free ineres rae in corporae valuaion
More informationTHE USE IN BANKS OF VALUE AT RISK METHOD IN MARKET RISK MANAGEMENT. Ioan TRENCA *
ANALELE ŞTIINłIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂłII ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA DIN IAŞI Tomul LVI ŞnŃe Economce 009 THE USE IN BANKS OF VALUE AT RISK METHOD IN MARKET RISK MANAGEMENT Ioan TRENCA * Absrac In sophscaed marke
More informationLevy-Grant-Schemes in Vocational Education
Levy-Gran-Schemes n Vocaonal Educaon Sefan Bornemann Munch Graduae School of Economcs Inernaonal Educaonal Economcs Conference Taru, Augus 26h, 2005 Sefan Bornemann / MGSE Srucure Movaon and Objecve Leraure
More informationCase Study on Web Service Composition Based on Multi-Agent System
900 JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE, VOL. 8, NO. 4, APRIL 2013 Case Sudy on Web Servce Composon Based on Mul-Agen Sysem Shanlang Pan Deparmen of Compuer Scence and Technology, Nngbo Unversy, Chna PanShanLang@gmal.com
More informationA robust optimisation approach to project scheduling and resource allocation. Elodie Adida* and Pradnya Joshi
In. J. Servces Operaons and Informacs, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2009 169 A robus opmsaon approach o projec schedulng and resource allocaon Elode Adda* and Pradnya Josh Deparmen of Mechancal and Indusral Engneerng,
More informationINTRODUCTION TO EMAIL MARKETING PERSONALIZATION. How to increase your sales with personalized triggered emails
INTRODUCTION TO EMAIL MARKETING PERSONALIZATION How o increase your sales wih personalized riggered emails ECOMMERCE TRIGGERED EMAILS BEST PRACTICES Triggered emails are generaed in real ime based on each
More informationHEURISTIC ALGORITHM FOR SINGLE RESOURCE CONSTRAINED PROJECT SCHEDULING PROBLEM BASED ON THE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
Yugoslav Journal o Operaons Research Volume 19 (2009) Number 2, 281-298 DOI:10.2298/YUJOR0902281S HEURISTIC ALGORITHM FOR SINGLE RESOURCE CONSTRAINED PROJECT SCHEDULING PROBLEM BASED ON THE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
More informationBaumer FWL120 NeuroCheck Edition Art. No: OD106434
High Sensiive Digial Monochrome (b/w) Line Scan Camera Sysem: IEEE1394a Baumer FWL120 NeuroCheck Ediion Ar. No: OD106434 IEEE1394a (FireWire TM ) Progressive Scan CCD Camera 2048 Pixels Ousanding Image
More informationOblique incidence: Interface between dielectric media
lecrmagnec Felds Oblque ncdence: Inerface beween delecrc meda Cnsder a planar nerface beween w delecrc meda. A plane wave s ncden a an angle frm medum. The nerface plane defnes he bundary beween he meda.
More informationPartial Fingerprint Matching
Paral Fngerprn Machng Tsa-Yang Jea, Vraj S. Chavan, John K. Schneder and Venu Govndaraju Sae Unversy of New York a Buffalo Amhers, New York 14228, USA jea@cedar.buffalo.edu ABSTRACT Fngerprn denfcaon s
More informationRESOLUTION OF THE LINEAR FRACTIONAL GOAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEM
Revsa Elecrónca de Comuncacones y Trabajos de ASEPUMA. Rec@ Volumen Págnas 7 a 40. RESOLUTION OF THE LINEAR FRACTIONAL GOAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEM RAFAEL CABALLERO rafael.caballero@uma.es Unversdad de Málaga
More informationMODELLING DISTURBANCES IN SYSTEM TRACK RAIL VEHICLE
The 8 h Inernaonal Conference RELIABILITY an STATISTICS n TRANSPORTATION an COMMUNICATION - 008 MODELLING DISTURBANCES IN SYSTEM TRACK RAIL VEHICLE Taeus Csosk, Anrej Necas, Jóef Sokłosa Hgh School of
More informationFourier Transforms and the -Adic Span of Periodic Binary Sequences
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL. 46, NO. 2, MARCH 2000 687 ; V 2 m+ where V s some neger and le f be he number of ; V 2 m+. Thus, From (5) M 2s l f V 2s 2 2s(m+) : (6) M 0 6 0 0qM 0 4 +6q
More informationTask is a schedulable entity, i.e., a thread
Real-Time Scheduling Sysem Model Task is a schedulable eniy, i.e., a hread Time consrains of periodic ask T: - s: saring poin - e: processing ime of T - d: deadline of T - p: period of T Periodic ask T
More information.A UNIVERSITY'S EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM IN COMPUTER SCIENCE BY GEORGE E. FORSYTHE TECHNICAL REPORT NO. CS39 MAY 18, 1966
cs39...a UNVERSTY'S EDUCATONA PROGRAM N COMPUTER SCENCE BY GEORGE E. FORSYTHE TECHNCA REPORT NO. CS39 MAY 8, 966 COMPUTER SCENCE DEPARTMENT School of Humanes and Scences STANFORD UNVERSTY A UNVERSTY'S
More informationarxiv:1407.5820v1 [cs.sy] 22 Jul 2014
Approxmae Regularzaon Pah for Nuclear Norm Based H Model Reducon Nclas Blomberg, Crsan R. Rojas, and Bo Wahlberg arxv:47.58v [cs.sy] Jul 4 Absrac Ths paper concerns model reducon of dynamcal sysems usng
More informationAnalogue and Digital Signal Processing. First Term Third Year CS Engineering By Dr Mukhtiar Ali Unar
Analogue and Digial Signal Processing Firs Term Third Year CS Engineering By Dr Mukhiar Ali Unar Recommended Books Haykin S. and Van Veen B.; Signals and Sysems, John Wiley& Sons Inc. ISBN: 0-7-380-7 Ifeachor
More informationA New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems 1
R. E. KALMAN Research Insue for Advanced Sudy, Balmore, Md. A New Approach o Lnear Flerng and Predcon Problems The classcal flerng and predcon problem s re-examned usng he Bode- Shannon represenaon of
More informationcooking trajectory boiling water B (t) microwave 0 2 4 6 8 101214161820 time t (mins)
Alligaor egg wih calculus We have a large alligaor egg jus ou of he fridge (1 ) which we need o hea o 9. Now here are wo accepable mehods for heaing alligaor eggs, one is o immerse hem in boiling waer
More informationMeasuring macroeconomic volatility Applications to export revenue data, 1970-2005
FONDATION POUR LES ETUDES ET RERS LE DEVELOPPEMENT INTERNATIONAL Measuring macroeconomic volailiy Applicaions o expor revenue daa, 1970-005 by Joël Cariolle Policy brief no. 47 March 01 The FERDI is a
More information