GLL Geomatics, Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape. Landmanagement and Landscape

Transcription

1 UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE IN KRAKOW Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape Scientific journal founded in 2012 at the University of Agriculture in Krakow GLL Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No Krakow

2 Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr hab. Józef Bieniek Scientific Editor Prof. dr hab. Urszula Litwin Scientific Board Urszula Litwin (Krakow, Poland) chair, Bohdan Cherkes (Lviv, Ukraine), Ryszard Cymerman (Olsztyn, Poland), Oleksandr Dorozhynskyy (Lviv, Ukraine), Tadeusz Gargula (Krakow, Poland), Krzysztof Gawroński (Krakow, Poland), Beata Hejmanowska (Krakow, Poland), Józef Hernik (Krakow, Poland), Volodymyr Hlotov (Lviv, Ukraine), Jarosław Janus (Krakow, Poland), Thomas Kersten (Hamburg, Germany), Marko Komac (Ljubljana, Slovenia), Wiesław Kosek (Krakow, Poland), Theo Kötter (Bonn, Germany), Eckart Lange (Sheffield, UK), Hans Joachim Linke (Darmstadt, Germany), Walter Seher (Wien, Austria), Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska (Warsaw, Poland), Gernot Stöglehner (Wien, Austria), Karl-Friedrich Thöne (Drezno, Germany), Zofia Więckowicz (Wrocław, Poland), Franciszek Woch (Puławy, Poland) Topic Editors Geomatics: Andrzej Kwinta (University of Agriculture in Krakow) Landmanagement: Jacek M. Pijanowski (University of Agriculture in Krakow) Landscape: Julia Gorzelany-Plesińska (University of Agriculture in Krakow) Language Editor: Raul O. Castro (New York City Housing Authority, Office of the Mayor) Statistics Editor: Agnieszka Bitner-Fiałkowska (University of Agriculture in Krakow) Secretary Editor: Halina Stachura Copy-editing, proof-reading, DTP: Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow Supported by the Society for Rural Development The issue contains peer-reviewed papers Edition of the publications financed from the fund of the Rector of the University of Agriculture and the fund of the statutory activities of the Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy UR in Krakow The journal indexed in the database BazTech Copyright Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow 2014 ISSN Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 46 Tel.: (+48) or Editor sheets 7.5. Printing sheets 7.5. Issue 350 copies

3 CONTENTS Foreword... 5 Elżbieta Węcławowicz-Bilska, Jakub Błachut The needs and aspirations of residents of mountain areas as implemented in spatial planning... 7 Marian Hopkowicz, Stanisław M. Rybicki Energetic and engineering municipal infrastructure in forming the development quality of the Polish Carpathians Aldona Kawęcka, Jędrzej Krupiński Sheep in the Polish Carpathians: genetic resources conservation of the Podhale zackel and colored mountain sheep Piotr Langer The role of planning in the mountain regions as exemplified by mining areas management Zenon Pijanowski Mountain and hilly areas development in Poland aspects of agricultural policy Stanisław Sorys The impact of European funds on the development of rural areas in Małopolska expectations and opportunities Michał Żemła Foreign tourists on hiking trails in Polish mountains... 95

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5 Foreword FOREWORD We place in your hands the next issue of our journal. It is devoted to the complex subject matter of planning and development in the mountain and foothill areas of our country. The articles selected refer to current problems in these areas from the social and cultural to planning and engineering. The subject matter of mountainous areas is extremely important for Central and Eastern Europe due to the urgent need for the development of the Carpathians. Like the Alps of Western Europe, they should become a generator of socio-economic growth and the mainstay of natural and cultural resources. The first article focuses on the planning of spatial development of mountain areas, in terms of the needs and aspirations of their inhabitants. The second article examines the essential topics of the role of engineering, utilities and energy infrastructure in shaping the quality of the development of the Carpathians. The third article discusses the issues related to the protection of the genetic resources of Polish mountain sheep. The subject matter of planning, in terms of the mining areas in the Polish Carpathians, is covered in the fourth article. The following article gives a comprehensive analysis of the determinants of agricultural policy and its impact on the mountainous and hilly areas in Poland. Detail clarification of this problem is presented in the sixth article which focuses on the impact of European funds on rural areas development in Małopolska. The last article explores foreign tourism, which is a current and important topic for the development of the Carpathians. As is well known, mountainous areas are close to a quarter of the Earth s surface area and the population living there or in their close proximity are a little more than a quarter of the population of our entire planet. This is one of the main reasons why mountainous and hilly areas are important and a very viable research topic. The inspiration for this research is a very rich cultural-resources portfolio. In their full range these natural resources are quite often uncontaminated by civilization s progress. However, along with future development, we must also examine the limitation of this development and the difficult economic conditions in agriculture and forestry. A specially valuable direction of research could be an attempt to analyze the possibility of implementing in the Carpathians the solutions that were used in the Alps. These solutions could contribute to the development of an infrastructure, to the improvement of system solutions of spatial planning and land management and help in the socio- -economic development or provide additional protection against natural disasters. We

6 6 Foreword hope that this issue of GLL will be an inspiration for the cooperation and exchange of ideas in these areas. And perhaps some of the Carpathian solutions will also enrich the approach to solving developmental problems in the Alps. Prof. dr hab. Urszula Litwin Dr Jacek M. Pijanowski

7 E. Węcławowicz-Bilska, J. Błachut GLL Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No , 7 17 THE NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS OF RESIDENTS OF MOUNTAIN AREAS AS IMPLEMENTED IN SPATIAL PLANNING Elżbieta Węcławowicz-Bilska, Jakub Błachut Summary System planning based on specific research and analyses allows one to make a diagnosis of spatial phenomena occurring in a particular area. The main goal of spatial planning is to mitigate conflicts and create spatial framework for satisfying social needs. Spatial planning can therefore be regarded as the best tool of providing the conditions in which the needs and aspirations of the people are met and fulfilled. Together with spatial order and sustainable development spatial planning ensure attractive space, which in the competitive development of cities and regions becomes the most important matter. Many specialists considered this condition to be essential for the economic prosperity of the city and the region. Moreover, the spatial design and arrangement clearly define the level of a society and civilization. After outlining the spatial planning system in Poland and presenting the conditions for land use planning in mountainous areas the article refers to the social aspirations, conditions of the demographic situation and requirements of the economic activity. Then an attempt was made to articulate the fundamental problems and conflicts that occur in mountain areas. Finally, tasks and options to mitigate these conflicts and ways to meet the needs of people in the planning were presented. Mountainous areas with their characteristics make it necessary to carry out the spatial planning work not only locally but also at the regional level. This work is usually preceded by detailed studies that can provide the necessary information to improve the economic development of the area, while maintaining the existing natural and cultural environment. This will more than likely increase the chance of spatial transformations in the region. Keywords mountain areas spatial planning residents problems 1. Introduction According to popular belief especially when it concerns local planning spatial planning, with its time-consuming procedures, hardly disputable resolutions and in the context of present-day economy, the rush of everyday life, is an undesirable obstacle

8 8 E. Węcławowicz-Bilska, J. Błachut to achieving various aspirations. In Poland many people are convinced that other European countries seem nice and attractive because there is no spatial planning there. Unfortunately, this opinion has nothing to do with reality. In many countries throughout the world, not only in Europe, the spatial planning system is highly integrated with all administration levels in government. The decisions contained in various plans are consequently and precisely executed and as a result, many regions, cities and streets appeal as attractive, well organized and properly managed. Spatial planning system based on specialized research and analyses allows one to make a diagnosis of the spatial phenomena occurring in a given area. The spatial planning mechanisms are targeted at meeting the needs of society and therefore spatial planning may be regarded as the best tool of meeting the needs and aspirations of the people living in the area covered by the plan, mitigating spatial conflicts in the area and increasing its attractiveness. The latter, in the period of competitive development of cities and regions, becomes the most important value, decisive of the successful development of cities and regions. Moreover, shaping and managing of the space clearly determines the level of civilizational development of society. 2. Spatial planning system in Poland Poland has a three stage spatial planning system based on strategic studies and the related spatial management plans. The kinds of planning documents required by Polish planning practice are developed on three levels: national, voivodeship (regional) and the commune level. In the case of plans for problematic or functional areas, sometimes the documents can cover groups of municipalities. The National Spatial Development Concept (NSDC related to the country s development strategy) is the most important document on Poland s spatial order. Its strategic objective is to effectively use the space of the country and its diverse development potentials of competitiveness, increased employment and efficiency of the state, as well as social, economic and spatial cohesion in the long run. In the latest version of NSDC 2030, an outline was adopted to maintain spatial order determining living conditions of the citizens, functioning of the economy and allowing to take development opportunities. Furthermore the document formulates the rules and actions aiming at preventing conflicts in spatial management and ensuring safety, including flood safety [Koncepcja Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania 2011]. The spatial development plans for the voivodeships take into account the decisions of voivodeship developmental strategies and the public investments resulting from the NSDC. In addition to it the Polish law [Ustawa o planowaniu 2003] determines the following questions: basic elements of settlement network in a voivodeship and their communicational and infrastructural connections, the directions of transborder connections, system of environmental areas, nature and cultural landscape protection, protection of health resorts, cultural heritage, monuments and modern cultural goods, locations of GLL No

9 The needs and aspirations of residents of mountain areas... 9 public investments of supralocal meaning, problematic areas along with the principles of their development and metropolitan areas, areas needing support, flood risk areas, areas of documented occurrence of mineral deposits, boundaries of closed areas and protection zones. On the commune level there are two kinds of planning documents: 1) study of conditions and directions of spatial development and 2) local spatial development plan. The first covers the whole commune or city. The study of conditions and directions of spatial development, while taking into account all the conditions implied by the previous designated use, development and infrastructure of the terrain, and other factors determined by the law [Ustawa o planowaniu 2003] 1, enables one to make an accurate assessment of the environment and during the public consultations people can express their aspirations and needs. The study is a basis on which the directions of spatial development for the whole commune are determined. These take into account not only the development opportunities resulting from the land resources but also from the needs and aspirations of the citizens. The local spatial development plan of the whole commune or its part, developed in a detailed scale and being the binding local law, decides about the use and management of space. First of all this plan describes the intended use of lands and the principles of their future development, while taking into account the rules of protection and shaping of spatial order, as well as protection of the environment, cultural landscape, cultural heritage, monuments and modern cultural assets. The study also determines the requirements of shaping public spaces, detailed guidelines for architectural development, the indexes of terrain management and other parameters required by the law. The guidelines regarding spatial order, ecological balance and public space management are the most important factors for meeting social needs and aspirations. All the protective functions are stated in the plan and because of its status of local law, they are in force. 3. Spatial planning conditions in mountains areas: case study of Polish Carpathians The following analysis of spatial planning in the Polish mountains areas is focused on the Carpathians 2. 1 Other topics of this law include: spatial order and the requirements of the protection of the environment, the state of agricultural and forestry production space, the size and quality of water resources and environmental requirements, natural and cultural landscape, the state of cultural, historical monuments and cultural heritage, together with modern cultural assets, conditions and quality of life of residents, such as health protection, safety hazards and property security, needs and opportunities for municipalities, the legal status of land, occurrence of facilities and areas protected under separate regulations, the occurrence of areas of natural geological hazards etc. 2 From the edge of the Carpathian overthrust, within Polish borders, it is about 330 km long and 100 km thick. Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No

10 10 E. Węcławowicz-Bilska, J. Błachut Nowadays, in the Polish Carpathians, there are over fifty cities and more than 1700 villages of highly diverse number of population 3. The main settlement network is strictly related to the natural topography. As the mountains rise laterally to the south, they are accompanied by subsequent strips of urbanization. Furthest north, on the edge of Carpathian overthrust, are highly urbanized areas, including the metropolitan area of Kraków and an agglomerations of Tarnów and Rzeszów. At the foot of the Beskid Mountains a parallel intra-carpahtian strip of urbanization can be observed. It includes medium-sized cities, such as: Kęty, Wadowice, Sucha Beskidzka, Myślenice, Limanowa, Nowy Sącz, Gorlice, Jasło, Krosno, Sanok and Przemyśl. Further south are the typical recreational areas with health 4 and summer resorts. Some of these are centered around small and medium cities. Likewise important is that the natural resources are covered by protection system of large areas 5. Forestation rate in the Carpathians is high, reaching on average 40% 6 of the territory, which is essential for protection of the springs of main rivers in the country 7. The communication system in the Carpathians is highly determined by natural topography. Both roads and railway lines are routed mainly in river valleys and cross mountain ranges through their passes 8. The road communication system is a grate based on two almost parallel running latitudinal communication corridors crossed by eight longitudinal routes of various means of transport and different categories of transit routes. The Carpathian communication system would be significantly improved by the introduction of air transport and use of the sport and glider airfields in Bielsko-Biała, Nowy Targ, Łososina, Krosno and Sanok, along with a planned airport in the vicinity of Nowy Sącz. Indeed, there are still areas that are poorly accessible in the Carpathian region 9. An increasingly urgent matter is energy harvesting from renewable sources. Mountains areas have favorable conditions for wind farms. Their installation cannot 3 The biggest city of the region is Bielsko Biała, currently with the population of people, and the smallest ones have the population of less than 2000 people. The biggest villages have the population of almost people (Kozy, near Bielsko-Biała) and the smallest of them are inhabited by less than 100 people (e.g. Smerek in Bieszczady). 4 The health resorts are concentrated in the area of Poprad Valley, Ustroń in Beskid Śląski, Wysowa, Iwonicz Zdrój, Rymanów in Beskid Niski, Polańczyk in Bieszczady. 5 In the Carpathians there are: six national parks, eight landscape parks, protected landscape areas and more than eighty nature reserves. In addition, all the forests in mountain areas are protected as water protection forests. 6 The total forestation of the Carpathians is 41.4%. In some areas forestation is very diverse: 18.2% in the Podhale region and 73.5% in Tatra mountains. 7 They include especially right-bank tributaries of Vistula and tributaries of San. 8 There are no road tunnels in the Carpathians, only two railroad tunnels: one in Żegiestów and a closed one in Łupków. 9 This applies primarily to Bieszczady and Beskid Niski and partially to Beskid Sądecki situated in the south east corner of Poland, far from most major towns and cities. Similarly, the adverse conditions of the availability resulting from the extensive road network in the low category, occur in the areas of the foothills Ciężkowickie, Wieliczka, Dynowskie and Przemyśl, Beskid Wyspowy and Gorce. GLL No

11 The needs and aspirations of residents of mountain areas impair the quality of life of the inhabitants and must fulfill the requirements for protected areas 10. Recently, in the cities of the region one can observe accelerated demographic changes, growing number of high schools, small businesses and modern, sometimes technologically advanced, companies. It seems that these cities can form a local center of growth in the Carpathian region, irrespective of the big cities located on the edge of the Carpathian overthrust. Many planning documents underestimate the role and meaning of such centers [Koncepcja przestrzennego zagospodarowania 2008]. The region s main development directions are still tourism, recreation and partially agriculture [Koncepcja przestrzennego zagospodarowania 2013]. 4. Social aspirations 4.1. Demographic situation The Carpathians are inhabited by approximately 2.5 million people, which in 1988 was 6.2% of the Polish population. At the end of the 20 th century rural areas were inhabited by 65% of the Carpathian population, the remaining 35% lived in the cities (corresponding values on the nationwide scale were 38.8% and 61.2%). Some of the villages (e.g. Ryglice, Ciężkowice, Czchów, Nowy Wiśnicz, Świątniki) were recently granted city rights. In the whole Carpathian region a growth or stabilization of the population number can be observed 11. The dynamics of population growth from 1988 to 2007, especially in small and medium cities, reached even 20%, e.g. 19% in case of Dobczyce or 20.4% in Mszana Dolna. The highest population growth was noted in the eastern and western part of the Carpathians. A decrease occurred in some of the resorts, e.g. in Rabka and Krynica, which are the biggest centers of this region Conditions of economic activity The main economic activity growth factors include: new industrial investments, foreign capital inflow and local initiatives. Higher education level, which in 1988 in Małopolska cities equaled on average 6% and currently is over 10%, has its indirect but substantial influence too 13. The larger cities, where the higher education level has been noted, can 10 This applied both to providing proper conditions for the permanent residence areas, as well as aesthetic location conditions for location of engineering devices in the areas which are attractive in terms of landscape. 11 The biggest population decrease occurred in Bielsko Biała from in 1991 to in The demographic prognosis predicts that the number will continue to drop: in 2020 and in In Szczawnica, on the other hand, a population growth occured from 6709 in 1988 to 7340 in 2002 and 7380 in 2007, which can be related to the development of tourism [Kwiatek-Sołtys 2004]. 13 The biggest percentage of higher education can be observed in the cities of the metropolitan area of Kraków: Krzeszowice (13.5%), Wieliczka (14.6%), Myślenice (14.1%) but also in Rabka Zdrój (12.4%), Limanowa (12.3%). Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No

12 12 E. Węcławowicz-Bilska, J. Błachut play the role of the centers of growth. Similarly, the changes related to the transformation of political system are the most visible in larger cities [Kwiatek-Sołtys 2004, 41 ff.]. In the Carpathian regions, especially in the southern districts, the unemployment rate has been growing for years. In 2013 the unemployment in Podkarpacie equaled 15.1%, 11.4% in Małopolska and 12% in Silesia. In some municipalities it differed significantly from the average unemployment level in voivodeships 14. The development opportunities arising from the change of the economic functions are highly diverse. The differences result from geographic conditions and the state of technical infrastructure as well as the effectiveness of local governments. The changes in job opportunities, related to higher employment in private companies, were diverse among Carpathian cities 15. The economic situation of district and medium size cities is much better than that of small cities, because the former have more infrastructural and communicational investments, stable employment in local administration, public services (health care, communication, education, etc.) and the observed growth of employment in private sector 16. Investments in Special Economic Zones (SEZ), located in a few Carpathian cities, play a significant role in the economic development of medium size cities in the Carpathian region. Table 1. Increase of the SEZ location number in Carpathian cities in Jasło Przemyśl City name Year 2007 Year 2012 Gorlice Sanok industrial area Rymanów Jedlicze Jasło Przemyśl Gorlice Sanok industrial area Krosno Zagórz Krosno Limanowa Nowy Sącz Dobczyce Gdów Myślenice Special Economic Zone name SEZ Tarnobrzeg Europark Wisła San SEZ Mielec Europark Kraków Technology Park SEZ Katowice 14 For example, in districts: Bieszczady 20.3%, Lesko 19.2%, Sanok 12%, Nowy Sącz 14% Limanowa 17.3%, Gorlice 13.5%, Żywiec 17.4 (data gathered in June and July 2013). 15 With regard to changes in the number of business entities in the highest increase was noted in Dobczyce (16.9%), in Myślenice, Piwniczna and Sucha Beskidzka (all 7.7%), then in Wadowice and Maków Podhalański (both 6.5%) [Kwiatek-Sołtys 2004, 48 49]. 16 The research has proved that people with university degree are much more likely to start their own business [Kwiatek-Sołtys 2004]. GLL No

13 The needs and aspirations of residents of mountain areas The next locations are either under consideration or during realization. The increasing number of industrial complexes in mountains areas can improve the job market situation. However, it also increases the competition between them. On arbitrary decisions made by investors industrial areas were established in smaller towns of the region [Błachut 2013]. In addition, the random location of large storage halls among low-rise residential buildings reduced the spatial attractiveness of certain towns or their districts. Positive examples of such activity undertaken in accordance with spatial development plans include Myślenice, with its industrial and technological park, investment zones in Jawornik and Jedlcze and establishment of a technological incubator in Krosno. Table 2. Higher education in the Carpathian band and its development from 2007 to 2013 City College number in 2007 College number in 2013 Number of secondary schools in 2007 Przemyśl Sanok Krosno Jasło Gorlice Nowy Sącz Limanowa Nowy Targ Zakopane Myślenice Wadowice Sucha Beskidzka Kęty Bielsko Biała Żywiec Cieszyn Source: authors study Locating large industrial facilities in Polish mountain areas is difficult because any investment in this area can be simultaneously viewed from many different levels and heights, and because of the extremely low-density housing, which means that to achieve the principal goal of maintaining spatial order detailed guidelines for such location have to be prepared, and this can be done in a local spatial development plan. In fact the investments not closely based on the master development plan led to the degradation of the space, which was even worse after closure of companies A worthwhile example is Wałbrzych, where a whole hill was leveled in order to meet the needs of the companies about to settle in a SEZ. Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No

14 14 E. Węcławowicz-Bilska, J. Błachut Among new functions developed in recent years mainly in medium cities is higher education. The level of economic activity in small cities is very diverse. It depends on the location with respect to large and medium cities, the main functions of these cities and the number of investments made in the last two decades. Today, the dominating functions of most of these centers include: agriculture, tourism, recreation, administration and health resorts. In most of these leisure and spa resorts similar equipment is installed and used, which leads to unnecessary competition instead of cooperation (seen in neighbouring European countries). In Carpathian villages a stabilization or even growth of population number is observable. In villages with a large number of holiday cottages, guesthouses or agritourism farms available in summer months, long weekends and other holidays a significant increase in number of people is seen. They include both summer visitors and full-year tenants which are not registered in the statistics. This kind of settlement occurs mostly in areas which are the most attractive in terms of natural landscape: in Beskid Śląski and Beskid Żywiecki, around the Gorce Mountains, in the Podhale region, in Pieniny Mountains and in Poprad Valley, south of Rzeszów. More than a half of the Carpathian area is used as agricultural lands, less than 37% of which are arable lands, 1.5% are used as orchards and 13% as permanent grasslands. Forests make up 41% of the area of the Carpathians [Guzik 1995]. Most scientific publications opt for limiting the area of arable lands in favor of permanent grasslands and forests, especially above 500 m a.s.l. It is important to reduce the amount of forest and agriculture lands in order to stop ongoing degradation of mountain habitats, to protect the areas from erosion, improve microclimatic conditions and to create more favorable conditions for tourism and recreation Basic problems and conflicts in mountains areas; a case study of the Polish Carpathians In the Carpathian region there are many problematic and conflict areas. The conflicts are caused by natural and cultural conditions of the regions, but most importantly by the present land use and management. A few basic functional and spatial conflicts in this area are listed below. Conflict between the need for housing and economic space and the necessity to protect against landslide 19 and flood safety. Conflict between the need to designate new terrains for environmental and landscape protection and the public opposition of the local community afraid of limitations and inconveniences resulting from economic activity. 18 Above 500 m a.s.l. arable lands make up about 20% of the total area, while permanent grasslands make up over a dozen percent between 600 and 800 m a.s.l. [Guzik 1995] % of Polish landslide areas occur in the Carpathians. GLL No

15 The needs and aspirations of residents of mountain areas Conflict of the priority to protect the existing natural and cultural values with the development possibilities and the needs of tourism and recreation. This antagonism is almost inevitable because the most valuable natural and cultural areas are equally the most attractive for tourism, recreation and investments (such as individual housing and recreation centers, e.g. surroundings of the Czorsztyńskie Lake Pieniny NP Szczawnica Grajcarek Valley, reserves: Homole, Black Water and White Water, Zakopane Tatra NP surroundings of the Solina reservoir, and small and large ring roads of Bieszczady NP). Conflict resulting from the need to build new infrastructure of clean energy harvesting and water retention with the landscape values and the existing spatial management of river valleys. Wind power plants require well aerated places but because of the landscape and nature protection requirements their location should also take into account the parameters characteristic of protected areas. The resignation from several pre-designated areas of artificial reservoirs, when there is a great demand for energy (and for electricity generated from water), means that new localities for hydro investments are chosen to the detriment of other kinds of activities. Conflict between the need to create artificial water reservoirs, along with all necessary industrial infrastructure for electricity production purposes, and the need to increase the area s attractiveness for water-oriented recreation and tourism. Transit transport related conflicts, resulting from: development of recreational resorts by which the transit routes run through (e.g. Bukowina Tatrzańska, Białka and other), necessity to modernize the existing road infrastructure and the protests of the citizens 20, organization of mass motor events in protected areas. 6. Conclusions The analysis of the conditions of the mountain areas and their present spatial management state carried out from the point of view of the needs and aspirations of the citizens points to the following basic problems. These can be solved in part by spatial planning: Ensuring flood and landslide safety by setting strict limits to building houses in the areas of the so called 1% and 0.1% water and in the landslide areas. When taking actions in favour of increasing the area s water retention ratio it is necessary to include in the development plans the principles regarding the spatial management of the vicinity of the reservoirs. The need to intensify local government engagement in the creation of modern economic activities and the necessity of including these programs into more fundamental plans. 20 E.g. protests of the business owners in Stróża against poor access to the expressway, protests against modernization and widening of the road in Szaflary. Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No

16 16 E. Węcławowicz-Bilska, J. Błachut Implementation of local planning solutions should increase the attractiveness of public spaces (not only in historic parts and centers) of cities and towns of the region and improve their competitiveness, especially in the areas with potential for technology-based economic activities. The need and the possibility to create regional parks in order to ensure protection of environmental values as well as to stimulate the local economy. Protected areas require clear and precise regulations determining types of activities allowed and adequate forms of protection. More diversity is needed in developing tourist, recreational and health resort areas and better standard differentiation of the areas. Planning studies for functional, problematic and conflicted areas on a local and regional scale should be mutually agreed upon by the communes. Mountain areas, owing to their specificity, require a planning that is prepared not only on a local scale but mainly on a regional one. These works are preceded by detailed studies and can provide vital information for improvement of the economic development of these areas while maintaining their natural and cultural environment values. Also, they raise the possibilities of spatial transformations of the whole region. References Błachut J. Wpływ specjalnych stref ekonomicznych na strukturę miasta średniej wielkości. Wybrane przykłady z obszaru Polski Południowej, mps Edukacja i wykształcenie w Małopolsce. Raport za rok Wojewódzki Urząd Pracy w Krakowie. Kraków Guzik Cz Rolnicze użytkowanie ziemi. [In:] J. Warszyńska (ed.), Karpaty Polskie przyroda, człowiek i jego działalność. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków, Koncepcja przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju Ekspercki projekt koncepcji przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju do roku Warszawa. Dokumenty Euroregionu karpackiego Polska (Międzynarodowa Konferencja Euroregionu Karpackiego w Arłamowie). Koncepcja Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju 2030 (KPZK 2030) jako załącznik do Uchwały Nr 239 Rady Ministrów z dnia 13 grudnia 2011 r. Korcelli P., Degórski M., Komornicki T., Markowski T., Szlachta J., Węcławowicz G., Zaleski J., Zaucha J Projekt Ekspercki KPZK Identyfikacja i delimitacja obszarów problemowych i strategicznej interwencji w Polsce. Wnioski z analiz listopad 2008 lipiec Departament programów Ponadregionalnych Ministerstwa Rozwoju Regionalnego z Instytutem Badań Strategicznych i Zespołem Ekspertów ds. obszarów problemowych i strategicznej interwencji. Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego, Warszawa. Kwiatek-Sołtys A Małe miasta województwa małopolskiego w okresie transformacji systemowej. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Pedagogicznej, Kraków. Plan przestrzennego zagospodarowania województwa małopolskiego Sobala-Gwosdz A Zmiany poziomu życia i poziomu rozwoju gospodarczego w miastach województwa podkarpackiego po roku [In:] J. Słodczyk, D. Rajchel (eds), Przemia- GLL No

17 The needs and aspirations of residents of mountain areas ny demograficzne i jakości życia ludności miast. Miasta w okresie przemian. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, Opole. Strategia rozwoju województwa małopolskiego na lata Załącznik nr 1/I do Uchwały Nr XLI/527/2006 Sejmiku Województwa Małopolskiego, Kraków. Ustawa o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym z dnia 27 marca 2003 Dz. U Nr 80 poz. 717 z późn. zm. Węcławowicz-Bilska E Uwarunkowania planowania przestrzennego na terenach górskich na przykładzie Polskich Karpat. Czasop. Techn., 2-A, 2009, 10. Węcławowicz-Bilska E Obszary strategicznej interwencji w południowej Polsce. Czasop. Techn., 1-A, 2011, 10. Węcławowicz-Bilska E Planowanie przestrzenne w obszarach zagrożeń. Czasop. Techn., 6-A, 2011, 17. Prof. dr hab. inż. arch. Elżbieta Węcławowicz-Bilska Wydział Architektury Politechniki Krakowskiej Instytut Projektowania Miast i Regionów, Zakład Planowania Regionalnego i Ochrony Środowiska Kraków, ul. Podchorążych 1 a-5@pk.edu.pl Dr Jakub Błachut Wydział Architektury Politechniki Krakowskiej Instytut Projektowania Miast i Regionów, Zakład Planowania Regionalnego i Ochrony Środowiska Kraków, ul. Podchorążych 1 jblachut@pk.edu.pl

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19 M. Hopkowicz, S.M. Rybicki GLL Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No , ENERGETIC AND ENGINEERING MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN FORMING THE DEVELOPMENT QUALITY OF THE POLISH CARPATHIANS Marian Hopkowicz, Stanisław M. Rybicki Summary The reduction of the disproportions between municipal infrastructure between rural and urban areas is one of crucial aspects of equalization of standards of life in mountainous area. Paper describes specific problems related to construction and operation of water supply and sewage systems in Polish Carpathian region, where on the one hand, the infrastructure expenses per capita, especially in case of water supply and sewage, are much higher in rural areas than in cities, and on the other hand the infrastructure investments in mountain areas prove to be much more effective than in the case of lowland regions of the same voivodeship. Similar investigations were made with respect to the energy infrastructure. The energy infrastructure problems identified in Carpathian area cannot be solved without strong restrictions in terms of air protection. Paper presents special solutions, dedicated to these specific regions, for hot water heating, district heating systems and ventilation with lower demand for primary energy (fossil fuels). The general idea assumes that the system would consist of a local heating network conveying heat to the buildings which would not have to be equipped with heating boilers. Such a concept could be a model solution for a large part of the Polish Carpathians, considering the large potential of available biomass as well as the mastered technologies of biogas production. Keywords water supply energy infrastructure municipal infrastructure 1. Specifics of the municipal infrastructure and the conditions for its development The accession of Poland to the EU structures has resulted in Poland being covered by the regional policy, which focuses on equalizing the disproportion development by supporting (financially) the structural transformations in so-called problematic areas. The current EU policy for the areas with disadvantageous economic conditions (DEC) focuses mainly on: complying with the environmental protection requirements, equalizing the disproportions in municipal infrastructure, maintaining the landscape qualities, tourism development and stimulation of specific kinds of agricultural activities. All of these objectives are closely related [Roszkowska-Mądra 2010]. When discuss-

20 20 M. Hopkowicz, S.M. Rybicki ing the reduction of the disproportions between rural and urban areas it should be noted that in the Carpathians (and the neighboring areas) these actions should force an increase of financial support for technical infrastructure investments, more so in rural areas than in urban ones. Such a conclusion may be drawn from a full evaluation of economic effectiveness of investing into this infrastructure. On the one hand, the infrastructure expenses per capita, especially in case of water supply and sewage are much higher in rural areas than in cities. On the other hand, the research conducted by the staff of the University of Rzeszów in Podkarpacie [Roszkowska-Mądra 2010] clearly indicated that the infrastructure investments in mountain areas prove to be much more effective than in the case of lowland regions of the same voivodeship. Therefore, a higher utilization effectiveness of municipal infrastructure in mountain areas compensates for the increased expenses and can fully justify the purpose of these more expensive investments. This is the reason why a lot more attention should be paid to the problems related to the technical actions aimed at improving infrastructure, especially water supply, sewage systems and wastewater treatment. 2. The role of water supply and sewage infrastructure in quality assurance of Carpathian regions 2.1. Hitherto development and future actions The infrastructural investments in the last two decades have led to a significant increase in the number of households with water supply and sewage removal. In the Carpathian regions, during the period of the most intensive investment actions ( ), the index of water supply availability almost doubled (from 14.4 to over 22 km 100 km 2 ) and the sewage output rose almost six times (from 4.2 to over 23.4 km 100 km 2 ) [Baran and Grzebyk 2009]. As a result the previous disproportions between access to water supply and sewage system are practically non-existent. Irrespective of its important environmental impact, this one factor has enhanced quality of life in the area. However, the percentage of population using the water supply and sewage is still lower than in urbanized areas, even in villages located outside mountain areas. The data analysis from the year 2011 [GUS 2012] for the Carpathian areas in Małopolska, Podkarpacie and Silesia has shown that still only about 58% of mountain area population has access to water supply (in contrast with 95% as average for all these voivodeships population). Likewise, about 30% of the population connected to sewage treatment plants with a sewage network is a very small number in comparison with the averages for this regions. The problem, besides its obvious economic background, is related to specific local factors, typical of mountain areas. These factors will be discussed later on Characteristics of water supply in Carpathian areas The problems related to water supply in mountainous areas, which occur in the Carpathians, include in particular: GLL No

21 Energetic and engineering municipal infrastructure very dynamic variability of water quality in the surface water intakes, big pressure differences resulting from the lie of the land, significant variability of the number of people using the water from water-pipe network, low-density housing. The Polish Carpathians may seem to be a region where the supply of good water quality should not be a technical or organizational problem. However this popular belief that the region has easy access to plentitude of water supply sources (such as many clear brooks and mountain rivers), which do not require any technical treatment, is not quite true. The main problem with using these water resources for water supply purposes is the very disadvantageous, large variability of water quality in mountain rivers and creeks. This is an incomparably greater problem than in lowlands. Typical problem is the sudden increase in the turbidity of the surface waters resulting from weather changes, especially intensive rains. The increased turbidity (over 25 NTU) occurs relatively rarely, less than 10% of the year [Pawełek 1993]. However, with the water turbidity that can increase over a thousand times during a single day water supply provider must deliver water of a required quality. This problem is illustrated in Figure 1, which shows the statistical turbidity distribution with a significant difference between the maximal and minimal value. This phenomenon significantly complicates the structure of the technological systems and water treatment plants and increases their investment cost. There is no simple solution of this issue, as ensuring proper water quality has to be based either on expanding the technology with an advanced processes of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration (these are unnecessary during 90% of operating time) or on building clear/treated water reservoirs, which not only increases investment costs but also causes operational problems (water taste, biological stability, etc.). The simplest solution is to use underground waters aquifers of good quality, but this is not always possible. Specific topography of mountain areas is connected with the next technical problem, namely the great difference in water pressure supplied between the lowest and highest areas. The high pressures can often exceed the durability of the pipeline materials. In case of the network in Zakopane the elevation difference is 300 m, which exceeds the durability of standard pipelines by a level of magnitude. This is a problem of water supply companies. In some areas they have to divide the water supply network into zones and install devices lowering the pressure and in other zones (usually those located higher) they have to pump water and build auxiliary reservoirs. A certain benefit is the potential to recuperate excess energy from the water flowing through the pipelines. This partially compensates for the additional expenses for the network construction. The significant variability of the number of water supply system users is a major problem for the Carpathian areas, which thanks to their tourist attractiveness are visited by large number of visitors. Mountain tourism, the growth of sport centers and Wellness & Spa facilities significantly increase the number of water supply network users in certain periods of the year. The scale of change can be Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No

22 22 M. Hopkowicz, S.M. Rybicki illustrated by the average annual water use per person in Zakopane in 2012 [GUS 2012] (44.5 m 3 cap 1 year 1 ). This was greater, almost by half, than the average for all the Polish cities. Intensive water usage is typical of the tourist season but for the remaining part of the year water usage drops to smaller values accordingly to the drop of the users number. This change is not favorable to the water treatment plants. Moreover, it means that water supply systems must have higher efficiency, which is unprofitable for the water supply companies. The problems of low-density housing and the resulting costs of the construction and maintenance of the water supply network are characteristic to the whole country, but in mountain areas their scale is much greater, due to higher water supply construction costs. 100% The probability of a given value and of lower values 90% 80% 70% 60% C 50% = 50% 40% 30% Ordinary scale Logarithmic scale 20% 10% [g m ] Source: Rybicki and Rybicki 2005 Fig. 1. The duration curve of suspensions concentrations in the raw water in Carpathian river 2.3. Characteristics of construction and use of sewage network and sewage treatment plants in the Carpathian mountain areas The disproportion between the availability of water supply and sewage systems has recently led to intensive design and construction of new sewage networks. The specific- GLL No

23 Energetic and engineering municipal infrastructure ity of the discussed area is the reason why the unit cost of elements of this infrastructure is much higher than in other regions of the country. Similarly to water supply system, the sewage and sewage treatment systems in tourist cities and villages are irregularly and unfavorably loaded by the sewage. Again, Zakopane serves as the example. The city has an official population of but the sewage network is designed for more than of so called equivalent inhabitants. It means additional costs for Zakopane outside the season, when water use is lower. The dynamics of sewage network development is impaired by the morphological (lie of the land) and geological characteristics of the region that make planning and construction stages of sewage networks more difficult. That is why the investments in the Carpathians are different than the ones in other regions of Poland. These special qualities include: very diverse terrain elevations mean that the pipelines must run at highly variable angles (ranging from values close to the minimum to very high values, which locally exceed the maximum), which leads to higher axial loads and to additional adverse tensile stresses in pipe joints, the pipelines connected at very variable slopes, from those close to the minimum (around 0.5%) to the very high slopes, forced by terrain shape (exceeding 20%). Source: Rybicki 2011 Fig. 2. Exemplary solutions for sewerage networks in mountain areas Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No

24 24 M. Hopkowicz, S.M. Rybicki Figure 2 presents an exemplary solution of this problem, as proposed by the designer of the sewage network in Beskid Żywiecki. It involves additional elements (resistance blocks) and changing of the terrain gradient as required by the lie of the land. The attempts to use local systems (wastewater soil infiltration, small adjacent treatment plants) are not always applicable, because the geological conditions usually limit the application of wastewater soil infiltration and similar systems Conclusions regarding water supply and sewage infrastructure 1. The Carpathian regions which developed very quickly in comparison with other regions require investments in sewage and water supply infrastructure. The present level of investment is not sufficient and is proportionally lower than in other regions of the voivodeships in Polish Carpathian. 2. Investments in the networks and their operations in the Carpathian regions is much more difficult than in other Polish regions, due to two factors: lie of the land, variable number of users. 3. The above qualities mean the increased investment expenses and operating costs of installations, as well as water supply and sewage infrastructure. 3. The role of energy infrastructure in quality assurance of the Carpathian regions 3.1. Requirements, development and research directions on self-sufficient systems Energy infrastructure, as well as municipal infrastructure, apart from its basic function of providing certain services for the population, should also enable maintaining the environment and limit the environmental related hazards. To accomplish these tasks system and technological solutions should be applied. These will serve to reverse not only future hazards but also the effects of the previous, often improper use of valuable mountain areas. The energy infrastructure located in such areas should be placed under tight restrictions in terms of air protection. This especially applies to the Carpathian Europe regions with their high-density of natural protected areas of high environmental values. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt special solutions like using environment friendly energy sources for hot water heating, heating systems and ventilation with lower demand for primary (fossil) fuels. The ongoing discussion about the so-called zero-energy buildings, passive buildings and buildings with low energy demands, and generally about the need to reduce the energy demand of buildings, is not leading to desired solutions. An energetically self-sufficient town or village is very rarely mentioned and seems easy to accomplish in practice. In literature, a bioenergetic village was defined by Karpenstein-Machan [2009] as: village, whose energetic demands (electricity, heating) are fulfilled with the use of local, renewable energy source. According to this concept, created by a group of German scientists, electricity and heat is produced by the use of biogas and additionally during GLL No